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Difference between revisions of "Europe"
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== Discussion of the OEs in the DATE ==
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[[File:DATE Europe including Donovia V3 (Cropped).png|alt=DATE Europe Regional Map|thumb|600x600px|'''DATE Europe Regional Map (Donovia expansion due in 2019)''']]
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Over 200,000 square miles comprise the Caucasus, a mountainous region located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. The Caucasus includes Atropia, Limaria, and Gorgas, as well as parts of Ariana, Donovia, and Kalaria. The Caucasus Mountains, consisting of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus ranges, traditionally form the separation between Europe and Asia. The Caucasus region contains two major parts—the North Caucasus and the South Caucasus—that are divided by the Greater Caucasus Mountains. The North Caucasus region is contained entirely within Donovia, while the South Caucasus contains Gorgas, Limaria, Atropia, and parts of Ariana and Kalaria. The Caspian Sea holds large oil and natural gas reserves, potentially as large as those in Saudi Arabia, which contribute to the region’s geostrategic importance.
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The purpose of the '''Decisive Action Training Environment (DATE) Europe''' is to provide the training, education, and leader development community with a detailed description of the conditions of a series of composite operational environments (OEs) in the European region. Its intent is to present trainers with a tool to assist in the construction of scenarios to support specific training and education events rather than a specified scenario. DATE Europe offers discussions of OE conditions through the framework of political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical environment, and time (PMESII-PT) variables. DATE applies to all US Army institutional and operational units (Active Army, Army National Guard, and Army Reserve) and partner nations that participate in DATE compliant Army training exercises.
  
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The region has a long history of warfare; ethnic and religious factionalism; and general political, military, and civilian unrest. In addition to these internal regional divisions, outside actors like the US, the European Union (EU), China, and Middle East nations have increasing strategic interests in the region. The Caucasus thus represents a flashpoint where highly localized conflict can spill over into widespread unrest or general war.
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DATE Europe's composite countries encompass over 751,000 square kilometers (290,000 square miles), of a varied and complex region which encompasses much of Scandinavia. The region includes the OEs of [[Arnland]], [[Bothnia]], [[Framland]], [[Otso]], and [[Torrike]]. It also incorporates the influences and activities of OEs from other DATEs; principally [[Donovia|Donovia-West]]<ref>A number of variables within the existing Donovia OE will be refined, to reflect differing conditions in the Western region.
  
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=== '''Country 1''' ===
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This is scheduled for FY 19/20; in the interim users are advised to utilize the existing Donovia OE where required.
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Ariana, the area’s second-largest and second-strongest nation militarily, possesses massive oil and gas reserves in its southwest region along the Persian Gulf. This area and the Strait of Hormuz comprise key terrain assets for the country. Ariana’s government is aggressive, capable, revolutionary, and intent on spreading its vision of Islamic governance and the establishment of a new Arianian hegemony throughout the region. Ariana mobilizes target populations through politicization of Islam to accomplish its long-term goals.
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</ref>, [[Olvana]], and [[Pirtuni]].<ref>The DATE countries listed below are fictionalized territories at the national and first-order administrative levels (i.e. province or county depending on the country). Lower order boundaries such as city wards and municipalities, and physical features such as mountains, rivers, and deserts, have retained their actual names. In many cases literature and media sources will use more than one name for a feature, and may spell them in different ways. As practicable, DATE will follow the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency's guidance contained in the [http://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/ Geonet Names Server] (GNS), "the official repository of standard spellings of all foreign geographic names sanctioned by the United States Board on Geographic Names (US BGN)". However, the reader should be cautioned that reference texts and maps may use these other variants. These common variants are also listed in the GNS. DATE Europe can, as needed, be used in conjunction with any, or all, of the other DATEs: [[Africa|DATE Africa,]] [[Caucasus|DATE Caucasus]], and [[Pacific|DATE Pacific]]. ''(See also [[Using the DATE]] and [[TC 7-101 Exercise Design]]).'' A glossary of terms used throughout DATE Europe can be found in the [[DATE Europe Glossary]] along with the real-world names of various cities and towns etc which have been altered within each OE.</ref> The region has a long history of instability and conflict; ethnic and religious factionalism; and general political, military, and civilian unrest. In addition to these internal regional divisions, outside actors have increasing strategic interests in the region. DATE Europe thus represents a flashpoint where highly localized conflict can spill over into widespread unrest or general war.
  
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=== ''''''Country 2'''''' ===
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DATE Europe adversary nations observed and analyzed western military operations since the early 1990’s. This includes but not limited to military operations such as Desert Shield/Desert Storm, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, etc. Using knowledge developed from these observations, the nations redesigned their respective force structures, types of equipment, and doctrinal constructs to achieve the desired objective of a peer to peer to at least a near peer capable force. Respective modernization efforts began as early as 2008 and progressed steadily on a timeline to reach full modernization to a Tier One structure by the target year 2026. Recognizing that NATO Article 5<ref>''Article 5''  
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Atropia is vulnerable because of its natural resources and as a result of conflicts over the Lower Janga region. Atropia possesses significant oil and gas reserves in both the northeast and the Caspian Sea. Further, the '''''Trans-Caucasus petroleum (TC-P) pipeline''''', one of the most critical infrastructure components in the region, originates near its capital city. These rich natural resources generate potential threats from external forces.
 
  
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Limaria currently occupies Atropia’s Lower Janga region, an area fought over by Atropia  and Limaria for over a quarter of a century. At present, over 95% of the Lower Janga region population belongs to the Limarian ethnic group. Refugees displaced from the Lower Janga dispute amount to over one million people. An estimated 400,000 Atropian Limarians and 30,000 Lower Janga Limarians fled to Limaria or Donovia to avoid the conflict. An estimated 800,000 Atropians from Limaria or Lower Janga sought refuge in Atropia. Various other ethnic groups in Lower Janga also evacuated to refugee camps in Atropia or Ariana. All efforts to settle the dispute since 1997 have failed. Ariana contains a large internal Atropian ethnic minority and disagrees with Atropia over the delineation of Caspian Sea oil and gas fields. Atropia, a majority Shia nation, resists Arianian- sponsored attempts to politicize Islam within Atropia.
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''“The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognized by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area.''
  
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=== ''''''Country 3'''''' ===
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''Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof shall immediately be reported to the Security Council. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to restore and maintain international peace and security.”''
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Donovia is a resurgent nation that, prior to the early 1990s, was the region’s dominant political, economic, military, and social player. Internal turmoil lessened Donovia’s influence  during the period from the 1990s to around 2000. Now, riding a wave of higher oil prices, a reinvigorated Donovia seeks to rebuild its prior levels of regional and international influence through a combination of assertive diplomacy and military power. However, the desire for independence among the other states in the region creates friction between them. Ultimately, Donovia’s neighbors wish to accommodate Donovian power without jeopardizing their core equities.
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</ref> agreements specify that an armed attack against one or more partners constitutes an attack against all, the OEs shape their relations with NATO through the [[Gulf of Bothnia Cooperation Council (GBCC)]].
  
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=== ''''''Country 4'''''' ===
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==Key Points==
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Gorgas, like Atropia, is a small yet fiercely independent state in a fragile and dangerous area, but without Atropia’s hydrocarbon assets. The country’s primary strength is geographical—its Black Sea ports and land border with Kalaria make it a logical pipeline route and regional outlet to the outside world. Gorgas remains among the smallest and least economically developed nations in the region. It currently exists in a state of “frozen conflict” with Donovia over Donovian attempts to block Gorgas from NATO and EU membership, as well as Donovian support for Zabzimek and South Ostremek— two breakaway regions formerly part of Gorgas.
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* DATE Europe is neither a scenario or vignette. It is a conditional framework to facilitate the development of a scenario or vignette.
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* With the exception of  [[Arnland]], [[Bothnia]], [[Framland]], [[Otso]], [[Torrike]], [[Donovia]] and [[Pirtuni]] all other countries in DATE Europe are real-world.
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* Incorporates the complexity in the region created by both NATO members and partner nations.
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* '''Real-world countries cannot be an adversarial country.''' 
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* Threat Force Structures (TFS) for each OE are equivalent to Administrative Structures in Western armies; Orders of Battle (ORBATs) are task-organized units from within a TFS.
  
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The breakaway territory Zabzimek is located in northwest Gorgas and borders Donovia. Currently, a ceasefire and line of separation exist between Gorgas and Zabzimek, but the Zabzimek militia poses a threat to the port of Poti and lines of communication from the Black Sea to the Gorgan capital city of Tbilisi. Zabzimek achieved de facto independence after the conflict with Gorgas in 1992, but only Donovia and Nicaragua recognize the country internationally. Strong criminal elements operate in Zabzimek.
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==DATE Europe Operational Environments (OEs)==
  
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South Ostremek, in north-central Gorgas, also wants independence from Gorgas. Like Zabzimek, South Ostremek achieved ''de facto'' independence after the 2008 Donovia-Gorgas War, but only Donovia and Nicaragua recognize the new country internationally. South Ostremek wants to reunite with North Ostremek, a Donovian province. Currently, a ceasefire remains in effect between Gorgas and South Ostremek, primarily monitored by Donovian peacekeepers.
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===Arnland===
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{{Main article|Arnland}}
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[[File:Arnland flag.jpg|thumb|120x120px]]
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Arnland sits on the southern tip of the Torrikan peninsula. Originally part of the Skolkan Empire, it gained independence in 1917. Arnland is a multi‐party democratic republic with open elections. There are currently seven political parties with varied representation in the National Assembly, two of these—the center right and the social democrats—have dominated the political landscape for the past 25 years. Arnland’s foreign policy supports the country’s strategic goal of maintaining its independence. The Arnish maintain neutrality in the region while fostering diplomatic—and in some cases military—relations with their regional neighbors. The regional and international relationships maintained and the priorities that are placed in maintaining them change as the ruling parties change, and are a major cause of internal political tension. The European Union (EU) has been in negotiations with Arnland over membership but has yet to enter into any formal agreement.
  
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=== ''''''Country 5'''''' ===
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The Arnland Armed Forces consists of two distinct components. The Active Defense Force comprises the regular Army, Navy and Air Force units subordinated to the General Staff, while the Standby Defense Force is a regionally based reserve force that answers to the regional governor in peacetime and to the General Staff during war. Arnland’s military forces are essentially dysfunctional. Although there are pockets of excellence, the majority of the forces is poorly trained, poorly equipped, badly paid, and ineffective.
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Limaria, a small and poor country, neighbors Atropia, Ariana, Gorgas, and Kalaria and also occupies the Lower Janga region. Limaria currently enjoys a strong economic and military relationship with Donovia and a good economic relationship with Ariana. Tensions still exist with Atropia over the disputed Lower Janga region, an Atropian province that is currently occupied by ethnic Limarians. Additionally, Ariana’s and Limaria’s improved trade relations have created tension with the US. Limaria will attempt to maintain relations with all the Caucasus powers due to its precarious economic development and isolated geopolitical position
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===Bothnia===
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{{Main article|Bothnia}}
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[[File:Flag of Bothnia.png|thumb|120x120px]]
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Bothnia is a socialist state; although officially there are three main political parties, in reality the Socialist Party of Bothnia dominates the political environment—in effect allowing the other two parties to exist to offer the illusion of choice for the population. Relations with other former Skolkan Empire countries are good except for that with Torrike, which has been strained over Bothnia’s growing claims on the island of Gotland.
  
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== Regional PMESII-PT Overview ==
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The essence of Bothnia’s defense policy is to defend the State and the achievements of the Bothnian people against all aggressors and threats, whether external or internal. To this end, the purpose of the military is to prepare, plan and execute the total defense of Bothnia, in conjunction with all other agencies of the Bothnian State. The policy allows for all methods to be used to ensure the survival of the State and does not preclude preemptive actions or actions limited to the territory of Bothnia. As such, Bothnia’s military is sizeable, with some 120,000 troops in service and theoretically, another 1,000,000 eligible to be mobilized from the Reserve.
  
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=== '''Political''' ===
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The deterioration of relations with Torrike and the expansion of NATO have forced Bothnia to reevaluate its status in the region. It increasingly sees Donovia as an ally and a useful counterbalance to the influence of NATO and the EU. Bothnia is also wary of the motivations of the Baltic States following their admission into NATO; as a result, Bothnia perceives “threats” from multiple entities.
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Since the region’s distancing from Donovian influence, political divisions within the Caucasus have hardened to create deep animosity between some of the countries. A long history of conflict has created borders that are often illogical, with contested boundaries that divide ethnic groups, rupture trade and communication routes, and split previous economic and political interdependencies. Internal and external forces destabilize the relatively weak Caucasus governmental structures make the governments subject to potential breakdown. Ariana and Atropia put up the front of a democracy with elected officials—Ariana with its legislature and Atropia with attempts to follow the Kalarian secular-Muslim model; but in reality, power belongs to a small elite group. In Ariana, the clerical authority roots out serious dissent and liquidates any opposition. In Atropia, a ruling family dominates all political life. Gorgas wants to sever its former ties with Donovia as it courts membership in NATO and the EU. Limaria retains its ties with Donovia but would not hesitate to turn to other countries if such an alliance would ensure its survival.
 
  
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Despite some advances in the creation of parliamentary and electoral mechanisms, enactment of limited liberal legislation, and the development of new leaders, the legitimacy of the region’s governments remains limited. These governments often resort to authoritarian methods to retain control of the state: manipulating elections, stifling opposition, clamping down on dissidents, violating political freedoms, and abusing human rights. As a result, long-term political, economic, and social stability prospects remain uncertain. Oil and natural gas resources draw outside powers  to the Caucasus, but the region’s history of outside interference and ethnic conflict makes its nations wary and prone to vendettas and grudges, whether in the countries’ best interests or not.
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===Framland===
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{{Main article|Framland}}
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[[File:Framland Flag.PNG|thumb|120x120px]]
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Framland is a prosperous country to the east of Torrike; it stretches from the Baltic Sea to north of the Arctic Circle. The country is a multi‐party constitutional monarchy with open elections and political power vested in the prime minister. Its population enjoys freedom of speech and expression, and its relatively stable economy ensures a reasonable standard of living. The Framish people clearly consider themselves Europeans, but are hesitant to become a member of the EU, seeing it as compromising their national identity.
  
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Contributing to the inter-regional strife are the various political ideals and goals espoused by each individual nation:
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While maintaining good relations with the rest of European nations, Framland is extremely aware of the strategic visions of Bothnia and Torrike. Their claims to power and land within the region create the potential for confrontation with Framland. Notwithstanding these perceptions, Framland cultivates and enjoys good relations with both of its larger neighbors. It is a member of the UN and continues to build its relationship with both NATO and the EU, albeit keeping the latter two at arm’s length. Framland and Donovia have normal political relations with growing economic and cultural exchanges, especially on a regional basis; however, they both foster an age‐old distrust, and have diverging attitudes toward democracy and human rights.
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* Ariana is a true theocracy, with every significant political action affected by the clerical class. A brutally efficient military ensures the continuation of the current power structure, while a sham representative government appeases or distracts Western interests.
 
