View source for AIM-9L American Short-Range Air-to-Air Missile

{
    "tiers": [
        false,
        false,
        true,
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    ],
    "categories": [
        "WEG",
        "Aircraft Armament",
        "Aircraft Missiles",
        "Air-to-Air Missiles",
        "United States",
        "PRO_Myanmar",
        "PRO_Nigeria",
        "PRO_Pakistan",
        "PRO_United States of America",
        "Air",
        "Tier3"
    ],
    "notes": "The next major advance in IR Sidewinder development was the AIM-9L (\"Lima\") model which was in full production in 1977. This was the first \"all-aspect\" Sidewinder with the ability to attack from all directions, including head-on, which had a dramatic effect on close-in combat tactics. Its first combat use was by a pair of US Navy F-14s in the Gulf of Sidra in 1981 versus two Libyan Su-22 Fighters, both of the latter being destroyed by AIM-9Ls. Its first use in a large-scale conflict was by the United Kingdom during the 1982 Falklands War. In this campaign the \"Lima\" reportedly achieved kills from 80% of launches, a dramatic improvement over the 10–15% levels of earlier versions, scoring 17 kills and 2 shared kills against Argentine aircraft.\n\nIn combat uses of the AIM-9L, opponents had not developed tactics for the evasion of head-on missile shots with it, making them more vulnerable. The AIM-9L was also the first Sidewinder that was a joint variant used by both the US Navy and Air Force since the AIM-9B. The \"Lima\" was distinguished from earlier Sidewinder variants by its double delta forward canard configuration and natural metal finish of the guidance and control section. The Lima was also built under license in Europe by a team headed by Diehl BGT Defence. There are a number of \"Lima\" variants in operational service at present. First developed was the 9L Tactical, which is an upgraded version of the basic 9L missile. Next was the 9L Genetic, which has increased infra-red counter-countermeasures (IRCCM); this upgrade consisted of a removable module in the Guidance Control Section (GCS) which provided flare-rejection capability. Next came the 9L, which had its IRCCM module hardwired into the GCS, providing improved counter-countermeasures as well as an upgraded seeker system. Diehl BGT also markets the AIM-9L-1 which again upgrades the 9L GCS and is considered an operational equivalent to the initially \"US only\" AIM-9M.",
    "dateOfIntroduction": 1977,
    "countryOfOrigin": "United States",
    "proliferation": "Myanmar, Nigeria, Pakistan, United States of America",
    "selectedregions": [],
    "checkedregions": [],
    "checkedcountries": [
        "Myanmar",
        "Nigeria",
        "Pakistan",
        "United States of America"
    ],
    "dis": {
        "name": "Unknown",
        "string": "00.00.000.000.000.000.000"
    },
    "images": [
        "AIM-9L_Missile_(CC).jpg"
    ],
    "sections": [
        {
            "name": "System",
            "sections": [
                {
                    "name": "AIM-9L Short-Range Air-to-Air Missile",
                    "properties": [
                        {
                            "name": "Name",
                            "value": "AIM-9L"
                        },
                        {
                            "name": "Type",
                            "value": "Short-Range Air-to-Air Missile"
                        },
                        {
                            "name": "Manufacturer",
                            "value": "Raytheon Company\nFord Aerospace\nLoral Corp."
                        },
                        {
                            "name": "Length",
                            "value": "3.02 m"
                        },
                        {
                            "name": "Diameter",
                            "value": "127.0 mm"
                        },
                        {
                            "name": "Wingspan",
                            "value": "279.4 mm"
                        },
                        {
                            "name": "Weight",
                            "value": "85.3 kg"
                        },
                        {
                            "name": "Warhead Type",
                            "value": "WDU-17/B annular blast-frag"
                        },
                        {
                            "name": "Warhead Weight",
                            "value": "9.4 kg"
                        },
                        {
                            "name": "Detonation Mechanism",
                            "value": "IR proximity fuze"
                        },
                        {
                            "name": "Engine",
                            "value": "Hercules/Bermite Mk. 36 Solid-fuel rocket"
                        },
                        {
                            "name": "Operational Range",
                            "value": "1.0 to 35.4 km"
                        },
                        {
                            "name": "Maximum Speed",
                            "value": "Mach 2.5+"
                        },
                        {
                            "name": "Guidance System",
                            "value": "Infrared homing"
                        }
                    ]
                }
            ],
            "properties": [
                {
                    "name": "",
                    "value": ""
                },
                {
                    "name": "",
                    "value": ""
                },
                {
                    "name": "",
                    "value": ""
                }
            ]
        }
    ],
    "variants": [
        {
            "name": "AIM-9C",
            "notes": "As a Semi-Active Radar Homing (SARH) missile, the AIM-9C could be used from the frontal aspect of the target, provided a radar lock of sufficient quality was obtained."
        },
        {
            "name": "AIM-9L",
            "notes": "The next major advance in IR Sidewinder development was the AIM-9L (\"Lima\") model which was in full production in 1977. This was the first \"all-aspect\" Sidewinder with the ability to attack from all directions, including head-on, which had a dramatic effect on close-in combat tactics. Its first combat use was by a pair of US Navy F-14s in the Gulf of Sidra in 1981 versus two Libyan Su-22 Fighters, both of the latter being destroyed by AIM-9Ls. Its first use in a large-scale conflict was by the United Kingdom during the 1982 Falklands War. In this campaign the \"Lima\" reportedly achieved kills from 80% of launches, a dramatic improvement over the 10–15% levels of earlier versions, scoring 17 kills and 2 shared kills against Argentine aircraft."
