Difference between revisions of "Time: Bothnia"
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| − | = '''Key Dates, Time Periods, or Events | + | <div style="font-size:0.9em; color:#333;" id="mw-breadcrumbs"> |
| + | [[Europe|DATE Europe]] > [[Bothnia]] > '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ←You are here | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | <div style="float:right;">__TOC__</div> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Key Dates, Time Periods, or Events == | ||
* 1905 – Norway declared independence from the Skolkan Empire | * 1905 – Norway declared independence from the Skolkan Empire | ||
* 1917 – Civil war within the Skolkan Empire. | * 1917 – Civil war within the Skolkan Empire. | ||
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* 2005 - GBCC Interbank established | * 2005 - GBCC Interbank established | ||
| − | = | + | == Routine, Cyclical Key Dates == |
| − | == | + | === Public Education === |
Public education is mandatory in grades 1 through 10. | Public education is mandatory in grades 1 through 10. | ||
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More details are in the [[Social: Bothnia|'''Social Variable''']]. | More details are in the [[Social: Bothnia|'''Social Variable''']]. | ||
| − | == | + | === National and Religious Holidays === |
Bothnia observes all [[Christian holidays]], New Year’s Eve, and New Year’s Day. National holidays and observances include the following: | Bothnia observes all [[Christian holidays]], New Year’s Eve, and New Year’s Day. National holidays and observances include the following: | ||
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* Winter Solstice – December Solstice | * Winter Solstice – December Solstice | ||
| − | == | + | === Harvest Cycles === |
The growing season lasts 240 days in the south and 100 days in the north. See [[Physical Environment: Bothnia|Physical Environment Variable]] for more information. | The growing season lasts 240 days in the south and 100 days in the north. See [[Physical Environment: Bothnia|Physical Environment Variable]] for more information. | ||
| − | == | + | === Elections === |
Presidential elections are every six years. Elections for People’s Chamber deputies are every four years. Provincial elections are held every five years. More detail can be found in the [[Political: Bothnia|Political Variable]]. | Presidential elections are every six years. Elections for People’s Chamber deputies are every four years. Provincial elections are held every five years. More detail can be found in the [[Political: Bothnia|Political Variable]]. | ||
| − | == | + | == Military Training == |
All males aged 18 years of age or over are liable for national military and non‐military service, with an obligation that varies between 8 and 12 months, depending on specialization. Every three years there is a national mobilization for training the reserves. For more information, see [[Military: Bothnia|Military Variable]]. | All males aged 18 years of age or over are liable for national military and non‐military service, with an obligation that varies between 8 and 12 months, depending on specialization. Every three years there is a national mobilization for training the reserves. For more information, see [[Military: Bothnia|Military Variable]]. | ||
| − | == | + | == Government Planning == |
The Bothnian government fiscal year is the calendar year. | The Bothnian government fiscal year is the calendar year. | ||
| − | = | + | == Cultural Perception of Time == |
Bothnia has one time zone. The country observes Eastern European Time (EET). Bothnia is GMT/UTC + 2h during Standard Time, and GMT/UTC + 3h during Daylight Saving Time. In Europe daylight saving time is often referred to as "Summer Time." | Bothnia has one time zone. The country observes Eastern European Time (EET). Bothnia is GMT/UTC + 2h during Standard Time, and GMT/UTC + 3h during Daylight Saving Time. In Europe daylight saving time is often referred to as "Summer Time." | ||
| − | == | + | == Arctic Perception of Time<ref>from "The Sami Concept of Time", by Eva [Stephanie Redding] at <nowiki>https://www.laits.utexas.edu/sami/dieda/anthro/concept-time.htm</nowiki>)</ref> == |
The Arctic is an enormous area, sprawling over one sixth of the earth's landmass; twenty‐four time zones and more than 30 million km2. The Arctic is inhabited by some four million people, including more than 30 indigenous peoples of which the Sami are resident in Bothnia. | The Arctic is an enormous area, sprawling over one sixth of the earth's landmass; twenty‐four time zones and more than 30 million km2. The Arctic is inhabited by some four million people, including more than 30 indigenous peoples of which the Sami are resident in Bothnia. | ||
