Military: Limaria

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The Limarian military finds itself heavily influenced by the region’s history of irregular and regular warfare. Donovia’s influence is significant, and it currently deploys advisors and border guards to Limaria. Limaria will most likely remain neutral if Ariana becomes involved in any conflict. Limaria will probably use any regional conflict to expand its territory at the expense of Atropia.

Military Forces

Because Limaria possesses no ocean or sea outlet, the Limarian military consists of only an army and an air force. In addition to Limaria’s own military forces, the “Independent Republic of Lower Janga”—a breakaway Atropian province—maintains a separate army of an estimated 5,000 soldiers composed similarly to a militia brigade and heavily influenced by the Limarian military, with numerous Limarian and Donovian advisors co-located on the ground.

Military Strategy

National Command Authority

Limarian National Command Authority

All countries share a similar National Command Authority (NCA) construct including Gorgas, who refers to it as a National Council. Limaria’s NCA exercises overall control of the application of all instruments of national power to plan and carry out the country’s national security strategy. The NCA includes the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Public Information, Finance and Economic Affairs, Interior, and Defense, along with other members selected by Limaria’s president, who chairs the NCA.

The president appoints the Minister of National Security, who exercises responsibility for the NCA’s Strategic Integration Department (SID). The SID serves as the overarching agency responsible to integrate all the instruments of national power under one cohesive national security strategy. The SID coordinates the plans and actions of all Limaria’s ministries, but particularly those associated with the instruments of national power. (See TC 7-100.2: Opposing Force Tactics, Chapter 1, Strategic and Operational Framework.)

Strategic Operational Framework

Limarian Supreme High Command

The strategic operational framework for all countries in the region is similar in construct and application. This is primarily the result of historic influences transcending the region.

The NCAs and the NC for all five countries exercise command and control (C2) of the Armed Forces via the Supreme High Command (SHC) that includes the Ministry of Defense (MOD) and a General Staff drawn from all the service components. In peacetime, the MOD and General Staff operate closely but separately. The MOD assumes the responsibility for policy, acquisitions, and financing the Armed  Forces.

The General Staff promulgates policy and supervises the service components, while its functional directorates assume responsibility for key aspects of defense planning. In wartime, the MOD and General Staff merge to form the SHC, which functions as a unified headquarters.

All five countries currently configure their militaries in an administrative force structure (AFS) that manages its military forces in peacetime. This AFS contains the aggregate of various military facilities, and installations designed to man, train, and equip the forces. In peacetime, the various militaries group their forces into a corps for administrative purposes. In some cases, the militaries may group their forces administratively under geographical commands designated as military regions or military districts. If the SHC elects to create more than one theater headquarters, it may allocate parts of the AFS to each of the theaters,

normally along geographic lines. Typically, these administrative groupings differ from the country’s go-to-war (fighting) force structure. Other parts of the administrative force structure consist of assets centrally controlled at the national level. (See FM 7-100.4 Opposing Force Organization Guide: Chapter 3, Task Organizing.)

National Strategic Goals

Limaria forms its strategic goals from its history, focusing on the maintenance of its sovereignty and the suppression of small insurgent groups. Limaria’s strategic mission includes the expansion of regional dominance. Limaria may formulate one or more specific short-term goals, each based on a particular threat or opportunity. Examples of specific strategic goals include:

• Defense of Limaria’s sovereignty
• Protection of Limarian populations in neighboring countries
• Annexation of territory, especially the disputed territory with Atropia that contains many ethnic Limarians
• Economic expansion
• Destruction of insurgent groups fighting against the government

Implementing National Security Goals

Limarian Strategic Operations in Peace and War

All five countries share similar strategies to achieve their national goals. Strategic operations for all five countries remain a continuous process not limited to wartime or preparation for war. Once war begins, strategic operations continue during regional, transition, and adaptive operations and complement those operations. Each of the latter three types of operations occurs only during war and only under certain conditions. Transition operations can overlap regional and adaptive operations.

In pursuit of its national security strategy, all five countries find themselves prepared to conduct four basic types of strategic-level courses of action. The four types of operations include:

• Strategic operations use all instruments of power in peace and war to achieve a country’s national security strategy goals through attacks against the enemy’s strategic centers of gravity.
• Regional operations include conventional, force-on-force military operations against overmatched opponents, such as regional adversaries and internal threats.
• Transition operations bridge the gap between regional and adaptive operations and contain some elements of both. The country continues to pursue its regional goals while dealing with developing outside intervention that has the potential to overmatch its military.
• Adaptive operations preserve the country’s power and apply it in adaptive ways against opponents that overmatch the country’s military.