        },
        {
            "name": "AIM-9M",
            "notes": "The subsequent AIM-9M (\"Mike\") has the all-aspect capability of the L model while providing all-around higher performance. The M model has improved capability against infrared countermeasures, enhanced background discrimination capability, and a reduced-smoke rocket motor. These modifications increase its ability to locate and lock on to a target and decrease the chance of missile detection. Deliveries of the initial AIM-9M-1 began in 1982. The only changes from the AIM-9L to the AIM-9M were related to the Guidance Control Section (GCS). Several models were introduced in pairs with even numbers designating Navy versions and odd for USAF: AIM-9M-2/3, AIM-9M-4/5, and AIM-9M-6/7 which was rushed to the Persian Gulf area during Operation Desert Shield (1991) to address specific threats expected to be present."
        },
        {
            "name": "AIM-9R",
            "notes": "The Navy began the development of AIM-9R, a Sidewinder seeker upgrade in 1987 that featured a focal-plane array (FPA) seeker using video-camera type charge-coupled device (CCD) detectors and featuring increased off-boresight capability. The technology at the time was restricted to visual (daylight) use only and the USAF did not agree on this requirement, preferring another technology path. AIM-9R reached the flight test stage before it was canceled and subsequently both services agreed to joint development of the AIM-9X variant."
        },
        {
            "name": "BOA/Boxoffice",
            "notes": "China Lake developed an improved compressed carriage control configuration titled BOA. (\"Compressed carriage\" missiles have smaller control surfaces to allow more missiles to fit in a given space. The surfaces may be permanently \"clipped\", or may fold out when the missile is launched.)\n\nThe BOA design reduced the size of control surfaces, eliminating the rollers, and returned to a simple forward-canard design. Although the Navy and Air Force had jointly developed and procured AIM-9L/M, BOA was a Navy-only effort supported by internal China Lake Independent Research \u0026 Development (IR\u0026D) funding. Meanwhile, the Air Force was pursuing a parallel effort to develop a compressed carriage version of Sidewinder, called Boxoffice, for the F-22. The Joint Chiefs of Staff directed that the services collaborate on AIM-9X, which ended these separate efforts. The results of BOA and Boxoffice were provided to the industry teams competing for AIM-9X, and elements of both can be found in the AIM-9X design."
        },
        {
            "name": "AIM-9X",
            "notes": "After looking at advanced short-range missile designs during the AIM portion of the ACEVAL/AIMVAL Joint Test and Evaluation at Nellis AFB in the 1974–78 timeframe, the Air Force and Navy agreed on the need for the Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile AMRAAM. However, agreement over the development of an Advanced Short Range Air-to-Air Missile ASRAAM was problematic and disagreement between the Air Force and Navy over design concepts (Air Force had developed AIM-82 and Navy had flight-tested Agile and flown it in AIMVAL). Congress eventually insisted the services work on a joint effort resulting in the AIM-9M, thereby compromising without exploring the improved off-boresight and kinematic capability potential offered by Agile. In 1985, the Soviet Union did field a short-range missile (SRM) (AA-11 Archer/R-73) that was very similar to Agile. At that point, the Soviet Union took the lead in SRM technology and correspondingly fielded improved infrared countermeasures (IRCM) to defeat or reduce the effectiveness of the latest Sidewinders. With the reunification of Germany and improved relations in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, the West became aware of how potent both the AA-11 and IRCM were and SRM requirements were readdressed."
        },
        {
            "name": "Block II",
            "notes": "Testing work on the AIM-9X Block II version began in September 2008. Block II adds Lock-on After Launch capability with a data link, so the missile can be launched first and then directed to its target afterward by an aircraft with the proper equipment for 360-degree engagements, such as the F-35 and F-22. By January 2013, the AIM-9X Block II was about halfway through its operational testing and performing better than expected. NAVAIR reported that the missile was exceeding performance requirements in all areas, including lock-on after launch (LOAL). One area where Block II needs improvement is helmetless high off-boresight (HHOBS) performance. It is functioning well on the missile, but its performance is below that of the Block I AIM-9X. The HHOBS deficiency does not impact any other Block II capabilities and is planned to be improved upon by a software clean-up build. Objectives of the operational test were due to be completed by the third quarter of 2013. However, as of May 2014 there have been plans to resume operational testing and evaluation (including surface-to-air missile system compatibility). As of June 2013, Raytheon has delivered 5,000 AIM-9X missiles to the armed services."
        },
        {
            "name": "Block III",
            "notes": "In September 2012, Raytheon was ordered to continue developing the Sidewinder into a Block III variant, even though the Block II had not yet entered service. The USN projected that the new missile would have a 60 percent longer range, modern components to replace old ones, and an insensitive munitions warhead, which is more stable and less likely to detonate by accident, making it safer for ground crews. The need for the AIM-9 to have an increased range was from digital radio frequency memory (DRFM) jammers that can blind the onboard radar of an AIM-120D AMRAAM, so the Sidewinder Block III's passive imaging infrared homing guidance system was a useful alternative. Although it could supplement the AMRAAM for beyond visual range (BVR) engagements, it would still be capable of performing within visual range (WVR). Modifying the AIM-9X was seen as a cost-effective alternative to developing a new missile in a time of declining budgets. To achieve the range increase, the rocket motor would have a combination of increased performance and missile power management. The Block III would \"leverage\" the Block II's guidance unit and electronics, including the AMRAAM-derived datalink. The Block III was scheduled to achieve initial operational capability (IOC) in 2022, following the increased number of F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighters to enter service."
        }
    ],
    "type": "WEG",
    "version": 1
}