  
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* Atropia is a classic dictatorship and uses a dynastic approach to governance. Every national success or failure reflects directly on the ruling family.
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The Framland Defense Force is unusual in the region in that it is all volunteer and as such is also the smallest force in the region by a considerable margin. Notwithstanding size, the armed forces in general, and the army in particular, have considerable operational expertise gained through deployments in support of UN and other international military missions. In keeping with the country’s modern and Western outlook, the armed forces are completely apolitical. The Framish government uses its armed forces as a useful diplomatic tool to build stability throughout the world.
  
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* Donovia is an authoritarian state led by a small, incestuous elite. This group uses state power and resources to enrich itself and secure both domestic and international political support. The Donovian elite wants to return Donovia to a co-equal place with the Great Powers of the world.
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===Otso===
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{{Main article|Otso}}
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[[File:Otso Flag.PNG|thumb|120x120px]]
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Otso sits on the easternmost edge of the region. Previously part of a larger Otsobothnia, it has been an independent nation since the end of World War II. Otso is a constitutional monarchy with open elections and three prominent political parties. The country prides itself on being neutral not only within the old Skolkan region, but also in regards to the EU and NATO. In reality, the government and populace tend to have Donovian sympathies. Donovia originally utilized Otso as a buffer between itself and the wider alliance of Torrike and Bothnia. The recent souring of the relationship between Bothnia and Torrike created the opportunity to use Otso as a stepping stone to advance Donovia’s influence in the region.  
  
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* Gorgas is a political oddity in the region as an emerging representative democracy. In a region driven by group politics and ethnic nationalism, Gorgas is trying to make a democracy work and stands to lose much if let down by Western interests.
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Otso’s main political and military aim is to contribute to regional stability through the application of a firm and fair policy of neutrality. Otso considers itself as setting an enlightened example and support for the UN is a key pillar of this policy. A primary component of this is to ensure that any dispute is brought to arbitration at the earliest opportunity and full engagement of the relevant international bodies is actively pursued.
  
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* Limaria is an autocracy. Limaria’s key political goal is the survival and advancement of the Limarian ethnicity. Any argument for action between Limarians can be won by the side offering better protection for the local and Diaspora population.
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Otso has a small population and its armed forces are correspondingly small. The basic structure is built on the Otsonian perception of the Canadian model, with a single service (defense forces) and specialist branches (land, air, naval). The forces are largely conscripted, with a professional core; the ratio of regular personnel to conscripts varies depending on the complexity of the assigned task. On completion of service, conscripts have a reserve liability until their 50th birthday.
  
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=== '''Military''' ===
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=== Torrike ===
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Because of ties to Donovia, most Caucasus countries use primarily Donovian-sourced military doctrine and equipment. Some of the countries, however, recently purchased Western hardware, and their interactions with NATO forces in operations around the world caused them to adopt more Western doctrine and technologies like unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and advanced anti-armor capabilities.
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{{Main article|Torrike}}
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[[File:Torrike Flag.PNG|thumb|120x120px]]
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Torrike lies furthest west in the region and represents the heartland and remnant core of a once considerably larger and more powerful political entity, the Skolkan Empire. The country’s formal political system is a democratic republic, with both President and Parliament being subject to periodic election. However, Torrike’s power structure is highly centralized and features appointment rather than election to most offices, with control of patronage resting with the President. Parliament is dominated by the Torrike Unity Party, either alone or in coalition with the Torrikan Nationalist Party. There are formal and informal mechanisms for dealing with political dissent that are used ruthlessly when needed; however, most Torrikans are content with their system, and those who oppose current policies have little traction.
  
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Several factors threaten security and stability throughout the Caucasus region. For the most part, the region has no functional border guard units, so the borders remain quite porous. Secessionist conflicts, limited political and economic reforms, and increased social problems provide a fertile ground for germination of radical groups, infiltration of foreign Islamic networks, and formation of militant organizations. Overall, unresolved territorial conflicts pose the most dangerous and immediate threat to the region’s security.
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The basis for the country’s foreign policy is the overriding principle that Torrike is the natural regional leader and that the other nations should align themselves under its benevolent guidance. Frictions are high between Torrike and Bothnia due to the latter’s recent Gotland Island claims, despite it being in Torrikan waters. This is further exacerbated by the improving relationship between Bothnia and Donovia, putting not only the Torrikan concept of resurrecting a Torrike-led empire in jeopardy, but also strengthening Bothnia’s position within the region. Torrike has increasingly come to regard NATO as an aggressive, expansionist, and interventionist political entity that poses a potential strategic threat to the country’s regional ambitions. Framland is considered a reliable neighbor, albeit one with a differing international outlook.
  
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Ariana maintains the second-largest military of the five Caucasus countries—behind Donovia. Militarily, it is a dominant actor within the region, capable of conducting military action across the spectrum of operations. The Arianian military conducts overt, covert, and clandestine operations  with ripple effects across the region. Reporting also suggests ties between elements of Ariana’s military to criminal and terror groups within the region, which further extends the potential for a global threat. Ariana has generally antagonistic relations with Atropia and maintains good ties with Limaria. Ariana is focused on keeping Western influence out of the region and maintaining its current status and self-perceived logical role as a regional strongman. Reports indicate that Ariana possesses nuclear weapons, with three nuclear sites identified at Qom, Isfahan, and Natanz.
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The Torrikan Armed Forces are modern, structurally sound, and well equipped. As a largely conscript force, national service is used to identify suitable candidates for long-term service and the reserves. All adults are subject to conscription and must complete an induction period that provides basic military training and an assessment period for identifying potential future leaders. The armed forces have always had a highly intellectual approach to warfare, seeking to maximize their effectiveness through a vigorous analysis of strategy and tactics. However, the Torrikan Armed Forces have little actual operational experience and have only exercised with Framland and, to a lesser extent, Arnland. Otsonian military observers monitoring Torrikan exercises have found them to be somewhat rigid in their operations and tactics.
  
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Atropia’s military forces consist of a small army, navy, and air force that have limited offensive capability, with doctrine and structure that reflect decades of Donovian influence. Due to the military’s small size, Atropia restricts its scope to defending the country’s borders and regional operations, mostly directed at Limaria. Atropian military forces emulate Limaria’s in size and capability, and the two nations are currently engaged in an ongoing arms race. Enduring skirmishes with Limaria over disputed territory drive Atropia’s deployment of forces. To counter Donovian support for Limaria, the Atropian military is attempting to gain Arianian military support to help reclaim lost territory. Atropia’s hydrocarbon revenue is currently allowing its military to modernize its equipment. The Atropian military’s current key mission is to defend its oil and gas infrastructure. Atropia hopes its oil and gas revenues—and the resulting prestige and power—will translate into a more robust military and overall regional power.
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=== Donovia-West ===
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{{Main article|Donovia-West}}
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[[File:DonovianFlag.png|thumb|120x120px]]
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Donovia West is situated in Eastern Europe on the East European Plain, the eastern part of the Great European Plain, the largest mountain-free landform in Europe, although a number of hills and highlands are interspersed within. The country is bordered to the north by the White Sea, the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea, all arms and bays of the Arctic Ocean. In the west the country is bordered by Norway, Otso, a small part of the Baltic Sea (at the Gulf of Bothnia), the Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, then Belarus and Pirtuni (from north to south), there is also a border with Poland (at Kaliningrad).  
  
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Donovia maintains a strong military, partially as an inheritance from its pre-1991 strength and partially through economic wealth being used to transform the pre-1991 military remnants into a modern military. Donovian doctrine and tactics are complex, supple, and competent, making Donovia a capable opponent. Donovia’s military capability ranges from irregular forces to nuclear weapons and anti-space capability. This strong military, combined with its assertive political agenda, make Donovia a prime consideration for all nations in the region.
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United Republics of Donovia is nominally a republic, but in reality operates as an authoritarian state. Despite outward moves toward democracy, the small political/economic elite maintain power through control of the dominant political party, the Unionist Democratic Party (UDP). The UDP, in turn, dominates the political and economic landscapes. Despite a tumultuous past, the Donovian political structure is generally stable. Despite the creation of a strong central authority, Donovia strives to retain a veneer of democracy and a free market economy. While corruption within the government has long been tolerated, the population’s willingness to overlook abuses of power is tied to their economic outlook. Western Donovian military leadership, practice, and ad hoc deployment along the Baltic borders all suggest Donovian Leadership is much more likely to pursue a hybrid approach in the Baltic in coordination with a conventional mechanized invasion to maintain its borders and protection of Kaliningrad.
  
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Like the rest of the Caucasus region, Gorgas has an extensive history of irregular and regular warfare. Of the five countries, Gorgas maintains the smallest military—consisting of a ground force, air force, and sea force (coast guard) capability for defensive operations, with limited offensive capabilities. Gorgas uses the military for defense and to maintain territorial sovereignty that includes regaining breakaway regions. Gorgas is currently attempting to join NATO and is the most accepting of Western influence.
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== Strategic Positioning ==
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The Skolkan Empire once comprised all of what are now the countries of Arnland, Bothnia, Framland, Otso, and Torrike, with lordship over Norway. The Empire periodically attempted to extend its power into Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, but its influence was always tenuous. Toward the end of the 19th century it became more and more obvious that the cohesion among the Skolkan nations was rapidly degrading. The Empire ultimately split into the countries of Arnland, Framland, Torrike, and Otsobothnia, with the latter eventually dividing into the nations of Otso and Bothnia; Norway also gained independence during this turbulent time.
  
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Regular and irregular warfare also permeate Limaria’s history. Limaria is heavily influenced by Donovia, which currently has advisors in the country. Limaria would most likely remain neutral if conflict began with Ariana. The Limarian military consists of only an army and an air force, and is roughly the size of the Atropian military. The Limarian military, heavily influenced by the territorial dispute with Atropia, cannot project forces outside of the region.
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Relations among the countries in this region are heavily influenced by this past history and proximity to Donovia. Framland considers itself a staunchly neutral European nation and is wary of its stronger and more ambitious neighbors of Bothnia and Torrike. Arnland works to maintain its independence through neutrality and diplomacy, and leans toward the West and EU membership; it also borders the regionally important choke point between the North Sea/Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea. Torrike is working to re-establish an empire and sees itself as the regional leader—thus setting itself against Donovian interests in the region. Torrike’s alliance with Bothnia helped bolster its position until their recent falling out over the island of Gotland. As the westernmost country on the Gulf of Finland, Bothnia can potentially limit both Otso’s and Donovia’s wider maritime access to the Baltic Sea as well. However, the country is unlikely to do so: it simultaneously views Donovia as an ally and Otso as a buffer against the same—thus helping to ensure its continued independence. Otso seeks to utilize this position to its advantage, fostering positive relations with both Donovia and Bothnia in order to cement its position as a neutral neighbor and buffer state.
  
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=== '''Economic''' ===
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'''Strategic Logistics Conditions'''
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Oil and gas resources drive the region’s economy. All international commerce centers around oil drilling and refining, and development of a transportation corridor. Significantly, the corridor serves as the main world market outlet for hydrocarbon resources from both the Caucasus region and the Central Asian countries. In addition, China and Japan continue to extend their influence into the region through financial involvement with Caspian energy projects. Ariana, Atropia, and Donovia possess the fossil fuels, while Gorgas provides the pipeline access required to ship oil and gas abroad. Limaria would like to participate in the transshipment of petroleum products, but its dispute with Atropia over the Lower Janga region precludes this possibility.
 
  
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Regional conflicts compound local economic problems, generating hundreds of thousands of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and encouraging many others to leave their country, especially for Donovia. Donovia serves as the main market for regional goods, primarily hydrocarbon products and foodstuffs for several reasons, including international markets closed because of political instability, insufficient alternate transit routes, and stiff trade tariffs. With domestic markets contracted and trade opportunities constrained, all five Caucasus nations have limited potential for economic development outside the energy sector. The economic challenge is to identify ways to diversify the region’s economies through restoration and development of critical water resources, agriculture, and the ailing manufacturing sector. The region’s relatively weak central governments focus more on control than on the fledgling market economies, so inefficiency and criminal elements freely flourish. Its minimal diversity places the region’s economies in danger of stagnating, with  daily commerce and utilities degrading and the general standard of living falling. Because of this threat, some of the region’s inhabitants are returning to the countryside to survive from the land or seeking permission to migrate abroad.
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For each country the strategic logistics complex is the foundation for support of national military objectives. Fundamental logistics objectives make possible the twin notions of total war and employing all means necessary. As a consequence, each country fully integrates civilian and military components of both its materiel and service industries to support national defense. Thus, the strategic logistics complex includes the national industrial base with its supply points, distribution centers, arsenals, plants, manufacturing facilities, medical support, and personnel support centers. While this national industrial base is capable of building everything from small arms to nuclear-capable missiles, the government of each country sets policy to define logistic priorities that direct the selection of system designs, production targets, and support of fielded systems.  
  
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The Arianian economy primarily centers on its petroleum industry, though it is highly diversified compared to other petroleum-dependent economies. The Arianians have attempted to create an industrial manufacturing sector, especially as international sanctions require them to increasingly in-source manufactured goods. Ariana also has a large agriculture sector.
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The design of national level logistics systems focuses on meeting the needs of the nation for both civilian and defense sectors. The degree to which government policy emphasizes one sector over the other determines the type military force available to meet national objectives for offense or defense. Ultimately, each country approaches national security strategy with the view that both its military force and the entire population be prepared for the sudden outbreak of war or for response to natural disasters. Each country directs and provides resources to make major improvements in all aspects of its logistics system based on these priorities.  
  
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Atropia’s economy is also dependent on hydrocarbon extraction. Most industry other than oil and gas is engaged in subsistence-level agriculture or services. Atropia has attempted to diversify its  economy with little success. It is likely that hydrocarbon dependence will be the hallmark of the Atropian economy indefinitely.
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'''OE Security Policy'''
  
−
Donovia is using its petrochemical wealth to climb out of economic stagnation. However, beneath the veneer of a market economy, former command elements have morphed into a crony capitalist economy. State-associated businesses dominate the economic landscape, and businesses not  affiliated with the government face significant hurdles from a variety of government bureaucracies. The general response to massive corruption is more corruption, which affects nearly every element of Donovian economic life. Services are an important element of the Donovian economy, but export of non-military manufactured goods and services remain dwarfed by hydrocarbon-based exports.
+
In planning and execution, each OE establishes priorities and assigns responsibilities to each department or ministry for support of national defense. The government leadership specifies a lead individual, directorate, or agency to act as the executive agent, responsible for integrating all the instruments of national power under one cohesive national security strategy. Each OE accomplishes this security function using different techniques but ultimately their objective is overall defense of the country.  
  
−
Gorgas is primarily a service economy, with many citizens also engaged in subsistence agriculture as a secondary sector. While the Gorgan economy is relatively free, development has been slow. The most likely growth opportunity will be as a petroleum transshipment point. Even this bright spot in the economy is overshadowed by the lingering, cooling effects of the Donovian-Gorgas War.
+
The executive agent marshals all elements of national power to fulfill security policy. Policy execution ranges from identification and allocation of civilian and military manpower to designation of raw materials to maintain a ratio of consumer goods to military systems. Management of manpower resources entails several approaches; maintenance of a standing army, a mix of military cadre supported by a large reserve for wartime mobilization, or even a reliance on private military contract expertise. The method selected determines peacetime military force, training, and other resources as well as the mobilization structure required to achieve full national defensive posture.  
  