National Security Strategy

Although Donovia, Ariana, Atropia, Gorgas, and Limaria may refer to them as “operations,” each of these courses of action is actually a subcategory of strategy. Each type of operation aggregates the effects of tactical, operational, and strategic actions in conjunction with instruments of national power to achieve each country’s strategic goals. The types of operations employed at a given time will depend on the types of threats, opportunities, and other conditions present.

Each country’s strategy typically starts with actions directed at a regional opponent that the government overmatches in conventional military power, as well as other instruments of power. If possible, each government will attempt to achieve its ends without armed conflict. Accordingly, these governments do not limit strategic operations to military means and usually do not  begin with  armed conflict. They may achieve the desired goal through pressure applied by nonmilitary instruments of power, perhaps by merely threatening to use superior military power against the opponent. These actions fall under the general framework of “strategic operations.”

The government may resort to armed conflict to achieve its desired end state when nonmilitary means prove insufficient or not expedient. Strategic operations, however, continue even if a particular regional threat or opportunity causes the country to undertake “regional operations” that may include military means. Prior to the initiation of hostilities and throughout the course of armed conflict with its regional opponent, the government will continue to conduct strategic operations to preclude intervention by outside players, other regional neighbors, or an extra-regional power that could overmatch its forces. Such operations, however, always include branches and sequels to deal with the possibility of intervention by an extra-regional power.

Military Forces

Military Strategy

Limarian military strategy revolves around Lower Janga and remains focused against Atropia. The military doctrine published by the Minister of Defense specifically states that Limaria serves as the guarantor of security for the Lower Jangan “republic’s” populace. Other important parts of the doctrine state that the military must prevent any acts that may cause an invasion of Limarian territory, ensure that Lower Janga can self-determine its political ties, and that the Limarian strategy remains defensive in nature. Limaria operates primarily tier 2 and lower equipment. (For additional information on tier tables, see Section 4: Appendix C and the Worldwide Equipment Guide (WEG): Vol I, Chapter 1, OPFOR Tier Tables.)

Army Overview

The Limarian army fields approximately 68,400 soldiers, but short-term draftees for 24 months compose approximately 75% of this force. Limarian ground forces, primarily armor and mechanized infantry units, are pretty equal to the Atropian military, and thus the two sides remain in a stalemate over the disputed Lower Janga region. While a ceasefire has reigned over the region, both sides continually claim the other side violates the ceasefire agreement. The Limarian army’s primary purpose remains the maintenance of the status quo over the Lower Janga region and defense of its ethnic Limarian population.

Army Size and Structure

Limarian Military Forces Disposition

The maneuver brigade serves as Limaria’s basic combined arms unit. In the AFS, maneuver brigades with the same structure as those that would usually be organic to a larger base structure (division), are referred to as divisional brigades. The Army, however, organize many units as separate brigades, designed to possess greater ability to accomplish independent missions without further allocation of forces. Separate brigades possess some subordinate units with the same force structure as a divisional brigade of the same type (for example, the headquarters); some units that are especially tailored to the needs of a separate brigade, marked “(Sep)” in the organizational directories; and some that are the same as units of this type usually found at division level, marked “(Div.)”.

The Limarian Army designs its maneuver brigades to serve as the basis to form a brigade tactical group (BTG) if necessary. A brigade, separate or as part of a BTG, can fight alone or as part of a larger unit such as a division or division tactical group (DTG), a separate unit in an operational-strategic command (OSC), an organization of the AFS (such as army, corps, or military district), or as part of a field group (FG). (For additional information, see TC 7-100.2, Opposing Force Tactics, Chapter 2, Command and Control.)

The Limarian Army has an estimated 68,400 ground troops and contains no permanent maneuver command structure over the brigade level. The one army headquarters directs the actions of four motorized and mechanized brigades, two tank brigades, one artillery command, one air defense brigade, one antitank brigade, one special-purpose forces battalion, and one helicopter brigade. (For more information, see the order of battle (OB) at the end of this country’s variable.)