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To help track these times, the Sami developed a wooden calendar in the mid-1800’s. The wooden calendar is divided in weeks and is easily transportable. Typically fabricated from wood or reindeer antler, this calendar was used to keep track of both natural phenomena and religious occurrences. Written in the runic alphabet, the wooden calendar was a useful tool in helping to preserve the balance between nature and religion as they denoted events in both realms. Crosses denote days of religious significance while fish and leaf sprigs denote various events in nature. By keeping track of time in this way, the Sami could easily refer back to earlier times of the year in order to try to predict when the fishing season would be most bountiful or whether or not spring would arrive early or not. | To help track these times, the Sami developed a wooden calendar in the mid-1800’s. The wooden calendar is divided in weeks and is easily transportable. Typically fabricated from wood or reindeer antler, this calendar was used to keep track of both natural phenomena and religious occurrences. Written in the runic alphabet, the wooden calendar was a useful tool in helping to preserve the balance between nature and religion as they denoted events in both realms. Crosses denote days of religious significance while fish and leaf sprigs denote various events in nature. By keeping track of time in this way, the Sami could easily refer back to earlier times of the year in order to try to predict when the fishing season would be most bountiful or whether or not spring would arrive early or not. | ||
| − | == | + | == Western Perception of Time == |
Western time is based on scientific calculations and observations. From the sundial to the atomic clock, time relies on such measurements as the rotation of the earth to the number of oscillations of a particular atom. These are finite measurements of time which contrast drastically with the changeable calendar of the Sami. The Western concept of time is not a product of experiential learning but rather a shared careful observation made by a relative minority of the population. Without a watch or clock, most Westerners would be unable to offer what they would consider an accurate estimate of the time. | Western time is based on scientific calculations and observations. From the sundial to the atomic clock, time relies on such measurements as the rotation of the earth to the number of oscillations of a particular atom. These are finite measurements of time which contrast drastically with the changeable calendar of the Sami. The Western concept of time is not a product of experiential learning but rather a shared careful observation made by a relative minority of the population. Without a watch or clock, most Westerners would be unable to offer what they would consider an accurate estimate of the time. | ||
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| − | |||
[[Category:Europe]] | [[Category:Europe]] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:38, 4 January 2019
Key Dates, Time Periods, or Events
- 1905 – Norway declared independence from the Skolkan Empire
- 1917 – Civil war within the Skolkan Empire.
- 1920 – Skolkan Empire formally dissolved. Arnland, OtsoBothnia, and Torrike formed as separate countries.
- 1925 – Original Constitution instituted
- 1949 - Bothnia changed its name to the Bothnian Democratic Republic (BDR) establishing itself as a socialist state, and joined the United Nations (UN)
- 1952 - The Bothnian Administrative Reform of 1952 established 14 provinces, regions (48) and municipalities.
- 1960 - National Defense Council of Bothnia (NDC) was created
- 1962 – Military Criminal Law established a separate military justice system.
- 1969 – Sisu Olamao, (known as “The Great Orator” and “The Courageous”), became Secretary General and consolidates power.
- 1990 – Gulf of Bothnia Cooperation Council (GBCC) founded by Bothnia and Torrike.
- 1991 - Civil Defense Law enacted.
- 1991 - Sisu Olamao dies and is succeeded by his son Frans Olamao.
- 1992 – Constitution revised and established the Socialist Democratic Republic (see Political Variable for more information)
- 1997 - GBCC members sign an economic cooperation framework.
- 2001 – Bothnia and Torrike signed the Treaty of Good Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation.
- 2005 - GBCC Interbank established
Routine, Cyclical Key Dates
Public Education
Public education is mandatory in grades 1 through 10.
Primary school: The primary stage includes grades 1 through 3.
Secondary school: The secondary stage includes grades 4 through 6.
High school: High school is grades 7 through 10.
More details are in the Social Variable.
National and Religious Holidays
Bothnia observes all Christian holidays, New Year’s Eve, and New Year’s Day. National holidays and observances include the following:
- Spring Equinox – March Equinox
- May 01 – May Day
- Second Sunday in May – Mother’s Day
- Day before Summer Solstice – Midsummer Eve
- Summer Solstice – Midsummer Day
- Autumnal Equinox – September Equinox
- Second Sunday of November – Father’s Day
- 6 December – National Day
- Winter Solstice – December Solstice
Harvest Cycles
The growing season lasts 240 days in the south and 100 days in the north. See Physical Environment Variable for more information.