−
Limaria, like Gorgas, is a service and agriculture-based economy. While not as politically free as Gorgas, Limaria benefits from overseas investment from the Limarian Diaspora and Donovia. Due to a  near blockade  of  goods  and  services from  Kalaria  and Atropia,  Limaria  is dependent  on  its relationships with Ariana and Gorgas for the movement of goods and services. However, international sanctions against Ariana and a limited Gorgan trade embargo against Limaria hamper the effectiveness of these partnerships.
+
=== Regional Views of the US ===
 +
The view that each country holds toward the US primarily aligns with its political leaning and strategic position. Torrike is wary of the US for several reasons: the plan to revive some form of a Torrike-lead empire; US dominance in the Atlantic Ocean—and thus ability to curtail Torrikan access to the same; and US presence in neighboring NATO member Norway. Bothnia takes a similar view of US power and influence in the region, and for comparable reasons. Otso is careful to remain neutral in its interactions with the United States in light of its geographical position as Bothnia’s and Donovia’s neighbor. Framland and Arnland are inclined to view the US as part of the NATO and EU counterbalance to Bothnia, Donovia, and Torrike—which helps ensure their continued independence—and react accordingly. While US strength is respected throughout the region, none of the countries would place the United States in the category of “friend or protector.”
  
−
=== '''Social''' ===
+
== Regional PMESII-PT Overview ==
−
All countries in the region can trace their cultures back for centuries, and most ethnic groups retain rivalries against each other that date back just as far. The countries have long histories of internal and external volatility, usually over disputed territory. Each country possesses strong ethnic groups that do not tolerate others, and each is home to displaced persons who originated from the others’ territory. Many of the IDPs are born into a refugee situation and harbor resentment and intolerance to other displaced groups. This violent history keeps the countries and their people wary of each  other and of regional outsiders.
 
−
 
 
−
Literacy rates are high in the region, with only Ariana possessing a rate lower than 98%. Atropia, Gorgas, Limaria, and Donovia have all instituted educational reforms during the past two decades, with the aim of producing qualified, internationally competitive citizens who will reduce poverty, improve social welfare, and encourage economic growth.
 
−
 
 
−
The vast majority of Ariana’s citizens are Shia Muslim and view themselves as either Persian or Arianian, depending on ethnicity. With a rich culture and heritage, Ariana’s social issues stem not from its people but from its leaders, whose actions are considered corrupt and repressive. Protests over government corruption, unequal wealth distribution, high inflation, and high unemployment rates occur often, despite the government’s frequent use of force to put them down.
 
−
 
 
−
Atropia consists mainly of ethnic Atropian Shia Muslim, with small ethnic and religious minorities. Most Atropians choose to support the government, which may well be due to the continuing dispute with Limaria over the Lower Janga region. Those that do not usually fall into two categories: separatists who wish to create a new country from southern Atropia and northwest Ariana; and those upset over taxation, lack of utilities, substandard social services, and judicial favoritism.
 
−
 
 
−
Donovia’s population is predominately Arab Sunni, with significant social-related issues that retard economic and political development. In addition, certain Donovian social fabric elements, such as massive smoking, pervasive corruption, and endemic violence, have created significant social volatility that is manifested through gender imbalance, high crime rates, and systemic discrimination against ethnic minorities.
 
−
 
 
−
Most Gorgan citizens are of the same ethnicity and practice Orthodox Christianity. Though attacks do occur against other ethnic groups and religions, the government is working to protect the rights of minorities, as well as freedom of speech and of the press. Most social unrest revolves around Gorgas’ breakaway republics, which both the government and its citizens would like to see returned to Gorgan control.
 
−
 
 
−
Nearly all Limarians are ethnic Limarian Christians. Those that are not suffer some discrimination, but not at the levels experienced in neighboring countries. Major social issues that shape Limarian thinking are hatred of the Kalarians—a residue of '''''loss of territory in the 1940s'''''—and support for the autonomous Lower Janga region in Atropia.
 
−
 
 
−
=== '''Information''' ===
 
−
The Caucasus region receives the majority of its news and information through television, but Internet and mobile phone usage are growing. The region continues to evolve slowly from state- controlled media and information delivery. While governments still attempt to control information, satellite and computer technology enable many of the region’s people to bypass governmental controls. Information-based technologies sustained by the use of satellites will become more and
 
−
 
 
−
more important as the need to communicate quickly, easily, and reliably increases. Satellites not only enable telecommunication across a wide spectrum, but also support economic growth and development, support transportation sectors, and assist with meteorological forecasting. Additional use of commercial satellites also supports navigation, enabling both public and commercial sectors to capitalize on the use of satellite technologies.
 
  
−
As more international companies move into the growing information market, technology and access continue to become more affordable to the average citizen. The mass use of television keeps perception management at the forefront of all political and military operations. Computer attacks have occurred in the region, and each country continues to expand both its Intelligence and Information Warfare (INFOWAR) capabilities.
+
=== Political ===
 +
The governments in DATE Europe tend to fall on opposite ends of the spectrum. Arnland, Framland, and Otso are liberal democracies, while Bothnia and Torrike are effectively one-party autocratic governments. With the exception of Torrike—which desires regional hegemony—all of the governments act in ways to ensure their country’s continued existence as an independent entity, either by working to remain neutral or by allying themselves with other, more powerful nations or organizations.
  
−
Ariana is a highly-controlled information environment. The government controls all media outlets and attempts to limit its citizens’ access to outside sources of information like the Internet and satellite TV broadcasts. Despite the government’s actions, Arianian citizens—especially the educated urban elite—have aggressively attempted to circumvent the government-imposed information embargo.
+
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
−
 
+
! colspan="6" |REGIONAL SUMMARY
−
The Atropian government attempts to regulate the information environment through ownership control of the main media outlets and occasional arrests of bloggers and reporters. No significant nongovernment-affiliated media outlets exist. The Atropian government also attempts to control the content of religious messages through the selection of religious authorities. If Atropians avoid messages with a strong religious or antigovernment tone, the content is generally allowed by the government.
 
−
 
 
−
Donovia is a world leader in INFOWAR. While information is subject to government pressure and outright censorship, censorship is usually self-imposed. Opinions contrary to the standing government line are primarily found in social media, which is outside the government oversight imposed on other mass media communications.
 
−
 
 
−
Gorgas maintains a generally free press, though government ownership and connections with media owners make certain subjects off limits. Unlike other countries in the region, Gorgas does have some media outlets that are independent, so debate in Gorgas is the freest among Caucasian countries.
 
−
 
 
−
Limaria follows the pattern set by Gorgas and Atropia, falling between the two in overall control of the information environment. The Limarian government controls the media environment, but only to a degree that does not antagonize its neighbors or the West. In this fashion, the Limarian government maintains the most flexible information posture.
 
−
 
 
−
=== '''Infrastructure''' ===
 
−
The Caucasus countries face several hurdles to infrastructure development. Atropia, Gorgas, Limaria, and Donovia rely on infrastructure mainly built decades ago, while Ariana possesses a somewhat newer infrastructure. The region remains dependent on oil and natural gas reserves in Ariana, Atropia, and Donovia. While these countries possess the financial resources to improve their infrastructure, Western embargos against Ariana, ethno-political issues in Atropia, and lack of government priority in Donovia prevent most infrastructure improvement outside the hydrocarbon industries. This aging infrastructure is affected by natural disasters such as landslides, mudslides, and floods, which routinely cause evacuation of local populations, loss of life, infrastructural damage and heavy material losses. Development of the Caucasus as a transportation corridor will not only increase incomes and boost the Atropian and Gorgan economies, but will also expand air pollution and noise issues. Construction of roads, railways, and pipelines may cause the loss of valuable agriculture land. Waste dumping along the transportation routes will become a growing issue.
 
−
 
 
−
Ariana has the second most modern infrastructure in the Caucasus region because of wealth generated by hydrocarbon exports. Ariana contains 12 cities with a population of over one million residents, high building density, and developed power, water, and sewage utilities that can reach at least 75% of the urban residents. Ariana operates complex transportation architecture with abundant multi-lane hard-surface highway networks, railway lines, and many operational airports. Ariana also possesses nuclear power plants, nuclear research facilities, and civilian industrial plants with the capacity to produce military-grade nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons.
 
−
 
 
−
Atropia’s largest cities possess a high building density and over 75% of the residents in the 10 largest cities enjoy access to modern power, water, and sewage utilities. The country has only moderate transportation architecture due to limited railroad lines. Conversely, it possesses considerable hydrocarbon resource infrastructure to export crude oil and natural gas to the outside world. Atropia has no nuclear power plants and only limited industrial capacity outside the hydrocarbon industry.
 
−
 
 
−
Despite years of neglect, Donovia still possesses the most modern infrastructure in the region. Of Donovia’s five largest cities, two have more than 1 million residents and lie outside its Northern Caucasus provinces. The remaining three are within the Caucasus region and have less than 1.1 million residents combined. All five provide more than 75% of their residents with access to modern utilities. The country has a complex transportation architecture with paved roads, railroads, and multiple airports. Dozens of nuclear power plants exist, as do nuclear research and industrial plants that can produce military-grade nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons.
 
−
 
 
−
The five largest Gorgan cities exhibit a high building density and in four these, 75% of residents have access to modern power, water, and sewer utilities. Zugdidi and all smaller Gorgan cities have only a utility access rate of 25-50%. Due to limited railroad lines and a lack of secondary roads between major cities, Gorgas has moderate transportation architecture. The country contains no nuclear power plants and little major industrial capacity.
 
−
 
 
−
Of the five Caucasus countries, Limaria’s infrastructure is the least modern. The five largest Limarian cities show a high building density, but modern power and water access rates are usually 25-50%. Yerevan is the only exception, with a utility access rate of over 75% for power and water. Limited railroad access and a lack of multi-lane hard surface roads limit Limaria to a moderate transportation architecture. The country operates no nuclear power plants and possesses little industrial capacity, as most Limarians work in agriculture or the service industry. Recent reports indicate Limaria may have gained possession of a small number of nuclear weapons.
 
−
 
 
−
=== '''Physical Environment''' ===
 
−
Terrain features across the Caucasus region are similar—dominated by mountains but with deserts and lowlands as well. Specifically, Ariana features a plateau of deserts in the east with mountains prevalent in other areas of the country. Its coast is bordered by the Caspian Sea on the north, the Persian Gulf on the '''''southwest, and the Gulf of Oman on the south'''''. Lowlands are present in Atropia, but the Greater and Lesser Caucasus Mountains are the primary terrain feature throughout the country. Southern Donovia is primarily mountainous, though its access to most of the major outside world means its geographic position assures its strategic importance. The Greater and Lesser Caucasus Mountains hem in Gorgas to the north and south, respectively, while the Likhi Range divides the country into eastern and western parts. Limaria is 70% mountains, primarily the Lesser Caucasus. Central Limaria consists of a plateau whose elevation gradually decreases as it meets the Aras River Valley. Of note also are the tunnels that exist '''''in these countries''''' to facilitate movement of supplies for the military as well as smuggling by criminal organizations and irregular forces, and underground facilities used to house nuclear training and enrichment programs
 
−
 
 
−
=== '''Time''' ===
 
−
The Caucasus countries, for the most part, do not believe in the sensitivity of time and do not view punctuality or the importance of time as most Western countries do. The people do not look at time  in the short term, but look toward the long term. Time commitments are seen more as an objective to be achieved, if possible, rather than a requirement to be met. Promptness is based on relationships, with people being much more likely to be on time if the person who sets the time commitment is  close to him, such as a friend or family member. The more a country interacts with Western nations, however, the more accepting the country becomes to Western ideas on time.
 
−
 
 
−
== Variable Conditions by OE ==
 
−
{| class="wikitable"
 
 
!
 
!
−
!'''Ariana'''
 
−
!'''Atropia'''
 
−
!'''Donovia'''
 
−
!'''Gorgas'''
 
−
!'''Limaria'''
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
!'''Political'''
+
!&nbsp;!!Arnland!!Bothnia!!Framland!!Otso
−
|'''Theocracy'''
+
!Torrike
−
- Clerical authority over government structure
+
!Donovia-West
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
|
 +
'''Political'''
 +
||
 +
* Democratic republic
 +
* Multi-party
 +
* Open elections
 +
* Ineffective government
 +
||
 +
* Socialist state
 +
* One dominant political party with two peripheral parties
 +
* Government centralized control
 +
||
 +
* Democracy
 +
* Multi-party
 +
* Open elections
 +
* Social democratic leanings
 +
||
 +
* Constitutional monarchy
 +
* Multi-party democracy
 +
* Open elections
 +
* Neutral diplomatically
 +
|
 +
* Parliamentary democracy in name only
 +
* Multi-party with one party domination
 +
* Open elections
 +
* Political core of former Skolkan
 +
|
 +
* Constitutional democracy, but in practice an oligarchy
 +
* One dominant political party, with adjunct parties
 +
* Centralized control and political stability valued
 +
* Candidates for office controlled by the party
 +
|}
 +
==== Gulf of Bothnia Cooperation Council ====
 +
[[File:GBCC Logo.PNG|thumb|152x152px]]The major regional entity is the [[Gulf of Bothnia Cooperation Council (GBCC)]], an intergovernmental political and economic union. Member States consist of all countries of the Gulf of Bothnia: Arnland, Bothnia, Framland, Otso, and Torrike; Donovia has Observer status.
  
−
- Token representative government
+
The GBCC members have an established security cooperation agreements with Donovia. The agreement ensures annual training and exchanges with a focus on equipment, military doctrine, counter-terrorism, arms control, and broader government cooperation. The GBCC has been working with Donovia and other western countries on buying counter-UAV technology, robotics, and training. 
 +
=== Military ===
 +
Military forces in the region vary in size, but have similar purposes. Arnland has a small, dysfunctional defensive military that is focused on the country’s perception that Torrike poses a threat to its independence. Bothnia’s military forces are strongly defensive in nature and focused against the West, though possession of ballistic missiles means the country could choose to take the offense. In addition, the nation is modernizing its defense equipment. Framland possesses the smallest armed forces in the region. Acutely aware of this fact, the country focuses on other methods—diplomatic and economic—to help ensure its continued existence as an independent entity. Otso’s military focus is two-fold: defend against external aggression, and support world peace through deployments in support of international peacekeeping or humanitarian missions. Torrike fields modern, well-equipped armed forces designed to prevent interference with its regional ambitions by outside parties—namely NATO. While the military is supposedly defensive in nature, Torrike states it will not hesitate to use power projection in order to protect its interests. Each nation within the GBCC as well as Donovia are trained in river crossing operations and bridge construction. Typical capabilities include assembly of a pontoon bridge up to 544 meters in length over water in 24 hours that is capable of supporting rail and vehicular traffic. Each nation also can assemble a 200 meter pontoon bridge of similar type and function in approximately 12 hours.
  
−
-Strong influence of clerical class
+
Despite its public statements about being a political and economic entity only, defense matters are discussed within the forum of the GBCC but there has been no suggestion of any military alliance. However in the last three years there has been an increase in military activities. Recent GBCC activities have expanded to include increased military cooperation, intelligence sharing, and counter‐terrorism.
  
−
- Wary of “Western Influence”
+
There have been a number of GBCC joint military exercises. The first of these was held in 2003, with the first phase taking place in Torrike and the second in Bothnia. Since then Torrike and Bothnia teamed up for large‐scale war games in in odd-numbered years (2005, 2007, 2009, and 2011) under the auspices of the GBCC, but since the dispute over the sovereignty of Gotland began there have been no further joint exercises.
  