Army Doctrine and Tactics

Donovia’s influence over and cooperation with Limaria has driven its military to use mostly Donovian tactics, but not as successfully. Donovia maintains a military presence in Limaria, and many Limarian officers travel to Donovia to attend military schools. Limarian ground forces assume the distinct possibility of intervention by a major extra-regional power in any regional conflict. Consequently, they will attempt to apply the following principles against any extra-regional threat:

• Control access into the region

• Employ operational shielding
• Control the tempo
• Cause politically unacceptable casualties to the enemy
• Neutralize technological overmatch
• Attempt to gain Donovian military support

Limarian ground forces’ and other troops’ primary tasks in wartime are to defeat aggression against Atropia and its allies. In order to defeat Atropia or any other opponent, the ground forces use adaptive resistance and pursue objectives designed to force the enemy to cease hostilities on Limarian terms. Pursuit of comprehensive military objectives will bring to bear the full capabilities of the Limarian military across all elements of the operational environment.

At all levels of command, this doctrine provides the basis for Limarian policy against regional and extra-regional forces that represent a theoretical threat. Adaptive resistance also includes operations designed to combat drivers of instability such as rogue regimes, non-state terrorist organizations, and various criminal elements. Limarian ground forces pursue an integrated combined arms approach to operations that relies on speed, surprise, and momentum; force and firepower; maneuverability, agility, and minimal footprint; and dynamic coordination carried out across all domains of the battlefield.

Traditionally, Limarian ground forces design themselves to respond to crises through the policy of mass mobility, whereby the government mobilizes its forces to deal with the threat. The brigade remains the main organizational construct for Limarian ground forces as an attempt to be a more effective and flexible deployment. Advances in new niche technology and conventional firepower technology allow numerically small forces to inflict the same military effects against an opponent as larger forces previously caused. Limarian ground forces organize the battlefield in such a way that they can rapidly transition between offensive and defensive operations and between linear and nonlinear operations. This flexibility can help the military adapt and change the nature of the conflict to something for which the enemy is not prepared. One example is the ability to rapidly task-organize units to maximize mission effectiveness.

Limarian forces often exploit the difficulties of positive identification of an enemy’s appearance and intent. The Limarian forces will intentionally disguise themselves to appear similar to enemy forces or neutral actors. Limarian troops may present themselves in many ways, but will always maintain the ability to mass at the time and place of their choosing.

The Limarian military organizes for mission success and in the use of deception. It is common for Limarian forces to shift between performing regular and irregular military operations. At some times, uniformed military forces can best perform the functions while at other times irregular forces may perform the action best. Both types of forces will often act together.

Limarian ground forces leadership recognizes the complexity of the modern battlefield. This will often lead to situations where part of the military may operate most effectively in a linear fashion, while other parts may need to conduct nonlinear operations. The Limarian military understands what constitutes a linear or nonlinear battlefield based on general military theory accepted by many countries’ armed forces. Battlefield geometry contains two dimensions: the relationship of units to each other, the enemy, and their support base; and the expected effects of that relationship. (For additional information, see TC 7-100.2, Opposing Force Tactics.)

Limaria sees offensive operations as the decisive form of combat and the ultimate means of imposing its will on the enemy. While conditions at a particular time or place may require Limaria to defend, defeating an enemy force ultimately requires shifting to the offense. Even within the context of defense, victory normally requires offensive action. Therefore, Limarian commanders at all levels seek to create and exploit opportunities to take offensive action, whenever possible.

The aim of offense at the tactical level is to achieve the tactical mission in support of an operation. A tactical command ensures that its subordinate commands thoroughly understand both the overall goals of the operation and the specific purpose of a particular mission they are about to execute. In this way, subordinate commands may continue to execute the mission without direct control by a higher headquarters, if necessary.

Army Training and Readiness

For the most part, the Limarian army relies on short-term conscription to field the majority of its army. Each year, almost 32,000 of those Limarians reaching the draft age of 18 must serve for 24 months. About 48% of the university students, however, find ways to avoid the draft. Most middle and senior officers and many noncommissioned officers received their training in Donovia. Due to its inability to find volunteers to serve as officers, the Limarian army still recalls reserve officers to active duty. Some of these officers last served on active duty over 15 years ago. Donovia trains  almost all of the Limarian helicopter crews because of Limaria’s lack of facilities and training experience.