Elections
Presidential elections are every six years. Elections for People’s Chamber deputies are every four years. Provincial elections are held every five years. More detail can be found in the Political Variable.
Military Training
All males aged 18 years of age or over are liable for national military and non‐military service, with an obligation that varies between 8 and 12 months, depending on specialization. Every three years there is a national mobilization for training the reserves. For more information, see Military Variable.
Government Planning
The Bothnian government fiscal year is the calendar year.
Cultural Perception of Time
Bothnia has one time zone. The country observes Eastern European Time (EET). Bothnia is GMT/UTC + 2h during Standard Time, and GMT/UTC + 3h during Daylight Saving Time. In Europe daylight saving time is often referred to as "Summer Time."
Arctic Perception of Time[1]
The Arctic is an enormous area, sprawling over one sixth of the earth's landmass; twenty‐four time zones and more than 30 million km2. The Arctic is inhabited by some four million people, including more than 30 indigenous peoples of which the Sami are resident in Bothnia.
Sami knowledge is based on experience in that knowledge was not obtained from a book or taught in classroom, but rather it was accumulated through repeated experiences of particular situations. Sami time is based on the cycles of nature, particularly the yearly cycle of the reindeer.
Sami concept of seasons are based on the eight reindeer life-cycles and prevailing weather conditions.
| Season | Explanation |
| Spring-Winter | The herd begins the migration from the forests to the calving grounds in the mountains. |
| Spring | The temperature increases and the snow begins to melt. Reindeer calves are born. |
| Pre-Summer | The reindeer graze and the Sami have some time to rest and prepare for the earmarking of the calves. |
| Summer | Much of this season is bathed in twenty-four hour per day sunlight. During this time, earmarking takes place to denote ownership. |
| Pre-Autumn | The Sami begin to prepare for the harsh winter by choosing the bull reindeer destined for slaughter. |
| Autumn | This is the season of rut. The reindeer mate prior to their return to the winter-grounds. |
| Pre-Winter | The herders lead the reindeer out of the mountains to the lowland bogs. |
| Winter | Under a cover of twenty-four hour per day darkness, the Sami move the reindeer to the forest, the last place to find enough food to support the herd. |
The Sami divide their year into 12 months like the Western calendar. However, these are not set by a specific number of days. They are based on natural phenomena.
.
| Western | Sami | Meaning |
| January | Ođđajagemánnu | New Year Month |
| February | Guovvamánnu | Unknown |
| March | Njukčamánnu | Swan Month |
| April | Cuoŋománnu | Snow Crust Month |
| May | Miessemánnu | Reindeer Calf Month |
| June | Geassemánnu | Summer Month |
| July | Suiodnemánnu | Hay Month |
| August | Borgemánnu | Molt Month |
| September | Čakčamánnu | Fall Month |
| October | Golggotmánnu | Rut Month |
| November | Skábmamánnu | Dark-Period Month |
| December | Juovlamánnu | Yule Month |
To help track these times, the Sami developed a wooden calendar in the mid-1800’s. The wooden calendar is divided in weeks and is easily transportable. Typically fabricated from wood or reindeer antler, this calendar was used to keep track of both natural phenomena and religious occurrences. Written in the runic alphabet, the wooden calendar was a useful tool in helping to preserve the balance between nature and religion as they denoted events in both realms. Crosses denote days of religious significance while fish and leaf sprigs denote various events in nature. By keeping track of time in this way, the Sami could easily refer back to earlier times of the year in order to try to predict when the fishing season would be most bountiful or whether or not spring would arrive early or not.
Western Perception of Time
Western time is based on scientific calculations and observations. From the sundial to the atomic clock, time relies on such measurements as the rotation of the earth to the number of oscillations of a particular atom. These are finite measurements of time which contrast drastically with the changeable calendar of the Sami. The Western concept of time is not a product of experiential learning but rather a shared careful observation made by a relative minority of the population. Without a watch or clock, most Westerners would be unable to offer what they would consider an accurate estimate of the time.
- ↑ from "The Sami Concept of Time", by Eva [Stephanie Redding] at https://www.laits.utexas.edu/sami/dieda/anthro/concept-time.htm)