−
- Seeking regional dominance
+
Many observers believe that one of the original purposes of the GBCC was to serve as a counterbalance to NATO and other organizations such as the EU with a military structure, however this never quite came to fruition.
  
−
- Strong relationship with Limaria
+
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
−
 
+
! colspan="6" |REGIONAL SUMMARY
−
- Mutually beneficial unofficial relationship with Donovia
+
!
−
 
 
−
Generally antagonistic relationship with Atropia
 
−
|'''Dictatorship'''
 
−
 
 
−
- Power belongs to a small, elite group – one family
 
−
 
 
−
- Looks to the West for support
 
−
 
 
−
- Sees Ariana, Donovia, and Limaria as threats
 
−
US willing to support
 
−
|'''Authoritarian Republic'''
 
−
 
 
−
- Regionally dominant
 
−
 
 
−
- Figurehead elected President
 
−
 
 
−
- Power rests with small group of elites
 
−
 
 
−
- Five main political parties; only one true opposition party
 
−
 
 
−
- Weakening legitimacy of ruling political party
 
−
 
 
−
- Typically neutral to US power and forces; will protect regional position of power
 
−
 
 
−
- Adversarial toward Atropia
 
−
High levels of crime and corruption
 
−
|'''Emerging Democracy'''
 
−
 
 
−
- Representative republic
 
−
 
 
−
- Values Western principles
 
−
 
 
−
- Looks to distance itself from Donovia
 
−
Seeks NATO and EU membership
 
−
|'''Autocracy'''
 
−
 
 
−
- A small, elite group controls Limarian politics
 
−
 
 
−
- Values alliance with Donovia
 
−
 
 
−
- '''''Loss of territory to Kalaria''''' influences all decisions
 
−
Sees Atropia as a threat
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
!'''Military'''
+
!&nbsp;!!Arnland!!Bothnia!!Framland!!Otso
−
|'''Large conventional force'''
+
!Torrike
 +
!Donovia-West
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
|
 +
'''Military'''  
 +
||
 +
* Small military (41,000)
 +
* Poorly equipped (Tier 3 to 4)
 +
* Mix of Regular and Conscripts
 +
* Priority is 'Defense and preservation of the Arnish state'
 +
||
 +
* Sizeable military (120,000)
 +
* Equipment ranges from Tier 1 to Tier 3
 +
* Around 50% are conscripts (mainly Land Forces)
 +
* Priority is defense, but does not preclude 'Preemptive actions'
 +
||
 +
* Very small military (20,000)
 +
* Equipment is mainly Tier 4
 +
* No conscription
  
−
- Three standing Armies consisting mostly Tier 2 capabilities with four Separate Army Divisions that are considered to be Tier 1
+
* Priority is to defend to allow a diplomatic solution
 +
||
 +
* Very small military (25,000)
 +
* Equipment is mainly Tier 4
 +
* Mix of Regular and Conscripts
 +
* Priority is to remain neutral
 +
|
 +
* Large military (150,000)
 +
* Equipment is Tier 1-2
 +
* Mix of Regular and Conscripts
 +
* Priority is 'Protection of the homeland'
 +
|
 +
* Dominant regional military
 +
* Equipment is Tier 1
 +
* Conscription 12 months for ages 18-27
 +
* Possesses a strategic first-strike policy
 +
|}
 +
=== Economic ===
 +
The economic conditions in the five countries cover a wide spectrum, ranging from strong open markets, to weak capitalistic systems reliant on international aid, to oppressive state-controlled ones. Despite their differences, the countries’ economies are heavily intertwined with each other. Arnland exports goods and electricity to Torrike and the EU. Bothnia’s primary trading partners are other regional countries. Framland receives part of its energy from Torrike—one of its most important trade partners. Otso is heavily dependent on raw material imports from other regional countries. Torrike relies on Arnland for energy and labor. Any major change to just one of the regional economies could have significant ripple effects on those of the others.
  
−
- Most capable military in the region after Donovia
+
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
−
 
+
! colspan="6" |REGIONAL SUMMARY
−
- Faces small insurgencies in southeast
+
!
−
 
 
−
- Capable of a wide range of operations
 
−
Successful nuclear weapons program
 
−
|'''Small army, navy, and air force'''
 
−
 
 
−
- Tier 2 conventional forces
 
−
 
 
−
- Limited offensive capabilities
 
−
 
 
−
- Tensions continue with Limaria over Lower Janga region
 
−
 
 
−
- Defense of hydrocarbon resources and infrastructure paramount
 
−
Two main and several small insurgent groups
 
−
|'''Large conventional force'''
 
−
 
 
−
- Three standing armies with mainly Tier 1 capabilities
 
−
 
 
−
- Most capable military in region
 
−
 
 
−
- Capable of a wide range of operations
 
−
 
 
−
- Successful nuclear weapons program
 
−
 
 
−
- Anti-satellite capabilities
 
−
 
 
−
- Strong INFOWAR capabilities
 
−
 
 
−
- Potential ally of Ariana
 
−
Relations with Limaria
 
−
|'''Smallest military in region'''
 
−
 
 
−
- Tier 2 conventional forces
 
−
 
 
−
- Defensive capabilities with limited offensive capabilities
 
−
 
 
−
- Tensions continue with Zabzimek and South Ostremek (breakaway Gorgan republics)
 
−
Donovian-sponsored paramilitaries are current threat, along with the Donovian military
 
−
|'''Small military with army and air forces only'''
 
−
 
 
−
- Tier 2 conventional forces
 
−
 
 
−
- Tensions continue with Atropia over the Lower Janga region
 
−
 
 
−
- Focused on Atropian military and support for allied Lower Janga military forces
 
−
 
 
−
- Terrorist groups present
 
−
Reports indicate possession of 2-5 nuclear weapons; government denies
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
!'''Economic'''
+
!&nbsp;!!Arnland!!Bothnia!!Framland!!Otso
−
|'''Economy based on petroleum industry'''
+
!Torrike
 +
!Donovia-West
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
|
 +
'''Economic'''
 +
||
 +
* Mixed economy that continues to weaken
 +
* GDP USD58.4 billion
 +
* Poor financial management practices
 +
* Corruption highest in the region
 +
||
 +
* Economy centrally planned and controlled
 +
* GDP USD203 billion
 +
* Weak economically but new resource discovery holds potential for growth
 +
* Corruption evident and an issue in some sectors
 +
||
 +
* Diverse economy
 +
* GDP USD103 billion
 +
* Government is fiscally responsible and conservative with expenditures
 +
* Corruption is actively controlled and is second lowest in the region.
 +
||
 +
* Industrialized, mixed economy
 +
* GDP USD 52.6 billion
 +
* Resource poor
 +
* Little corruption, lowest in the region
 +
|
 +
* Market economy
 +
* GDP USD317.6 billion
 +
* Government emphasis on high technology industries and arms production
 +
* Maintains stringent anti-corruption administrative and legal measures
 +
|
 +
* Centralized economy with wealth concentrated with wealthy elites
 +
* GDP USD4.008 trillion
 +
* Prioritizes military spending over other domestic areas
 +
* Leading world producer of oil and natural gas
 +
|}
 +
=== Social ===
 +
The countries in the region vary little in social aspects. All possess a nearly homogeneous population in terms of both ethnicity and language, with English as a common second language. Christian religions—primarily Lutheran and Catholic—are the most common faiths, but church attendance is sparse and an increasing number of people do not identify with a religion at all. Though indigenous religions are present, they are followed by only a small minority of the population. Birth rates are low throughout the region, while the percentage of elderly is growing. Education is highly valued in all countries as a way for individuals to improve their socioeconomic situations, and public education is universal and usually high-quality. The exception is Arnland, where residents must rely on private tutoring for any hope of gaining acceptance to a university. Crime in the region tends to be similar in type and level to that of other Europeans nations.
  
−
- Owns large oil and natural gas reserves
+
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
−
 
+
! colspan="6" |REGIONAL SUMMARY
−
- International sanctions depress economy
+
!
−
 
 
−
- Relies on Limaria for international trade
 
−
Large agricultural sector
 
−
|'''Hydrocarbon extraction dependent economy'''
 
−
 
 
−
- Owns large oil and natural gas reserves
 
−
Political patronage depresses economic growth
 
−
|'''Dominant energy sector'''
 
−
 
 
−
- Owns large oil and natural gas reserves
 
−
 
 
−
- Large hydrocarbon- related service sector
 
−
 
 
−
- Major international military equipment exporter
 
−
Current economy resultant from an internal economic collapse of 1991
 
−
|'''Primarily service economy'''
 
−
 
 
−
- Large agricultural sector
 
−
 
 
−
- Dependent on trans- national trade routes and pipelines
 
−
Growth limited due to attempt to cut ties with Donovia
 
−
|'''Service and agricultural based economy'''
 
−
- International trade window for Ariana
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
!'''Social'''
+
!&nbsp;!!Arnland!!Bothnia!!Framland!!Otso
−
|'''Persian Shia Muslim Culture'''
+
!Torrike
 +
!Donovia-West
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
|
 +
'''Social'''
 +
||
 +
* Health care free but ineffective and inequitable
 +
* Primary religions: Protestant, Catholic, Islam, and others
 +
* Income per Capita: Lowest in GBCC
 +
* Languages: Arnish, English
 +
* Human rights: Low
 +
||
 +
* Health care: Government administered system
 +
* Income per Capita: fourth in GBCC
 +
* Religions: Protestant and Catholic
 +
* Languages: Bothnian, Donovian, and English
 +
* Human rights: Moderate
 +
||
 +
* Health care: Marginally effective government system
 +
* Income per Capita: third in GBCC
 +
* Religions: Primarily Catholic with some Protestant
 +
* Languages: Framish, Torrikan, Sami, English
 +
* Human rights: Moderate
 +
||
 +
* Health care: Both public and private
  
−
- 51% Persian
+
* Income per Capita: second in GBCC
 +
* Religions: Predominantly Protestant with a small Catholic segment
 +
* Languages: Otsonian, English
 +
* Human rights: Progressive
 +
|
 +
* Government health care is efficient and widespread
 +
* Income per Capita: Highest in GBCC
 +
* Religions: Protestant, non-aligned, Wicca
 +
* Languages: Torrikan, Framish, Arnish, English
 +
* Human rights: Outwardly strong but neglected in reality
 +
|
 +
* Government health care is poor to good, dependent on wealth, with the wealthy seeking healthcare outside the country
 +
* Income per Capita:
 +
* Religions: Christian, Muslim, Judaism, and Buddhism
 +
* Languages: Bashkir, Chuvash, Erzya, Moksha, Komi, Hill Mari, Meadow Mari, Tatar, Udmurt
 +
* Human Rights: Routinely ignored as a priority
 +
|}
  
−
- 24% Atropian
+
=== Information ===
 +
The countries all possess a modern communications architecture and each government recognizes the importance and influence of media and its control. Approaches range from extremely loose to tight governmental control. Bothnia and Torrike practice strong control over public communications media in an attempt to control their populations, while Arnland, Framland, and Otso do the opposite. However, even in the latter group there is some soft censorship: extremist views are rarely published, and Otsonian media outlets are wary of distributing material that would easily offend Donovia or Bothnia. New means of information-sharing using modern technology are rapidly adopted by the population, unless the government intervenes in an attempt to control information flow.
  
−
- 77% literacy rate
+
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
−
 
+
! colspan="6" |REGIONAL SUMMARY
−
- 1 million IDPs, 70% there over 20 years
+
!
−
68% of population is urban
 
−
|'''Shia Muslim Culture'''
 
−
 
 
−
- 89% Shia Muslim
 
−
 
 
−
- 91% Atropian
 
−
 
 
−
- 99% literacy rate
 
−
 
 
−
- 1/2 million IDPs
 
−
52% of population is urban
 
−
|'''Arab Sunni Hanafi Culture'''
 
−
 
 
−
- 70% Arabic
 
−
 
 
−
- 98% literacy rate
 
−
67% of population is urban
 
−
|'''Christian Culture'''
 
−
 
 
−
- 84% Gorgan
 
−
 
 
−
- 100% literacy rate
 
−
 
 
−
- 1/4 million IDPs
 
−
53% of population is urban
 
−
|'''Christian Culture'''
 
−
 
 
−
- 98% Limarian
 
−
 
 
−
- 99% literacy rate
 
−
 
 
−
- 300,000 IDPs
 
−
64% of population is urban
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
!'''Information'''
+
!&nbsp;!!Arnland!!Bothnia!!Framland!!Otso
−
|'''Tightly controlled information/media environment'''
+
!Torrike
 +
!Donovia-West
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
|
 +
'''Information'''  
 +
||
 +
* Modern communications infrastructure and architecture
 +
* Free from government controls or manipulation
 +
* INFOWAR capabilities are dated and lagging behind.
 +
* Space-based capabilities obtained from partners or commercial sources.
 +
||
 +
* Technologically advanced telecommunications infrastructure
 +
* Government control of information media
 +
* Robust INFOWAR capabilities
 +
* Commercial contracts provide space-based communication, observation, and navigation functions.
 +
||
 +
* Telecommunications infrastructure is modern and well-funded
 +
* Privatized media outlets dominated by former government agencies
 +
* Older INFOWAR systems with current capabilities provided by commercial sources
 +
* Commercial contracts provide space-based communication, observation, and navigation functions.
 +
||
 +
* Telecommunications infrastructure is modernized and technologically advanced
 +
* Free and unrestricted media
 +
* Limited INFOWAR capabilities
 +
* Leases space-based capabilities from Donovia
 +
|
 +
* Highly developed with advanced telecommunication infrastructure
 +
* Government controlled and monitored information media
 +
* Advanced INFOWAR capabilities in niche areas
 +
* Leasing space-based systems and developing independent systems
 +
|
 +
* Highly developed telecommunications infrastructure
 +
* Government influences and controls media platforms
 +
* Information warfare (INFOWAR) capabilities are highly developed and world-leading in a number of critical areas
 +
* Possesses wide range of satellite capabilities, dual-used by the military
 +
|}
 +
=== Infrastructure ===
 +
The region displays relative uniformity of infrastructure in types, scope, and maintenance levels. Over 60% of the populace resides in cities; the one notable exception is Framland, where fewer than half of the residents live in an urban environment. With the exception of the far north, utilities and transportation are well-distributed in both urban and rural areas. Power generation relies heavily on hydropower, nuclear, and fossil fuels, with renewable fuels (biomass, peat, wood) and wind power playing a lesser role. All countries have modern Western-style roads, rail, airports, seaports, and mass transit, though maintenance levels vary somewhat. Framland and Torrike’s infrastructures are well-maintained; Bothnia and Otso have recently completed infrastructure development programs, including improvements to their ports for cold-weather operations; while Arnland’s deteriorating infrastructure reflects the country’s struggle to fund maintenance. Of the five countries, Otso is the only country whose infrastructure is somewhat lacking in scope. Regional travel is efficient and can occur by road, rail, ferry, or aircraft.
  