Limaria maintains a small, but reasonably competent, special purpose force (SPF) that cross- trains with Donovian SPF. The Limarian SPF most likely serves actively in the Lower Janga region and  probably reports  directly  to the  Supreme  High Command  for  national-level  missions. The intelligence organizations will likely maintain the SPF, and most maneuver elements will contain “special purpose” type units primarily for reconnaissance purposes. In addition to constant cross- training with the Donovians, the Limarians also send officers to NATO and the US for training.

Army Equipment and Weapons

The Limarian army operates primarily tier 2 equipment throughout its force structure. Recently, Donovia provided the country with some more modern systems, so the Limarian army does possess the potential for selected tier 1 niche capabilities. The Limarian military forces can operate in all terrain types and can successfully conduct 24-hour operations. (For further information see Section 4: Appendix C or the Worldwide Equipment Guide (WEG), Vol. 1, Chapter 1, OPFOR Tier Tables.)

Air Force Overview

The Limarian air force’s missions include the protection of the country’s borders, troop transport, close air support for ground forces, and protection of key infrastructure, primarily focused  on political and economic targets. The Limarian air force operates primarily tier 2 equipment and planes. Limarian pilots possess a respectable reputation for their flying skills.

Air Force Size and Structure

Limarian Air Force

Limaria operates a small air force that consists of a headquarters, three regiments, and five squadrons. Assets that the Limarian Air Force can use on the battlefield include two fighter regiments and one helicopter regiment. In addition to its maintenance units, the Limarian Air Force fields an aviation transport squadron.

Air Force Doctrine and Tactics

Donovian aviation doctrine heavily influences Limarian air force operations. Despite the heavy Donovian influence, the Limarian air force still demonstrates the ability to adapt its tactics based on the constraints of a conscript-heavy force and limited new equipment procurement.

Air Force Training and Readiness

Limaria maintains a well-trained air force with a 93% operational readiness rate.

Air Force Equipment and Weapons

The Donovians also maintain a significant air defense presence in Limaria, as they man a large radar site and forward-deployed interceptor aircraft. Most likely, the Limarians and Donovians integrate their air defense assets located in Limaria. By regional standards, the Limarians also maintain a robust anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) and surface-to-air missile (SAM) capability likely supported by Donovian contingents, in addition to the forward-deployed Donovian military forces described later.

Government Parliamentary Forces

Limaria’s State Security Directorate (SSD) falls under the Minister of the Interior and is responsible for all internal security forces, comprising about 1,000 personnel who use military-style light weapons. These include the Border Guard Forces, National Security Forces, and SPF. The Donovian-trained border guard unit operates out of Yerevan and is tasked with anti-smuggling, border control, and enforcing the country’s importation laws. Due to its small numbers, it is thinly stretched between the borders of Ariana and Gorgas. The National Security Force’s original mission was the prevention of guerilla attacks on military installations, and now the force performs police duties. It is also the likely riot-control formation, and is probably tasked with rear-area security for military forces in wartime. The SSD also maintains an SPF-like unit for antiterrorism and crime fighting.

Reserves and Militia

Limaria fields a militia brigade with three militia battalions. Many of these militia units are not fully manned with poor leadership or a shortage of leaders, as the regular army often recalls their officers to serve on active duty. This fear of being uprooting from their civilian jobs, often with little notice, often stops former military officers who have left active duty from choosing to serve in one of the militia brigades. (For more information on the militia brigade, see the OB.)

Lower Janga maintains its own military force of around 5,000 personnel. Though referred to as an “army,” the force basically mirrors a militia brigade in both size and structure. It receives both training and support from the Limarian government, thus helping ensure against a major Atropian offensive to retake the breakaway province.

Non-state Paramilitary Forces

Insurgent/Guerrilla Forces

The Lower Janga region previously seceded from Atropia and declared its independence. This action has created friction and violence within the mixed population. Depending on one’s point of view, this tension spawned two major terrorist groups or guerilla forces in the Lower Janga region—the Limarian Liberation Front (LLF) and the Free Lower Janga Movement (FLJM). Violent attacks are sporadic and unappreciable, with relatively low casualties. However, reporting indicates that one of these radical groups is attempting and in an unknown stage of smuggling “dirty bomb(s)” into the region. The dirty bomb “wild card” has the potential to create mass casualty attacks and seriously harm the psychological well-being of the population within the region.