−
- Good INFOWAR
+
Donovia has multiple rail lines to support the transport of commercial and military cargo and equipment towards the borders of Estonia, Latvia, and Belarus. During the past 12 years, Donovia has conducted multiple upgrades to the rail network system (digital switching, improved track, and diesel powered engines) to support the movement of heavy cargo such as coal, oil, petroleum products, industrial chemical products, and containerized cargo. The rail lines are generally single track broad gauge. However, there are some segments that are double track.
−
capabilities; superior in niche areas
 
−
|'''Free but monitored information/media environment'''
 
−
- Growing INFOWAR capabilites; focus on Limaria and Ariana
 
−
|'''Controlled information/media environment'''
 
  
−
- Tier 1 INFOWAR
+
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
−
 
+
! colspan="6" |REGIONAL SUMMARY
−
capabilities
+
!
−
 
 
−
- Most capable in region
 
−
Industry standard in some areas
 
−
|'''Most free information/media environment in region'''
 
−
 
 
−
- Growing and integrated INFOWAR capabilities, mostly focused on Donovia
 
−
INFOWAR based on NATO standards
 
−
|'''Fairly free information/media environment – soft censorship'''
 
−
- Looks to Donovia for support of INFOWAR capability
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
!'''Infrastructure'''
+
!&nbsp;!!Arnland!!Bothnia!!Framland!!Otso
−
|'''Relatively modern infrastructure'''
+
!Torrike
 +
!Donovia-West
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
|
 +
'''Infrastructure'''
 +
||
 +
* Balanced transportation networks from Skolkan era
 +
* Roads - 40,000 km / with 20,000 paved - bridges in poor repair
 +
* Rail - Standard gauge
 +
* Fleet - 40 ship merchant marine fleet
 +
* Seaports - 10 major ports, 8 minor ports
 +
* Air - 1 international and 7 regional airports
 +
* Power - Hydroelectric, fossil fuel, nuclear, and wind sources
 +
* Urban areas predominantly along the coast with many in complex island terrain
 +
||
 +
* Donovia sponsored transportation development programs
 +
* Roads - 39,524 km with 19,630 km paved - bridges in good repair
 +
* Rail - 3,642 km broad gauge of which 1187 km electrified
 +
* Fleet - 90 ship merchant fleet
 +
* Seaports - 13 major ports, 12 minor ports
 +
* Air - 4 international and 12 regional airports
 +
* Power - State owned renewable, fossil fuel and nuclear power facilities
 +
* Larger urban areas on the coast with several inland cities in the southern part of the country                                                               
 +
||
 +
* Roads - 55,000 km with 27,000 paved - bridges are in good repair
 +
* Rail - 2,660 km
 +
* Fleet - 54 merchant fleet vessels
 +
* Seaports - 6 major ports, 10 minor ports
 +
* Air - 1 international and 15 regional airports
 +
* Power - 70% from renewable sources
 +
* Smaller urban areas with limited numbers of residents                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
 +
||
 +
* Limited transportation network
 +
* Roads - 53,000 km with 15,000 km paved - bridges on paved roads are in good repair
 +
* Rail - 2,410 kilometers of broad gauge
 +
* Fleet - 57 ship merchant fleet
 +
* Seaports - 2 major ports, 2 minor ports
 +
* Air - 1 international and 12 regional airports
 +
* Power - Renewable (waste-to-energy, wind) and fossil fuel power facilities
 +
* Limited number of large urban areas with all located on bodies of water                                                                                                           
 +
|
 +
* Modern, well-developed infrastructure
 +
* Roads - 154,000 km with 119,000 km paved - bridges in good repair
 +
* Rail - 12,000 km of various gauges
 +
* Fleet - 96 cargo ships, 7 icebreakers
 +
* Seaports - 9 major ports, 11 minor ports
 +
* Air -  1 international and 12 regional airports
 +
* Power - Renewable (waste-to-energy),  fossil fuel, and nuclear generation
 +
* Urban - 14 metropolitan areas                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
 +
|
 +
* Modern and well-developed in large urban areas, with less attention paid to rural areas
 +
* Roads - Highway System is vast and poorly maintained outside major urban areas
 +
* Rails - total length 2,700 km, mostly electrified
 +
* Seaports - Last year, 136.6 million tons of cargo carried over inland waterways, with 53 22.8 million passengers
 +
* Air - highly dependent on, ranging from grass strip airfields to international airports and naval air stations and air bases which may also provide civilian airport support.
 +
* Power - Electricity supplied by thermal, coal, hydroelectric, and nuclear plants.
 +
* Urban - Federal entities in the west are more densely populated, with more developed infrastructure
 +
|}
 +
=== Physical Environment ===
 +
Arnland, Framland, and Torrike lie to the west of the Gulf of Bothnia, on the same peninsula as Norway, while Bothnia and Otso are on the eastern side. Each country possesses a mainland area, a coastline, and a few outer islands. The countries all consist of flat to rolling terrain except Torrike, which also has a mountainous spine on its western border. Heavily treed, the far southern part of the region has deciduous trees, while the more northern areas boast conifers. The elevations of Torrike's higher mountains lie above the tree line and are covered with hardy grasses. The southern areas experience a temperate climate, while the northern climate is subarctic in nature. All countries have four seasons, with winter increasing in length the farther north one travels—resulting in a corresponding lessening of agricultural cultivation. Major geographic features include the Torrikan Mountains and a plethora of rivers, lakes, and streams. The most important bodies of water are the seas and gulfs, which provide both sustenance and a means of transportation. Several islands in the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Bothinia, such as Gotland and Bornholm, lie in obvious strategic locations that dominate shipping, telecommunications, and commercial air routes throughout the region; there are however, 39 islands in the region, each offering differing opportunities for both friend and foe. Multiple natural hazards exist, including droughts, floods, forest fires, land and mudslides in the mountains, and ice floes on the major bodies of water.
 +
[[File:DATE Europe Islands Map Update.png|alt=DATE Europe Islands|center|frameless|1134x1134px|DATE Europe Islands]]
  
−
- Has the resources to maintain and improve infrastructure but priority is on nuclear and oil/natural gas programs
+
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
−
 
+
! colspan="6" |REGIONAL SUMMARY
−
- International sanctions prevent substantial improvements
+
!
−
Possesses both nuclear power and nuclear weapons
 
−
|'''Unable to maintain infrastructure'''
 
−
 
 
−
- Focus is on oil/natural gas programs
 
−
 
 
−
- Road system incapable of handling military traffic
 
−
 
 
−
- Rural areas lack modern water, electricity, and sewage system
 
−
Baku International Sea Port on the Caspian Sea is key terrain
 
−
|'''Modern infrastructure'''
 
−
 
 
−
- Western standards in terms of railroads and ports
 
−
 
 
−
- Energy infrastructure is top priority
 
−
Possesses both nuclear power and nuclear weapons
 
−
|'''Unable to maintain infrastructure'''
 
−
 
 
−
- Lacks raw materials for its factories
 
−
 
 
−
- Pipelines top priority
 
−
Port of Poti on the Black Sea is key terrain for the region
 
−
|'''Unable to maintain infrastructure'''
 
−
 
 
−
- Atropia’s recent blockade forced reduction of Limarian industrial output
 
−
 
 
−
- Relies on food imports
 
−
Lacks modern running water, electricity, and sewage system for much of the population
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
!'''Physical Environment'''
+
!&nbsp;!!Arnland!!Bothnia!!Framland!!Otso
−
|'''Located in key position on Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz'''
+
!Torrike
 +
!Donovia-West
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
|
 +
'''Physical Environment'''
 +
||
 +
* An even topography less than 400m above sea level
 +
* Land area - 52,292 km<sup>2</sup>
 +
* Inland water - 12,900 km of coastline
 +
||
 +
* Thousands of lakes and large forests cover 2/3 of country
 +
* Land area - 155,927 km<sup>2</sup>
 +
* Inland water - 30,800 km of coastline
 +
||
 +
* Even topography less than 300m above sea level
 +
* Land area - 99,520 km<sup>2</sup>
 +
* Inland water - 24,000 islands and islets
 +
||
 +
* Heavily forested with numerous lakes
 +
* Land area - 52,292 km<sup>2</sup>
 +
* 4,700 km inland waterways and 60,000 lakes
 +
|
 +
* Even topography less than 400m above sea level
 +
* Land area - 52,292 km<sup>2</sup>
 +
* Inland water - 35,964 km<sup>2</sup> mainly in the southern part of the country
 +
|
 +
* Two plains, two lowlands, two plateaus, and mountainous areas, with 100,000 rivers greater than 7 miles
 +
* Land area - 1,528,965
 +
* Inland water - 23,553 (est)
 +
|}
 +
=== Time ===
 +
All DATE Europe countries use the Gregorian calendar. Arnland, Framland, and Torrike are in the Central European time zone (GMT +1), while Bothnia and Otso are on Eastern European time (GMT +2). All of the regional countries observe Daylight Savings Time (DST). The relative proximity to the North Pole means that the days are very long in summer (up to 18 hours of sunlight) and short in winter (seven hours of sunlight).
  
−
- Faces Caspian Sea
+
Approaches to time are consistent throughout the region: good timekeeping is the norm, and poor timekeeping is seen as disrespectful. The only notable exception is Bothnia, in that the more senior/high-ranking an individual is, the more lax he will be in adhering to a schedule. This is accepted and should be taken into account when planning meetings, etc.
  
−
- Borders Atropia and Limaria
+
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
−
Rugged mountainous terrain
+
! colspan="6" |REGIONAL SUMMARY
−
|'''Vital transportation corridor between east and west'''
+
!
−
 
 
−
-Access to Caspian Sea
 
−
- Varied terrain
 
−
|'''Greater Caucasus Mountains separate country from southern neighbors'''
 
−
 
 
−
- Access to Black and Caspian Seas
 
−
Varied terrain
 
−
|'''Controls much of Caucasus Mountains and routes through them'''
 
−
 
 
−
- Access to Black Sea
 
−
Largely mountainous terrain
 
−
|'''Landlocked'''
 
−
 
 
−
- Contains Lake Sevan, the largest lake in the region
 
−
Mountainous terrain
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
!'''Time'''
+
!&nbsp;!!Arnland!!Bothnia!!Framland!!Otso
−
|'''Value planning over deadlines'''
+
!Torrike
−
 
+
!Donovia-West
−
- Uses the Solar, Lunar, and Gregorian (Western) calendars
+
|- valign="top"
−
 
+
|'''Time'''
−
- Harvest cycle is May to August
+
||
−
4-year election cycle, 6 for president, 8 for Forum of Proficiency; no term limit
+
* Monochronic
−
|'''Punctuality not important'''
+
* Observes all Christian Holidays, New Year's Eve and Day and six other regional holidays
−
 
+
||
−
- Uses Gregorian calendar
+
* Polychronic
−
 
+
* Observes all Christian Holidays, New Year's Eve and Day and nine other regional holidays
−
- Harvest cycle is April to October, depending on climatic zone
+
||
−
2-year election cycle for legislature, four consecutive-term limit; 6-year presidential cycle, no term limit
+
* Monochronic
−
|'''Expect punctuality from Westerners but may not reciprocate'''
+
* Observes all Christian Holidays, New Year's Eve and Day and five other regional holidays
−
 
+
||
−
- Uses Gregorian calendar
+
* Monochronic
−
 
+
* Observes all Christian Holidays, New Year's Eve and Day and eight other regional holidays
−
- Harvest cycle is year round
+
|
−
6-year election cycle for president, two consecutive-term limit; 4-year cycle for parliament
+
* Polychronic
−
|'''No urgency to complete tasks'''
+
* Observes all Christian Holidays, New Year's Eve and Day and six other regional holidays
−
 
+
|
−
- Uses Gregorian calendar
+
* Polychronic
−
 
+
* Observe Christian holidays, New Year's Day, national patriotic holidays
−
- Harvest cycle is April to October
 
−
4-year election cycle for all offices; three- term limit
 
−
|'''Attempt to be punctual for Westerners'''
 
−
 
 
−
- Uses Gregorian calendar
 
−
 
 
−
- Harvest cycle is year round
 
−
5-year election cycle for all offices; no term limit
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
== Strategic Positions ==
+
== Hybrid Irregular Armed Groups ==
  
−
=== '''Actors''' ===
+
=== Criminal Organizations and Activities ===
−
The US gives increased geopolitical attention to the countries of the Caucasus region (Ariana, Atropia, Donovia, Gorgas, and Limaria) because of their strategic location that connects Europe to Asia, their hydrocarbon resources, and their key position along this main route for the westward export of Caspian Sea energy resources. Ethno-political conflict that has plagued the Caucasus region for thousands of years led to the death of thousands and material destruction, contributing significantly to political instability, economic hardship, and increased organized crime. Failure to resolve these long-term conflicts continues to keep the region from creating a durable peace and efficient, accountable national governments. Many regional issues will require inter-state  cooperation for any significant progress to occur. Other issues besides basic security include natural resource development, water protection, conservation and management, trade and transit, disease prevention, and drug trafficking. Many issues cannot simply be solved on a national basis—no matter how committed a government remains to reform and overall economic development.
+
Crime is a growing problem throughout the region. Most common is smuggling of several varieties. However, transnational organized crime organizations exist in each country and have linkages to the Caucuses, the Pacific, Africa, and Europe; more details of those transnational criminal organizations operating in the European region can be found within the [[DATE Europe Threat Actors|Threat Actors]] page.
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+DATE Europe Transnational Criminal Organizations
 +
|'''Transnational Criminal Organization'''
 +
|'''Criminal activity'''
 +
|'''Gulf of Bothnia Cooperation Council (GBCC) Countries'''
 +
|'''Extra-regional linkage'''
 +
|-
 +
|'''Atbrivosana/ATB'''
 +
|Hackers-for-hire. Linked to ZI. No allegiance to NATO or the former Skolkan countries but will work with them for the right price.
 +
|Bothnia, Framland, Otso, Torrike
 +
|*Suspected of assisting Donovia in  disinformation campaigns 
  
−
=== '''Security Strategies''' ===
+
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Linked to ZI in Latvia
−
Each country in the region has different threat perceptions formed by its ethno-political situation  and religious fervor. Limaria perceives threats from Atropia and looks to Donovia for security. Atropia perceives threats from Ariana, Limaria, and Donovia and looks to the West for support. Gorgas, which mainly sees threats from Donovia and its internal Donovian population, looks to the West for protection. Ariana sees “Western influence” as the threat to its culture and bases all decisions on that belief. Donovia is adversarial towards Atropia and continues to inject itself into Gorgas’ internal affairs. The Caucasus region countries all seek relationships with outside governments that often prove contradictory. Cooperation continues to deteriorate since the elimination of major Donovian influence impacted the region’s standard of living. This inability to cooperate with neighbors has stymied efforts to tackle regional issues such as drug trafficking. Restrictive tariffs, quantitative controls, and closed crossing points disrupt trade and transit for bothgoods and people within the Caucasus. While the countries all recognize the importance of regional cooperation on key issues, prospects for cooperation remain dim as ethno-political tensions lead to acute regional conflict.
+
|-
 +
|'''Baltic Buddies'''
 +
|Cyber theft
  
−
=== '''Potential Conflict Flashpoints''' ===
+
Media manipulation
−
All major players within and bordering the Caucasus region maintain multiple significant strategic interests in conflict with those of their neighbors. Divided by religious and ethnic hatreds hundreds of years old, the Caucasus represents one of the major spots of “frozen conflict” in the world—a critical one that sits astride a major global source for oil and natural gas. The Caucasus countries of Ariana, Atropia, Donovia, Gorgas, and Limaria find themselves interconnected by ties of conflict unlikely to abate in the near future.
 
  
−
In the Caspian Sea, Ariana and Atropia maintain claims to offshore oil and gas fields that conflict with each other. Atropia also has a chilly relationship with Limaria over the Lower Janga region. Atropia attempts to sustain cordial relations with Donovia, though the country finds itself dependent on Gorgan pipelines to export oil and gas. Limaria generally remains isolated from its Atropian and Kalarian neighbors, but remains integrated with Donovia and pursues deeper ties with Ariana. Donovia and Ariana attempt to assert their traditional power in the region, while the other independent states seek to preserve their own political identities and economic viability.
+
Perception management through the Internet
  
−
Potential conflict flashpoints include:
+
Development and dissemination of “fake  news”
−
* Atropian blockade of goods and electricity to Limaria: Limaria remains dependent on Gorgas (despite a limited embargo) and Ariana—an international pariah—for access to much of its imports and power.
+
|Bothnia
 +
|*Estonia
  
−
* Lower Janga (current ceasefire): Localized violence routinely disrupts the ceasefire agreement.
+
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Latvia
  
−
* South Ostremek (current ceasefire): The ceasefire simply stabilized the conflict lines, as the Donovians want to politically pry Gorgas away from EU or NATO membership, or even close cooperation with the Western world. Gorgas definitely seeks a return to its pre-war territorial boundaries.
+
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Lithuania
  
−
* Zabzimek (current ceasefire): Like South Ostremek, Gorgas prefers a return to the pre- war status quo and boundaries, while Donovia wants to further isolate Gorgas from its Atropian and Western allies.
+
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Suspected cells throughout Europe
 +
|-
 +
|'''Blood sport'''
 +
|Smuggling and human trafficking
  
−
* Archeological sites and religious shrines in Ariana: Ariana controls significant Shia religious sites where many Muslims conduct pilgrimages for religious purposes.
+
|Arnland, Torrike
 +
|Donya Syndicate from Kujenga, Africa
 +
|-
 +
|'''Donovian Mafia'''
 +
|Prostitution, drug trafficking, smuggling etc.
  
−
* Transnational pipeline operations: The export of crude oil and natural gas to the world remains a significant challenge for Ariana and Atropia. Oil producers possess several pipeline projects that diversify their export options, but pipelines remain vulnerable to interdiction.
+
|Bothnia, Framland, Otso, Torrike
 +
|Donovian Mafia in the Caucasus
 +
|-
 +
|'''Furnace Motorcycle Club (MC)'''
 +
|Drug production and distribution, prostitution, smuggling etc.
  
−
* Caspian Sea oil and natural gas reserves: The demarcation of Caspian Sea deposits remains a source of contention. Oil and gas fields are the lifeblood of the countries that possess them, and their exact demarcation leads to contentious arguments over the boundaries.
+
Murder for hire
 +
|Bothnia, Framland, Otso, Torrike
 +
|*U.S. chapters 
  
−
* Arianian nuclear program: The Arianian government’s desire to maintain a robust weapons of mass destruction (WMD) program causes strife with nearly all its neighbors, as the relative power of a WMD-armed Ariana complicates the delicate balance of power that currently exists in the region.
+
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Bocyowicz Crime Family (BCF) in  Atropia
−
The Caucasus remains an area with dynamic and continuous conflict. Any conflict, especially one that threatens oil and gas production or export, will likely involve outside powers, including the US. The Caucasus also is in a relatively inaccessible spot for US forces due to the geographic realities of airspace and sea lines of communications.
+
|-
 +
|'''“G.Y.” = Gammal Yrkesbrottsling'''
 +
|Protection, cigarette smuggling, pimping
  
−
== Threat Actor Chart ==
+
|Torrike
−
{| class="wikitable"
+
|Criminals in Norway and Framland
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="col" |Threat Actor
+
|'''Legion'''
−
! scope="col" |Organization Type
+
|Robbery
−
! scope="col" |OE
+
 
−
! scope="col" |Activities
+
Extortion
−
! scope="col" |Targets
+
|Torrike
 +
|Hodari Cartel in Amari, Africa
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row" |Salasyl
+
|'''Nutakus'''
−
|Insurgent
+
|Asian smuggling
−
|Southeast Atropia with nation-wide capabilities
+
 
−
|Possible ties to transnational criminal and terrorist actors. Has engaged the Atropian regime in a lowlevel insurgency for the past 20 years. Promotes violent populace opposition to state taxation policies, unreliable public services, substandard medical preventive services, inaccessible state education programs for working class citizens, and a judicial system that illegally favors the ruling political party. Salasyl and South Atropian People's Army (SAPA) insurgents often clash violently over ideology, limited resources, and similar recruiting pools.
+
Corruption stevedores at ports, local law enforcement officers and judges
−
|Atropian government facilities and leaders
+
|Bothnia, Torrike
−
|-
+
|Nutakus in Olvana
−
! scope="row" |South Atropian People's Army (SAPA)
 
−
|Insurgent
 
−
|Focuses on eight provinces in the south with cultural ties to Ariana
 
−
|Primary goal is to create a separate country composed of southern Atropia and Ariana's northwestern provinces. Receives most of its training, equipment, and supplies from Ariana. SAPA and Salasyl insurgents often clash violently over ideology, limited resources, and similar recruiting pools.
 
−
|Atropian government facilities and leaders
 
−
|-
 
−
! scope="row" |Bilasuvar Freedom Brigade (BFB)
 
−
|Insurgent
 
−
|Northern Vetlia and Erdabil Provinces
 
−
|Donovia supports the BFB, creating political tension between Donovia and Atropia.
 
−
|Atropian government facilities and leaders
 
−
|-
 
−
! scope="row" |Provisional Army of Lezgin (PAL)
 
−
|Insurgent
 
−
|Southern Erdabil and Western Sirvaki Provinces
 
−
|Small insurgent group with limited regional activities.
 
−
|Atropian government facilities and leaders
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row" |Bocyowicz Crime Family
+
|'''Saints of Cognitio (SoC)'''
−
|Criminal
+
|INFOWAR capabilities, Computer warfare
−
|Ungoverned Territories
+
|Bothnia
−
|Acquires political power in poorly-governed regions, eventually gaining control of geographic space. These political actions are intended to provide security and freedom of movement for the criminal organization's activities. As a result, the third-generation criminal organization and its leadership challenge the legitimate state authority.
+
|Elements in Ariana, Atropia, and  Donovia, with increasing activity world-wide
−
|Atropian police and security forces
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row" |Atropian Organized Crime (AOC)
+
|'''Uber Cyber “Tree”, AKA “SPRUC_3”, “Spruce  3”, “3ntity”, and “Entity”'''
−
|Criminal
+
|Decentralized Anonymous network of “Black hat”  hackers. Anti-NATO in political position.
−
|Baku
+
|Arnland, Bothnia, Torrike
−
|The growth of illegal narcotics, smuggling, and even human trafficking conducted outside of established channels only began recently. Many of those involved in Atropian illegal activities live in communities of displaced Atropians from Lower Janga and persons who fled Donovia. Atropia serves as a transit point for narcotics travelling to Donovia and Western countries.
+
|Europe
−
|Police and security forces
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row" |Al Iksir Cartel
+
|'''Ziepiekkalns Izturiba (ZI), AKA “Ziepiekkalns  Resistance”'''
−
|Criminal
+
|Kidnapping, prostitution and trafficking, extortion
−
|Northern Atropia and Southern Donovia
+
|Arnland, Otso
−
|The growth of illegal narcotics, smuggling, and even human trafficking conducted outside of established channels only began recently. Many of those involved in Atropian illegal activities live in communities of displaced Atropians from Lower Janga and persons who fled Donovia. Atropia serves as a transit point for narcotics travelling to Donovia and Western countries.
+
|*Latvia 
−
|Police and security forces
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
== Events ==
 
−
{{Main article|Caucasus: Events}}
 
  
−
What follows are tables of 77 fictional events set in the year 2016 in various areas throughout the countries of Ariana, Atropia, Donovia, Gorgas, and Limaria, in the Caucasus region. These events demonstrate possible ways the conditions of the OE described in Section 2 might play out on the ground. Each event is tied to the mission essential task list (METL) to clearly show the tactical-level connection between the event, its related activities, and possible OE variable conditions.
+
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Europe 
  
−
Analysts derived these events from realistic yet fictional potential activities that could easily take place in any of the countries in the Caucasus region. Many of the events could apply to more than one country within the region. Additionally, the events collectively have effects for all variables in  the OE: political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical environment, and time.
+
<nowiki>*</nowiki>ATB
 +
|} 
  
−
Each event is listed at the top of the table, with three to four potential related activities, and their likely OE variable conditions, following. The bottom of each table lists the linked METL tasks. The chart was designed to be clear, yet thorough. Events were analyzed to ensure that the details of each variable in Section 2 supported the possibility of the event, and that each event required a tactical intervention, making it useful to units in training.
+
[[Category:DATE]]
 +
[[Category:Europe]]
 +
<references />
 +
__INDEX__

Latest revision as of 21:39, 4 January 2021

DATE Europe Regional Map
DATE Europe Regional Map (Donovia expansion due in 2019)

The purpose of the Decisive Action Training Environment (DATE) Europe is to provide the training, education, and leader development community with a detailed description of the conditions of a series of composite operational environments (OEs) in the European region. Its intent is to present trainers with a tool to assist in the construction of scenarios to support specific training and education events rather than a specified scenario. DATE Europe offers discussions of OE conditions through the framework of political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical environment, and time (PMESII-PT) variables. DATE applies to all US Army institutional and operational units (Active Army, Army National Guard, and Army Reserve) and partner nations that participate in DATE compliant Army training exercises.

DATE Europe's composite countries encompass over 751,000 square kilometers (290,000 square miles), of a varied and complex region which encompasses much of Scandinavia. The region includes the OEs of Arnland, Bothnia, Framland, Otso, and Torrike. It also incorporates the influences and activities of OEs from other DATEs; principally Donovia-West[1], Olvana, and Pirtuni.[2] The region has a long history of instability and conflict; ethnic and religious factionalism; and general political, military, and civilian unrest. In addition to these internal regional divisions, outside actors have increasing strategic interests in the region. DATE Europe thus represents a flashpoint where highly localized conflict can spill over into widespread unrest or general war.

DATE Europe adversary nations observed and analyzed western military operations since the early 1990’s. This includes but not limited to military operations such as Desert Shield/Desert Storm, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, etc. Using knowledge developed from these observations, the nations redesigned their respective force structures, types of equipment, and doctrinal constructs to achieve the desired objective of a peer to peer to at least a near peer capable force. Respective modernization efforts began as early as 2008 and progressed steadily on a timeline to reach full modernization to a Tier One structure by the target year 2026. Recognizing that NATO Article 5[3] agreements specify that an armed attack against one or more partners constitutes an attack against all, the OEs shape their relations with NATO through the Gulf of Bothnia Cooperation Council (GBCC).

Key Points

  • DATE Europe is neither a scenario or vignette. It is a conditional framework to facilitate the development of a scenario or vignette.
  • With the exception of Arnland, Bothnia, Framland, Otso, Torrike, Donovia and Pirtuni all other countries in DATE Europe are real-world.
  • Incorporates the complexity in the region created by both NATO members and partner nations.
  • Real-world countries cannot be an adversarial country.
  • Threat Force Structures (TFS) for each OE are equivalent to Administrative Structures in Western armies; Orders of Battle (ORBATs) are task-organized units from within a TFS.

DATE Europe Operational Environments (OEs)

Arnland

Main article: Arnland
Arnland flag.jpg

Arnland sits on the southern tip of the Torrikan peninsula. Originally part of the Skolkan Empire, it gained independence in 1917. Arnland is a multi‐party democratic republic with open elections. There are currently seven political parties with varied representation in the National Assembly, two of these—the center right and the social democrats—have dominated the political landscape for the past 25 years. Arnland’s foreign policy supports the country’s strategic goal of maintaining its independence. The Arnish maintain neutrality in the region while fostering diplomatic—and in some cases military—relations with their regional neighbors. The regional and international relationships maintained and the priorities that are placed in maintaining them change as the ruling parties change, and are a major cause of internal political tension. The European Union (EU) has been in negotiations with Arnland over membership but has yet to enter into any formal agreement.

The Arnland Armed Forces consists of two distinct components. The Active Defense Force comprises the regular Army, Navy and Air Force units subordinated to the General Staff, while the Standby Defense Force is a regionally based reserve force that answers to the regional governor in peacetime and to the General Staff during war. Arnland’s military forces are essentially dysfunctional. Although there are pockets of excellence, the majority of the forces is poorly trained, poorly equipped, badly paid, and ineffective.

Bothnia

Main article: Bothnia
Flag of Bothnia.png

Bothnia is a socialist state; although officially there are three main political parties, in reality the Socialist Party of Bothnia dominates the political environment—in effect allowing the other two parties to exist to offer the illusion of choice for the population. Relations with other former Skolkan Empire countries are good except for that with Torrike, which has been strained over Bothnia’s growing claims on the island of Gotland.

The essence of Bothnia’s defense policy is to defend the State and the achievements of the Bothnian people against all aggressors and threats, whether external or internal. To this end, the purpose of the military is to prepare, plan and execute the total defense of Bothnia, in conjunction with all other agencies of the Bothnian State. The policy allows for all methods to be used to ensure the survival of the State and does not preclude preemptive actions or actions limited to the territory of Bothnia. As such, Bothnia’s military is sizeable, with some 120,000 troops in service and theoretically, another 1,000,000 eligible to be mobilized from the Reserve.

The deterioration of relations with Torrike and the expansion of NATO have forced Bothnia to reevaluate its status in the region. It increasingly sees Donovia as an ally and a useful counterbalance to the influence of NATO and the EU. Bothnia is also wary of the motivations of the Baltic States following their admission into NATO; as a result, Bothnia perceives “threats” from multiple entities.

Framland

Main article: Framland
Framland Flag.PNG

Framland is a prosperous country to the east of Torrike; it stretches from the Baltic Sea to north of the Arctic Circle. The country is a multi‐party constitutional monarchy with open elections and political power vested in the prime minister. Its population enjoys freedom of speech and expression, and its relatively stable economy ensures a reasonable standard of living. The Framish people clearly consider themselves Europeans, but are hesitant to become a member of the EU, seeing it as compromising their national identity.

While maintaining good relations with the rest of European nations, Framland is extremely aware of the strategic visions of Bothnia and Torrike. Their claims to power and land within the region create the potential for confrontation with Framland. Notwithstanding these perceptions, Framland cultivates and enjoys good relations with both of its larger neighbors. It is a member of the UN and continues to build its relationship with both NATO and the EU, albeit keeping the latter two at arm’s length. Framland and Donovia have normal political relations with growing economic and cultural exchanges, especially on a regional basis; however, they both foster an age‐old distrust, and have diverging attitudes toward democracy and human rights.