FLJM conducts military activities in the Lower Janga region general focused against Limarians in hopes of intimidating the population into leaving the region. FLJM’s ultimate objectives are to re- establish Lower Janga as an Islamic territory under the control of the government of Atropia, and displace the Limarian population in the region. Reporting indicates (with high confidence) that Atropia may assist the FLJM in a clandestine fashion with regard to military support. Members of FLJM are active in local business and politics, providing legitimate cover for FLJM activity. FLJM clashes frequently with LLF elements, with both sides blaming the other for assorted acts  of banditry and random violence.

LLF consists of a number of independent radical Limarian threat groups that are fused together by ideology and the common enemy found in the FLJM. The driving motivation for this assorted federation is to deny the FLJM Lower Janga and keep the “republic” for Limarians. Reporting indicates that LLF will cooperate with Arianian SPF when it is in the group’s best interest. Most LLF members do not want a permanent relationship, however, with Arianian forces. Most violent attacks are against FLJM members and Atropian civilians. The group can conduct small cross-border ambushes and raids on isolated enemy formations and has links to other global radical groups. Though Lower Janga’s army is suspected of having cooperated with LLF on more than one occasion, and vice versa, both the Lower Jangan government and its army avoid open association with LLF for public-perception reasons.

Another group nominally operating in the country is One Right Path (ORP), which is a violent extremist splinter group of about 5,000 active members whose goal is the establishment of a regional Islamic Caliphate. ORP practices a variant of the Shia faith and is aggressively expanding its territorial control by taking key cities and oil reserves in southeastern Atropia. While the group may operate anywhere in the region, the primary area is a quadrilateral from Astara, Atropia, to Yerevan, Limaria, to Tbilisi, Gorgas, to Mamedkala, Donovia, and then back to Astara. ORP wants to overthrow the Atropian government and wants to limit any influence in Atropia by Donovia. While there are rumors of some sort of association with Ariana, there is nothing confirmed by any authority? The group has limited activity in Limaria at present, though negative—and even violent—encounters between group members and Limarian citizens are not unknown.

There are other insurgent/guerrilla groups in Limaria beside the ones listed in the threat actors’ orders of battle.

Criminal Organizations

Limarian crime syndicates permeate the current government to such a level that the criminals provide an easy enemy for new political movements to unify against. In addition, there are a number of criminal groups that operate as gangs, networks, or transnational criminal organizations. Two examples— Limarian National Labor Union, and Abgar Bozian’s Bozian gerdastan (fireside)—are officially fraternal orders that claim to champion the interests of their dues-paying members. In reality, they both are complicit in tax evasion, strong-arm tactics in the realm of imminent domain, and violating Limarian government restrictions on cross-border trade with Gorgas. The Limarian National Labor Union is heavily involved in human trafficking, while Abgar Bozian’s organization has a robust drug smuggling operation. (For additional information, see TC 7-100.3, Irregular Opposing Forces, Chapter 4, Criminals.)

There are other criminal organizations in Limaria beside the ones listed in the threat actors’ orders of battle.

Private Security Organizations

In the Lower Janga region and other troubled spots in Limaria, small groups of local civilian's band together to provide security for their businesses, homes, and families, as these people feel that the police and military cannot arrive in time when trouble does occur. Additionally, Donovian VIPs hire local Limarians to provide protection for them as they travel throughout the country.

Foreign Military Presence

Donovia maintains a military presence in Limaria with the forward deployment of a separate motorized infantry brigade and recently signed an agreement to remain in the country. Donovian soldiers of all types operate primarily out of the Donovian military base in Yerevan. This unit reports through the Southern Army to the Southern Military District. Other units from the Southern District can rotate in and out from the Donovian military base in Yerevan. (For details on this forward-deployed brigade, see the Donovian OB.)

The Donovians are apt to maintain their military presence in Limaria, a traditional Donovian political sphere of influence, to protect critical bases and sites and to gain the benefit of operations in a deployed environment. Donovia views its deployment to Limaria as a critical public statement of its ability to conduct operations in what Donovia sees as its rightful sphere of influence.

Nonmilitary Armed Combatants

Nonmilitary armed combatants range from those that support US presence in the region to those that are openly hostile to US regional influence. The insurgent groups that supported the separation of the Lower Janga region from Atropia are normally hostile to the US. The FLJM generally supports US influence as it wants Lower Janga to return to Atropian control. Limarian criminal organizations are generally neutral to US presence in the region as long as the US influence does not hurt the crime syndicates financially. Private security organizations range from hostile to neutral depending on whether they are operating as security for Donovian VIPs or just protecting their homes and businesses.

Military Functions

A military function is a group of related tasks, activities, capabilities, operations, processes, and organizations that fulfills the specific military purpose for which these things all exist. When integrated with other such functions, it contributes to the accomplishment of larger missions.

Joint Capabilities

The Limarian armed forces may act independently or jointly, and will engage in regular, irregular, or hybrid warfare. When conducting hybrid warfare, Limaria’s regular forces will act in concert with irregular forces and/or criminal elements to achieve mutually benefitting effects. In such cases, the national-level strategy, operational designs, and courses of action of the Limaria’s military constitute a wide range of capabilities and motives.

Command and Control

The core of Limaria’s command and control (C2) concept remains the assumption that modern communications are susceptible to attack and/or monitoring. Accordingly, the military operates from the view that centralized planning defines the means for assuring both command (establishing the aim) and control (sustaining the aim), leading to strategic and operational directions. Necessarily then, the military relies on the loyalty of its forces and gives them far-ranging authority to act within the aim while foregoing rigorous control as both unproductive and unlikely in the modern environment. (For additional information, see TC 7-100.2, Opposing Force Tactics, Chapter 2, Command and Control.)

Limarian military battalions are characterized by headquarters composed of a command section including the commander, deputy commander, and a small staff element. It also includes a staff section with the chief of staff and the remainder of the battalion staff. The battalion staff consists of the operations officer, the assistant operations officer, the intelligence officer, and the resources officer. The signal platoon leader also serves as the battalion communications officer, the reconnaissance platoon leader acts as the chief of reconnaissance, and the materiel support platoon leader serves as the battalion resources officer. (For additional information, see TC 7-100.2, Opposing Force Tactics, Chapter 2, Command and Control.)

The Limarian military places emphasis on survivability through mobility, redundancy, and security for tactical C2. The Limarian military streamlines its command posts (CPs) and relies on common procedures to streamline tactical operations, unlike the slower operations found at the operational level.

Maneuver

The Limarian army possesses the ability to move most of its maneuver force in combat vehicles. The country’s mountainous terrain, however, may force these armored and motorized units to remain road-bound.

Air Defense

The Limarian military possesses limited air defense capability and most of it resides in one air defense brigade. Limaria recognizes that air defense is an all-arms effort. Thus, all ground units possess some type of an organic air defense capability to differing degrees, depending on the type and size of the unit. Many weapons not designed as air defense weapons will also damage and/or destroy tactical aircraft when within range.

Throughout maneuver units, there are a number of systems designed for air defense and other systems that can be used in an air defense role. The heavy antiaircraft machine guns on tanks are specifically designed for air defense. Machine Guns on armored personnel carriers and automatic cannon on infantry fighting vehicles can engage both ground and air targets. Most antitank guided missiles (ATGMs) are extremely effective against low-flying helicopters. Several ATGM manufacturers offer anti-helicopter missiles and compatible fire control, which are especially effective against low-flying rotary-wing aircraft. Field artillery and small arms can also be integral parts of the air defense scheme. All these weapons can be extremely lethal when used in this role.

Limaria considers every soldier with a man-portable air defense system to be an air defense firing unit. These weapons are readily available at a relatively low cost and are widely proliferated. The small size and easy portability of these systems provides the opportunity for ambush of enemy airframes operating in any area near Limarian units. Ground units also employ them to set ambushes for enemy helicopters, especially those on routine logistics missions. (For more  information, see TC 7-100.2: Opposing Force Tactics, Chapter 11, Air Defense.)

INFOWAR

The Limarian information warfare (INFOWAR) effort is generally a competent one, borrowing from extensive links with the Donovian military and deployments with foreign armies. Limaria conducts an excellent regional perception management campaign when it comes to its relationship with Atropia. Limaria continues to define the Lower Janga conflict as one of ethnic cleansing against Limarians and most of its published military doctrine focuses on the protection of ethnic Limarians and concern about another invasion of its territory. Limaria can be expected to use computer warfare for intelligence collection and could cause severe cyberspace damage through its single information warfare battalion. (For additional information, see TC 7-100.2, Opposing Force Tactics, Chapter 7, Information Warfare; TC 7-100.3, Irregular Opposing Forces, Appendix A, Information Warfare; and the Limarian Information Variable).