The Framland Defense Force is unusual in the region in that it is all volunteer and as such is also the smallest force in the region by a considerable margin. Notwithstanding size, the armed forces in general, and the army in particular, have considerable operational expertise gained through deployments in support of UN and other international military missions. In keeping with the country’s modern and Western outlook, the armed forces are completely apolitical. The Framish government uses its armed forces as a useful diplomatic tool to build stability throughout the world.

Otso

Main article: Otso
Otso Flag.PNG

Otso sits on the easternmost edge of the region. Previously part of a larger Otsobothnia, it has been an independent nation since the end of World War II. Otso is a constitutional monarchy with open elections and three prominent political parties. The country prides itself on being neutral not only within the old Skolkan region, but also in regards to the EU and NATO. In reality, the government and populace tend to have Donovian sympathies. Donovia originally utilized Otso as a buffer between itself and the wider alliance of Torrike and Bothnia. The recent souring of the relationship between Bothnia and Torrike created the opportunity to use Otso as a stepping stone to advance Donovia’s influence in the region.

Otso’s main political and military aim is to contribute to regional stability through the application of a firm and fair policy of neutrality. Otso considers itself as setting an enlightened example and support for the UN is a key pillar of this policy. A primary component of this is to ensure that any dispute is brought to arbitration at the earliest opportunity and full engagement of the relevant international bodies is actively pursued.

Otso has a small population and its armed forces are correspondingly small. The basic structure is built on the Otsonian perception of the Canadian model, with a single service (defense forces) and specialist branches (land, air, naval). The forces are largely conscripted, with a professional core; the ratio of regular personnel to conscripts varies depending on the complexity of the assigned task. On completion of service, conscripts have a reserve liability until their 50th birthday.

Torrike

Main article: Torrike
Torrike Flag.PNG

Torrike lies furthest west in the region and represents the heartland and remnant core of a once considerably larger and more powerful political entity, the Skolkan Empire. The country’s formal political system is a democratic republic, with both President and Parliament being subject to periodic election. However, Torrike’s power structure is highly centralized and features appointment rather than election to most offices, with control of patronage resting with the President. Parliament is dominated by the Torrike Unity Party, either alone or in coalition with the Torrikan Nationalist Party. There are formal and informal mechanisms for dealing with political dissent that are used ruthlessly when needed; however, most Torrikans are content with their system, and those who oppose current policies have little traction.

The basis for the country’s foreign policy is the overriding principle that Torrike is the natural regional leader and that the other nations should align themselves under its benevolent guidance. Frictions are high between Torrike and Bothnia due to the latter’s recent Gotland Island claims, despite it being in Torrikan waters. This is further exacerbated by the improving relationship between Bothnia and Donovia, putting not only the Torrikan concept of resurrecting a Torrike-led empire in jeopardy, but also strengthening Bothnia’s position within the region. Torrike has increasingly come to regard NATO as an aggressive, expansionist, and interventionist political entity that poses a potential strategic threat to the country’s regional ambitions. Framland is considered a reliable neighbor, albeit one with a differing international outlook.

The Torrikan Armed Forces are modern, structurally sound, and well equipped. As a largely conscript force, national service is used to identify suitable candidates for long-term service and the reserves. All adults are subject to conscription and must complete an induction period that provides basic military training and an assessment period for identifying potential future leaders. The armed forces have always had a highly intellectual approach to warfare, seeking to maximize their effectiveness through a vigorous analysis of strategy and tactics. However, the Torrikan Armed Forces have little actual operational experience and have only exercised with Framland and, to a lesser extent, Arnland. Otsonian military observers monitoring Torrikan exercises have found them to be somewhat rigid in their operations and tactics.

Donovia-West

Main article: Donovia-West
DonovianFlag.png

Donovia West is situated in Eastern Europe on the East European Plain, the eastern part of the Great European Plain, the largest mountain-free landform in Europe, although a number of hills and highlands are interspersed within. The country is bordered to the north by the White Sea, the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea, all arms and bays of the Arctic Ocean. In the west the country is bordered by Norway, Otso, a small part of the Baltic Sea (at the Gulf of Bothnia), the Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, then Belarus and Pirtuni (from north to south), there is also a border with Poland (at Kaliningrad).

United Republics of Donovia is nominally a republic, but in reality operates as an authoritarian state. Despite outward moves toward democracy, the small political/economic elite maintain power through control of the dominant political party, the Unionist Democratic Party (UDP). The UDP, in turn, dominates the political and economic landscapes. Despite a tumultuous past, the Donovian political structure is generally stable. Despite the creation of a strong central authority, Donovia strives to retain a veneer of democracy and a free market economy. While corruption within the government has long been tolerated, the population’s willingness to overlook abuses of power is tied to their economic outlook. Western Donovian military leadership, practice, and ad hoc deployment along the Baltic borders all suggest Donovian Leadership is much more likely to pursue a hybrid approach in the Baltic in coordination with a conventional mechanized invasion to maintain its borders and protection of Kaliningrad.

Strategic Positioning

The Skolkan Empire once comprised all of what are now the countries of Arnland, Bothnia, Framland, Otso, and Torrike, with lordship over Norway. The Empire periodically attempted to extend its power into Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, but its influence was always tenuous. Toward the end of the 19th century it became more and more obvious that the cohesion among the Skolkan nations was rapidly degrading. The Empire ultimately split into the countries of Arnland, Framland, Torrike, and Otsobothnia, with the latter eventually dividing into the nations of Otso and Bothnia; Norway also gained independence during this turbulent time.

Relations among the countries in this region are heavily influenced by this past history and proximity to Donovia. Framland considers itself a staunchly neutral European nation and is wary of its stronger and more ambitious neighbors of Bothnia and Torrike. Arnland works to maintain its independence through neutrality and diplomacy, and leans toward the West and EU membership; it also borders the regionally important choke point between the North Sea/Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea. Torrike is working to re-establish an empire and sees itself as the regional leader—thus setting itself against Donovian interests in the region. Torrike’s alliance with Bothnia helped bolster its position until their recent falling out over the island of Gotland. As the westernmost country on the Gulf of Finland, Bothnia can potentially limit both Otso’s and Donovia’s wider maritime access to the Baltic Sea as well. However, the country is unlikely to do so: it simultaneously views Donovia as an ally and Otso as a buffer against the same—thus helping to ensure its continued independence. Otso seeks to utilize this position to its advantage, fostering positive relations with both Donovia and Bothnia in order to cement its position as a neutral neighbor and buffer state.

Strategic Logistics Conditions

For each country the strategic logistics complex is the foundation for support of national military objectives. Fundamental logistics objectives make possible the twin notions of total war and employing all means necessary. As a consequence, each country fully integrates civilian and military components of both its materiel and service industries to support national defense. Thus, the strategic logistics complex includes the national industrial base with its supply points, distribution centers, arsenals, plants, manufacturing facilities, medical support, and personnel support centers. While this national industrial base is capable of building everything from small arms to nuclear-capable missiles, the government of each country sets policy to define logistic priorities that direct the selection of system designs, production targets, and support of fielded systems.

The design of national level logistics systems focuses on meeting the needs of the nation for both civilian and defense sectors. The degree to which government policy emphasizes one sector over the other determines the type military force available to meet national objectives for offense or defense. Ultimately, each country approaches national security strategy with the view that both its military force and the entire population be prepared for the sudden outbreak of war or for response to natural disasters. Each country directs and provides resources to make major improvements in all aspects of its logistics system based on these priorities.

OE Security Policy

In planning and execution, each OE establishes priorities and assigns responsibilities to each department or ministry for support of national defense. The government leadership specifies a lead individual, directorate, or agency to act as the executive agent, responsible for integrating all the instruments of national power under one cohesive national security strategy. Each OE accomplishes this security function using different techniques but ultimately their objective is overall defense of the country.

The executive agent marshals all elements of national power to fulfill security policy. Policy execution ranges from identification and allocation of civilian and military manpower to designation of raw materials to maintain a ratio of consumer goods to military systems. Management of manpower resources entails several approaches; maintenance of a standing army, a mix of military cadre supported by a large reserve for wartime mobilization, or even a reliance on private military contract expertise. The method selected determines peacetime military force, training, and other resources as well as the mobilization structure required to achieve full national defensive posture.

Regional Views of the US

The view that each country holds toward the US primarily aligns with its political leaning and strategic position. Torrike is wary of the US for several reasons: the plan to revive some form of a Torrike-lead empire; US dominance in the Atlantic Ocean—and thus ability to curtail Torrikan access to the same; and US presence in neighboring NATO member Norway. Bothnia takes a similar view of US power and influence in the region, and for comparable reasons. Otso is careful to remain neutral in its interactions with the United States in light of its geographical position as Bothnia’s and Donovia’s neighbor. Framland and Arnland are inclined to view the US as part of the NATO and EU counterbalance to Bothnia, Donovia, and Torrike—which helps ensure their continued independence—and react accordingly. While US strength is respected throughout the region, none of the countries would place the United States in the category of “friend or protector.”

Regional PMESII-PT Overview

Political

The governments in DATE Europe tend to fall on opposite ends of the spectrum. Arnland, Framland, and Otso are liberal democracies, while Bothnia and Torrike are effectively one-party autocratic governments. With the exception of Torrike—which desires regional hegemony—all of the governments act in ways to ensure their country’s continued existence as an independent entity, either by working to remain neutral or by allying themselves with other, more powerful nations or organizations.

REGIONAL SUMMARY
  Arnland Bothnia Framland Otso Torrike Donovia-West

Political

  • Democratic republic
  • Multi-party
  • Open elections
  • Ineffective government
  • Socialist state
  • One dominant political party with two peripheral parties
  • Government centralized control
  • Democracy
  • Multi-party
  • Open elections
  • Social democratic leanings
  • Constitutional monarchy
  • Multi-party democracy
  • Open elections
  • Neutral diplomatically
  • Parliamentary democracy in name only
  • Multi-party with one party domination
  • Open elections
  • Political core of former Skolkan
  • Constitutional democracy, but in practice an oligarchy
  • One dominant political party, with adjunct parties
  • Centralized control and political stability valued
  • Candidates for office controlled by the party

Gulf of Bothnia Cooperation Council

GBCC Logo.PNG
The major regional entity is the Gulf of Bothnia Cooperation Council (GBCC), an intergovernmental political and economic union. Member States consist of all countries of the Gulf of Bothnia: Arnland, Bothnia, Framland, Otso, and Torrike; Donovia has Observer status.

The GBCC members have an established security cooperation agreements with Donovia. The agreement ensures annual training and exchanges with a focus on equipment, military doctrine, counter-terrorism, arms control, and broader government cooperation. The GBCC has been working with Donovia and other western countries on buying counter-UAV technology, robotics, and training. 

Military

Military forces in the region vary in size, but have similar purposes. Arnland has a small, dysfunctional defensive military that is focused on the country’s perception that Torrike poses a threat to its independence. Bothnia’s military forces are strongly defensive in nature and focused against the West, though possession of ballistic missiles means the country could choose to take the offense. In addition, the nation is modernizing its defense equipment. Framland possesses the smallest armed forces in the region. Acutely aware of this fact, the country focuses on other methods—diplomatic and economic—to help ensure its continued existence as an independent entity. Otso’s military focus is two-fold: defend against external aggression, and support world peace through deployments in support of international peacekeeping or humanitarian missions. Torrike fields modern, well-equipped armed forces designed to prevent interference with its regional ambitions by outside parties—namely NATO. While the military is supposedly defensive in nature, Torrike states it will not hesitate to use power projection in order to protect its interests. Each nation within the GBCC as well as Donovia are trained in river crossing operations and bridge construction. Typical capabilities include assembly of a pontoon bridge up to 544 meters in length over water in 24 hours that is capable of supporting rail and vehicular traffic. Each nation also can assemble a 200 meter pontoon bridge of similar type and function in approximately 12 hours.

Despite its public statements about being a political and economic entity only, defense matters are discussed within the forum of the GBCC but there has been no suggestion of any military alliance. However in the last three years there has been an increase in military activities. Recent GBCC activities have expanded to include increased military cooperation, intelligence sharing, and counter‐terrorism.

There have been a number of GBCC joint military exercises. The first of these was held in 2003, with the first phase taking place in Torrike and the second in Bothnia. Since then Torrike and Bothnia teamed up for large‐scale war games in in odd-numbered years (2005, 2007, 2009, and 2011) under the auspices of the GBCC, but since the dispute over the sovereignty of Gotland began there have been no further joint exercises.

Many observers believe that one of the original purposes of the GBCC was to serve as a counterbalance to NATO and other organizations such as the EU with a military structure, however this never quite came to fruition.

REGIONAL SUMMARY
  Arnland Bothnia Framland Otso Torrike Donovia-West

Military

  • Small military (41,000)
  • Poorly equipped (Tier 3 to 4)
  • Mix of Regular and Conscripts
  • Priority is 'Defense and preservation of the Arnish state'
  • Sizeable military (120,000)
  • Equipment ranges from Tier 1 to Tier 3
  • Around 50% are conscripts (mainly Land Forces)
  • Priority is defense, but does not preclude 'Preemptive actions'
  • Very small military (20,000)
  • Equipment is mainly Tier 4
  • No conscription
  • Priority is to defend to allow a diplomatic solution
  • Very small military (25,000)
  • Equipment is mainly Tier 4
  • Mix of Regular and Conscripts
  • Priority is to remain neutral
  • Large military (150,000)
  • Equipment is Tier 1-2
  • Mix of Regular and Conscripts
  • Priority is 'Protection of the homeland'
  • Dominant regional military
  • Equipment is Tier 1
  • Conscription 12 months for ages 18-27
  • Possesses a strategic first-strike policy

Economic

The economic conditions in the five countries cover a wide spectrum, ranging from strong open markets, to weak capitalistic systems reliant on international aid, to oppressive state-controlled ones. Despite their differences, the countries’ economies are heavily intertwined with each other. Arnland exports goods and electricity to Torrike and the EU. Bothnia’s primary trading partners are other regional countries. Framland receives part of its energy from Torrike—one of its most important trade partners. Otso is heavily dependent on raw material imports from other regional countries. Torrike relies on Arnland for energy and labor. Any major change to just one of the regional economies could have significant ripple effects on those of the others.

REGIONAL SUMMARY
  Arnland Bothnia Framland Otso Torrike Donovia-West

Economic

  • Mixed economy that continues to weaken
  • GDP USD58.4 billion
  • Poor financial management practices
  • Corruption highest in the region
  • Economy centrally planned and controlled
  • GDP USD203 billion
  • Weak economically but new resource discovery holds potential for growth
  • Corruption evident and an issue in some sectors
  • Diverse economy
  • GDP USD103 billion
  • Government is fiscally responsible and conservative with expenditures
  • Corruption is actively controlled and is second lowest in the region.
  • Industrialized, mixed economy
  • GDP USD 52.6 billion
  • Resource poor
  • Little corruption, lowest in the region
  • Market economy
  • GDP USD317.6 billion
  • Government emphasis on high technology industries and arms production
  • Maintains stringent anti-corruption administrative and legal measures
  • Centralized economy with wealth concentrated with wealthy elites
  • GDP USD4.008 trillion
  • Prioritizes military spending over other domestic areas
  • Leading world producer of oil and natural gas

Social

The countries in the region vary little in social aspects. All possess a nearly homogeneous population in terms of both ethnicity and language, with English as a common second language. Christian religions—primarily Lutheran and Catholic—are the most common faiths, but church attendance is sparse and an increasing number of people do not identify with a religion at all. Though indigenous religions are present, they are followed by only a small minority of the population. Birth rates are low throughout the region, while the percentage of elderly is growing. Education is highly valued in all countries as a way for individuals to improve their socioeconomic situations, and public education is universal and usually high-quality. The exception is Arnland, where residents must rely on private tutoring for any hope of gaining acceptance to a university. Crime in the region tends to be similar in type and level to that of other Europeans nations.

REGIONAL SUMMARY
  Arnland Bothnia Framland Otso Torrike Donovia-West

Social

  • Health care free but ineffective and inequitable
  • Primary religions: Protestant, Catholic, Islam, and others
  • Income per Capita: Lowest in GBCC
  • Languages: Arnish, English
  • Human rights: Low
  • Health care: Government administered system
  • Income per Capita: fourth in GBCC
  • Religions: Protestant and Catholic
  • Languages: Bothnian, Donovian, and English
  • Human rights: Moderate
  • Health care: Marginally effective government system
  • Income per Capita: third in GBCC
  • Religions: Primarily Catholic with some Protestant
  • Languages: Framish, Torrikan, Sami, English
  • Human rights: Moderate
  • Health care: Both public and private
  • Income per Capita: second in GBCC
  • Religions: Predominantly Protestant with a small Catholic segment
  • Languages: Otsonian, English
  • Human rights: Progressive
  • Government health care is efficient and widespread
  • Income per Capita: Highest in GBCC
  • Religions: Protestant, non-aligned, Wicca
  • Languages: Torrikan, Framish, Arnish, English
  • Human rights: Outwardly strong but neglected in reality
  • Government health care is poor to good, dependent on wealth, with the wealthy seeking healthcare outside the country
  • Income per Capita:
  • Religions: Christian, Muslim, Judaism, and Buddhism
  • Languages: Bashkir, Chuvash, Erzya, Moksha, Komi, Hill Mari, Meadow Mari, Tatar, Udmurt
  • Human Rights: Routinely ignored as a priority

Information

The countries all possess a modern communications architecture and each government recognizes the importance and influence of media and its control. Approaches range from extremely loose to tight governmental control. Bothnia and Torrike practice strong control over public communications media in an attempt to control their populations, while Arnland, Framland, and Otso do the opposite. However, even in the latter group there is some soft censorship: extremist views are rarely published, and Otsonian media outlets are wary of distributing material that would easily offend Donovia or Bothnia. New means of information-sharing using modern technology are rapidly adopted by the population, unless the government intervenes in an attempt to control information flow.

REGIONAL SUMMARY
  Arnland Bothnia Framland Otso Torrike Donovia-West

Information

  • Modern communications infrastructure and architecture
  • Free from government controls or manipulation
  • INFOWAR capabilities are dated and lagging behind.
  • Space-based capabilities obtained from partners or commercial sources.
  • Technologically advanced telecommunications infrastructure
  • Government control of information media
  • Robust INFOWAR capabilities
  • Commercial contracts provide space-based communication, observation, and navigation functions.
  • Telecommunications infrastructure is modern and well-funded
  • Privatized media outlets dominated by former government agencies
  • Older INFOWAR systems with current capabilities provided by commercial sources
  • Commercial contracts provide space-based communication, observation, and navigation functions.
  • Telecommunications infrastructure is modernized and technologically advanced
  • Free and unrestricted media
  • Limited INFOWAR capabilities
  • Leases space-based capabilities from Donovia
  • Highly developed with advanced telecommunication infrastructure
  • Government controlled and monitored information media
  • Advanced INFOWAR capabilities in niche areas
  • Leasing space-based systems and developing independent systems
  • Highly developed telecommunications infrastructure
  • Government influences and controls media platforms
  • Information warfare (INFOWAR) capabilities are highly developed and world-leading in a number of critical areas
  • Possesses wide range of satellite capabilities, dual-used by the military

Infrastructure

The region displays relative uniformity of infrastructure in types, scope, and maintenance levels. Over 60% of the populace resides in cities; the one notable exception is Framland, where fewer than half of the residents live in an urban environment. With the exception of the far north, utilities and transportation are well-distributed in both urban and rural areas. Power generation relies heavily on hydropower, nuclear, and fossil fuels, with renewable fuels (biomass, peat, wood) and wind power playing a lesser role. All countries have modern Western-style roads, rail, airports, seaports, and mass transit, though maintenance levels vary somewhat. Framland and Torrike’s infrastructures are well-maintained; Bothnia and Otso have recently completed infrastructure development programs, including improvements to their ports for cold-weather operations; while Arnland’s deteriorating infrastructure reflects the country’s struggle to fund maintenance. Of the five countries, Otso is the only country whose infrastructure is somewhat lacking in scope. Regional travel is efficient and can occur by road, rail, ferry, or aircraft.

Donovia has multiple rail lines to support the transport of commercial and military cargo and equipment towards the borders of Estonia, Latvia, and Belarus. During the past 12 years, Donovia has conducted multiple upgrades to the rail network system (digital switching, improved track, and diesel powered engines) to support the movement of heavy cargo such as coal, oil, petroleum products, industrial chemical products, and containerized cargo. The rail lines are generally single track broad gauge. However, there are some segments that are double track.

REGIONAL SUMMARY
  Arnland Bothnia Framland Otso Torrike Donovia-West

Infrastructure

  • Balanced transportation networks from Skolkan era
  • Roads - 40,000 km / with 20,000 paved - bridges in poor repair
  • Rail - Standard gauge
  • Fleet - 40 ship merchant marine fleet
  • Seaports - 10 major ports, 8 minor ports
  • Air - 1 international and 7 regional airports
  • Power - Hydroelectric, fossil fuel, nuclear, and wind sources
  • Urban areas predominantly along the coast with many in complex island terrain
  • Donovia sponsored transportation development programs
  • Roads - 39,524 km with 19,630 km paved - bridges in good repair
  • Rail - 3,642 km broad gauge of which 1187 km electrified
  • Fleet - 90 ship merchant fleet
  • Seaports - 13 major ports, 12 minor ports
  • Air - 4 international and 12 regional airports
  • Power - State owned renewable, fossil fuel and nuclear power facilities
  • Larger urban areas on the coast with several inland cities in the southern part of the country
  • Roads - 55,000 km with 27,000 paved - bridges are in good repair
  • Rail - 2,660 km
  • Fleet - 54 merchant fleet vessels
  • Seaports - 6 major ports, 10 minor ports
  • Air - 1 international and 15 regional airports
  • Power - 70% from renewable sources
  • Smaller urban areas with limited numbers of residents
  • Limited transportation network
  • Roads - 53,000 km with 15,000 km paved - bridges on paved roads are in good repair
  • Rail - 2,410 kilometers of broad gauge
  • Fleet - 57 ship merchant fleet
  • Seaports - 2 major ports, 2 minor ports
  • Air - 1 international and 12 regional airports
  • Power - Renewable (waste-to-energy, wind) and fossil fuel power facilities
  • Limited number of large urban areas with all located on bodies of water
  • Modern, well-developed infrastructure
  • Roads - 154,000 km with 119,000 km paved - bridges in good repair
  • Rail - 12,000 km of various gauges
  • Fleet - 96 cargo ships, 7 icebreakers
  • Seaports - 9 major ports, 11 minor ports
  • Air - 1 international and 12 regional airports
  • Power - Renewable (waste-to-energy), fossil fuel, and nuclear generation
  • Urban - 14 metropolitan areas
  • Modern and well-developed in large urban areas, with less attention paid to rural areas
  • Roads - Highway System is vast and poorly maintained outside major urban areas
  • Rails - total length 2,700 km, mostly electrified
  • Seaports - Last year, 136.6 million tons of cargo carried over inland waterways, with 53 22.8 million passengers
  • Air - highly dependent on, ranging from grass strip airfields to international airports and naval air stations and air bases which may also provide civilian airport support.
  • Power - Electricity supplied by thermal, coal, hydroelectric, and nuclear plants.
  • Urban - Federal entities in the west are more densely populated, with more developed infrastructure

Physical Environment

Arnland, Framland, and Torrike lie to the west of the Gulf of Bothnia, on the same peninsula as Norway, while Bothnia and Otso are on the eastern side. Each country possesses a mainland area, a coastline, and a few outer islands. The countries all consist of flat to rolling terrain except Torrike, which also has a mountainous spine on its western border. Heavily treed, the far southern part of the region has deciduous trees, while the more northern areas boast conifers. The elevations of Torrike's higher mountains lie above the tree line and are covered with hardy grasses. The southern areas experience a temperate climate, while the northern climate is subarctic in nature. All countries have four seasons, with winter increasing in length the farther north one travels—resulting in a corresponding lessening of agricultural cultivation. Major geographic features include the Torrikan Mountains and a plethora of rivers, lakes, and streams. The most important bodies of water are the seas and gulfs, which provide both sustenance and a means of transportation. Several islands in the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Bothinia, such as Gotland and Bornholm, lie in obvious strategic locations that dominate shipping, telecommunications, and commercial air routes throughout the region; there are however, 39 islands in the region, each offering differing opportunities for both friend and foe. Multiple natural hazards exist, including droughts, floods, forest fires, land and mudslides in the mountains, and ice floes on the major bodies of water.

DATE Europe Islands
REGIONAL SUMMARY
  Arnland Bothnia Framland Otso Torrike Donovia-West

Physical Environment

  • An even topography less than 400m above sea level
  • Land area - 52,292 km2
  • Inland water - 12,900 km of coastline
  • Thousands of lakes and large forests cover 2/3 of country
  • Land area - 155,927 km2
  • Inland water - 30,800 km of coastline
  • Even topography less than 300m above sea level
  • Land area - 99,520 km2
  • Inland water - 24,000 islands and islets
  • Heavily forested with numerous lakes
  • Land area - 52,292 km2
  • 4,700 km inland waterways and 60,000 lakes
  • Even topography less than 400m above sea level
  • Land area - 52,292 km2
  • Inland water - 35,964 km2 mainly in the southern part of the country
  • Two plains, two lowlands, two plateaus, and mountainous areas, with 100,000 rivers greater than 7 miles
  • Land area - 1,528,965
  • Inland water - 23,553 (est)

Time

All DATE Europe countries use the Gregorian calendar. Arnland, Framland, and Torrike are in the Central European time zone (GMT +1), while Bothnia and Otso are on Eastern European time (GMT +2). All of the regional countries observe Daylight Savings Time (DST). The relative proximity to the North Pole means that the days are very long in summer (up to 18 hours of sunlight) and short in winter (seven hours of sunlight).

Approaches to time are consistent throughout the region: good timekeeping is the norm, and poor timekeeping is seen as disrespectful. The only notable exception is Bothnia, in that the more senior/high-ranking an individual is, the more lax he will be in adhering to a schedule. This is accepted and should be taken into account when planning meetings, etc.

REGIONAL SUMMARY
  Arnland Bothnia Framland Otso Torrike Donovia-West
Time
  • Monochronic
  • Observes all Christian Holidays, New Year's Eve and Day and six other regional holidays
  • Polychronic
  • Observes all Christian Holidays, New Year's Eve and Day and nine other regional holidays
  • Monochronic
  • Observes all Christian Holidays, New Year's Eve and Day and five other regional holidays
  • Monochronic
  • Observes all Christian Holidays, New Year's Eve and Day and eight other regional holidays
  • Polychronic
  • Observes all Christian Holidays, New Year's Eve and Day and six other regional holidays
  • Polychronic
  • Observe Christian holidays, New Year's Day, national patriotic holidays

Hybrid Irregular Armed Groups

Criminal Organizations and Activities

Crime is a growing problem throughout the region. Most common is smuggling of several varieties. However, transnational organized crime organizations exist in each country and have linkages to the Caucuses, the Pacific, Africa, and Europe; more details of those transnational criminal organizations operating in the European region can be found within the Threat Actors page.

DATE Europe Transnational Criminal Organizations
Transnational Criminal Organization Criminal activity Gulf of Bothnia Cooperation Council (GBCC) Countries Extra-regional linkage
Atbrivosana/ATB Hackers-for-hire. Linked to ZI. No allegiance to NATO or the former Skolkan countries but will work with them for the right price. Bothnia, Framland, Otso, Torrike *Suspected of assisting Donovia in disinformation campaigns 

*Linked to ZI in Latvia

Baltic Buddies Cyber theft

Media manipulation

Perception management through the Internet

Development and dissemination of “fake news”

Bothnia *Estonia

*Latvia

*Lithuania

*Suspected cells throughout Europe

Blood sport Smuggling and human trafficking Arnland, Torrike Donya Syndicate from Kujenga, Africa
Donovian Mafia Prostitution, drug trafficking, smuggling etc. Bothnia, Framland, Otso, Torrike Donovian Mafia in the Caucasus
Furnace Motorcycle Club (MC) Drug production and distribution, prostitution, smuggling etc.

Murder for hire

Bothnia, Framland, Otso, Torrike *U.S. chapters 

*Bocyowicz Crime Family (BCF) in Atropia

“G.Y.” = Gammal Yrkesbrottsling Protection, cigarette smuggling, pimping Torrike Criminals in Norway and Framland
Legion Robbery

Extortion

Torrike Hodari Cartel in Amari, Africa
Nutakus Asian smuggling

Corruption stevedores at ports, local law enforcement officers and judges

Bothnia, Torrike Nutakus in Olvana
Saints of Cognitio (SoC) INFOWAR capabilities, Computer warfare Bothnia Elements in Ariana, Atropia, and Donovia, with increasing activity world-wide
Uber Cyber “Tree”, AKA “SPRUC_3”, “Spruce 3”, “3ntity”, and “Entity” Decentralized Anonymous network of “Black hat” hackers. Anti-NATO in political position. Arnland, Bothnia, Torrike Europe
Ziepiekkalns Izturiba (ZI), AKA “Ziepiekkalns Resistance” Kidnapping, prostitution and trafficking, extortion Arnland, Otso *Latvia 

*Europe 

*ATB

  1. ↑ A number of variables within the existing Donovia OE will be refined, to reflect differing conditions in the Western region. This is scheduled for FY 19/20; in the interim users are advised to utilize the existing Donovia OE where required.
  2. ↑ The DATE countries listed below are fictionalized territories at the national and first-order administrative levels (i.e. province or county depending on the country). Lower order boundaries such as city wards and municipalities, and physical features such as mountains, rivers, and deserts, have retained their actual names. In many cases literature and media sources will use more than one name for a feature, and may spell them in different ways. As practicable, DATE will follow the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency's guidance contained in the Geonet Names Server (GNS), "the official repository of standard spellings of all foreign geographic names sanctioned by the United States Board on Geographic Names (US BGN)". However, the reader should be cautioned that reference texts and maps may use these other variants. These common variants are also listed in the GNS. DATE Europe can, as needed, be used in conjunction with any, or all, of the other DATEs: DATE Africa, DATE Caucasus, and DATE Pacific. (See also Using the DATE and TC 7-101 Exercise Design). A glossary of terms used throughout DATE Europe can be found in the DATE Europe Glossary along with the real-world names of various cities and towns etc which have been altered within each OE.
  3. ↑ Article 5 “The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognized by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof shall immediately be reported to the Security Council. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to restore and maintain international peace and security.”
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