RISTA

The Limarian military possesses reconnaissance, intelligence, surveillance, and target acquisition (RISTA) capabilities, with most in elements organic to its motorized brigades. If the Donovian forces that operate in Limaria decide to assist the Limarian military, however, the Donovians could provide reports from their RISTA assets to the Limarian military. The table above summarizes the effective ranges for reconnaissance assets that can support Limaria’s tactical commanders.

Effective Ranges of Limarian Reconnaissance Assets

Fire Support

Limaria emphasizes artillery and fire support for its ground forces. The Limarian army operates a variety of towed and self-propelled artillery systems. All of the Limarian air defense force fixed-wing aviation assets possess the ability to provide close-air support.

Protection

The Limarian Army maintains some protection from small-arms fire as much as its ground forces operate from tanks, armored infantry fighting vehicles, or armored personnel carriers. The Donovians who patrol the borders may provide an early warning capability that may allow the Limarians to deploy their forces against an incursion into their country. (For additional information, see TC 7-100.2, Opposing Force Tactics, Chapter 12, Engineer Support, and Chapter 7, Information Warfare.)

Logistics

Like many non-Western armies, Limaria concentrates on its combat units and often neglects the logistics infrastructure necessary to support modern warfare. Unless Donovia provides supplies, it remains likely that Limaria could not sustain a long war against any enemy.

Chemical, biological, Radiological, and Nuclear

Open-source reporting has indicated that Limaria possesses 2–5 functioning nuclear weapons. The Limarian government strenuously denies the claim. Limaria has denied inspection access by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) or other watchdog organizations, based on the absence of a formal Limarian nuclear energy or weapons program.

Limaria does possess a limited amount of chemical manufacturing that could produce toxic industrial chemicals (TIC), which are chemical substances possessing acute toxicity. An adjunct to chemical weapons is use of TIC, which can easily be exploited as improvised (or converted into) chemical weapons by military and civilians alike. (For additional information on possible high- and moderate risk TIC possibly available to Limaria, see the WEG: Vol. I, Chapter 14, Improvised Military Systems. For additional information on the capabilities, release authority (NCA), and employment of CBRN, see TC 7-100.2, Opposing Force Tactics, Chapter 13, CBRN and Smoke. For specific technical information, delivery means, agents, and effects of CBRN see the WEG: Vol. I, Chapter 11, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN).)

Research & Development Goals

Due to limited industrial capacity, Limaria will likely continue to purchase its military equipment and arms from outsiders, primarily from Donovia. Limaria will focus R&D on its traditional strength in INFOWAR capabilities.

Special Considerations

Limaria’s entire military policy evolves from its relationship with Atropia over Lower Janga. Limaria would like to incorporate Lower Janga into Limaria, but will settle for the current situation. Limaria will oppose any action that improves Atropia’s chances of forcibly returning Lower Janga province to Atropian control. As such, Limaria places many of its forces in areas bordering the province instead of on its border with Ariana.

Donovia’s special relationship with Limaria also plays a role in any military action in the area. Since Donovian troops will remain in Limaria for the next three decades, Donovia will most likely want a say in what happens there militarily and politically. Donovia will use its soldiers stationed at Yerevan as a “tripwire” to justify its military intervention in the Caucasus region.

Limaria will also attempt to maintain a defensive posture against outside involvement in a future Lower Janga conflict or spillover from future violence in Ariana or Gorgas. Surrounded by potential or real adversaries on all borders, Limaria will likely maintain its close relationship with its security protector in Donovia and continue to field a robust military force.

Summary

Limaria maintains a relatively small military that is approximately the same size as the Atropian military except that, as a landlocked country, Limaria does not field any naval forces. Limaria’s military focuses on the security of the Lower Janga region and the defeat of any insurgent groups, and its aims include the creation of an independent Lower Janga state. Due to Limaria’s close relationship with Donovia and the presence of Donovian military personnel in the country, Donovia would likely intervene in any conflict if it appeared that Limaria’s place in the current status quo situation would drastically change.