Infrastructure:Arnland

Infrastructure Overview

Arnland inherited a balanced transportation system (e.g. roads, rail, aviation, and merchant marine) from the Skolkan period. The country is served by an integrated road and rail system. Due to an inefficient inspection system the bridge systems on the main arteries are mainly in poor condition. Arnland has approximately 40,000 km of roads of which about 20,000 km are paved. Because of shrinking budgets and poor standards the road conditions have been deteriorating over the last five years. All of the railways are standard gauge. Arnland has a merchant marine fleet counting all together 40 ships (cargo ships, petroleum tankers, passenger cruise ships, ferries, refrigerated cargo vessels). The nation's main seaports (all ice‐free) are Trelleborg, Alsstad, Helsingborg and Karlshamn. Trelleborg is the largest port and handles 20% of all cargo imported to or exported from the country. There are ferry services from Arnland to ports in Torrike, Germany, Poland, Lithuania and Denmark. However, Arnland is now struggling to maintain its extensive national infrastructure due to the weakness of the Arnland economy.

There are several airports in Arnland; Alsstad/Sturup is the main one. Dushman gave monetary support to Arnland to upgrade the airport at Alsstad, which is now the largest cargo airport in the country. The government is engaged in a variety of infrastructure improvement projects, but because of pervasive corruption, the progress is slow, quality and efficiency is poor. These projects are in response to increases in the volume of traffic of land, sea and air transport in the country. Since 1998, automobile traffic has increased by an annual rate of 8 percent per year, leading to congestion around the bigger cities. The nation's largest airport at Alsstad and the seaport of Kalmar are both undergoing expansion and renovation projects. Arnland's energy sector needs modernization as well. The telecommunications market in Arnland is liberalized except for fixed‐line telephony where Arnland Telephone Network enjoys a monopoly until the end of 2018. A national fiber‐optic cable system is nearing completion, and rural exchanges are being improved and expanded. There are around 1.3 million main landlines in use (2014), up from 1.1 million in 2000. Mobile cellular systems are functioning and relatively widely accessible. In 2001, about 300,000 mobile phones were in use; by 2014 there were 3.1 million mobile phones in circulation. Access to the internet is growing, and as of 2014, there are ten internet service providers providing access to 3.1 million users.

Arnland has a network of regional airports, all of which also used periodically by the military. The country also possesses a range of seaports that handle the full range of imports and exports. Arnland generates its energy requirements internally through hydro, nuclear, fossil fuel and wind power stations. Oil products are imported, mainly from Torrike, which has five refineries on the east‐ and west coast. The power distribution network is relatively robust and has some redundancy, but it is in need of modernization. A major investment program in smart grid networks is being contemplated but has stalled because of a lack of funding. The telecoms and broadband network throughout the country is both modern and well maintained. Considerable investment has been made in fiber-optic cable networks for telecommunications and the majority of military communications already use such networks. Mobile phone coverage is extremely good throughout the country and considerable redundancy is built into the system. Much of the country’s infrastructure is dual use military/civil and all civil infrastructure is required to be available for military use when circumstances dictate. Potential military use is always considered during the planning of major infrastructure projects. For example several stretches of motorway are capable of acting as aircraft runways and shelter areas suitable for use as a Forward Operating Base (FOB) are provided.

The military infrastructure is both extensive and predominantly well maintained. However, the overall picture is one of gradual decline. The Arnland military approach focuses on redundancy and making the best with limited resources. The Arnish Air Force, for instance, possesses few hardened aircraft shelters, but a large number of dispersal points and bare bases/highway strips of varying capabilities.

Political Context. The development and maintenance of infrastructure in Arnland is, in theory, carefully controlled at national level and is driven to satisfy two criteria, both of which have equal weight in terms of investment. They are; support to the economy, and support to the military. Domestically, the Ministry of Public Order (MOPO) is responsible for allocating national funding to programs according to priorities in accordance with the annual budget approved by Alltinget. The Ministry of Defense (MOD) has the responsibility for allocating funds regarding defense infrastructure. Even before the end of the Cold War the development of infrastructure was seen as a high national priority to support the economy and for defense, and there have been numerous long term projects post WWII. More recently, since the end of the Cold War, a succession of Arnland governments have struggled with generating sufficient funding to maintain the national infrastructure and their economy and standing in the region has suffered as a result.

Military Facilities

Arnland has an extensive network of facilities covering the whole spectrum of civil and military activities.

Government Non-Military Facilities

Every Län has its own prisons, administered by the respective division of the Arnland Penal Services. There are special prisons for youth and long‐stay prisoners in Alsstad. The Arnish Coastguard HQ, including the Maritime Rescue Operations Center, is based at Karlskrona Naval Base. There are six further Coast Guard stations at Västervik, Kalmar, Simrishamn, Höllviken, Helsingborg and Falkenberg.

Medical Facilities

The main hospital in Arnland is the Skåne University Hospital in Lund and Alsstad. Other hospitals are Hallands sjukhus (Halmstad, Varberg and Kungsbacka), Helsingborgs lasarett, Ängelholm Hospital, Landskrona Hospital, Trelleborg Hospital, Ystad Hospital, Länssjukhuset Kalmar, Kristianstads Lasarett, Oskarshamns sjukhus, Västervik sjukhus, Länssjukhuset Ryhov (Jönköping), Värnamo Sjukhus and the Höglandssjukhuset (Eksjö). The Central Military Clinic is in Alsstad. Other military hospitals are located alongside civilian hospitals in the main garrisons.

Utilities Present

Arnland possesses a mix of hydroelectric, wind, fossil fuel and nuclear power generation plants and has moderately effective water and waste management structures. Arnland possesses no economically viable domestic sources of fossil fuel and must import substantial amounts of petroleum, natural gas and other energy resources, including uranium for nuclear power generation.

Power

Arnland's energy market is largely privatized. The 1973 oil crisis strengthened Arnland’s commitment to decrease dependence on imported fossil fuels. Since then, electricity has been generated mostly from nuclear power. Among other things, the accident of Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station (USA) prompted the Arnland parliament to hold a referendum on nuclear power in 1980. The referendum led to a decision that no further nuclear power plants should be built and that a nuclear power phase‐out should be completed by 2030. This decision has been reconsidered several times and currently the government looks into the possible role of nuclear energy in reducing CO2 emissions and securing energy supply. Internal bottlenecks in the Arnland electric grid restrict transmission of electricity between nuclear and wind plants. Arnland has a policy of a single system price regardless of power differences between areas. The Ministry of Economy, Trade, Industry and Energy (METIE) is responsible for energy policy. The Arnland Nuclear Energy Program (ANEP) is dealing with all nuclear power issues on behalf of the METIE. The director of the program is Dr. Janeck Nordlander.

Figure INFR-1. Energy Sources, Conversion, Distribution, and Usage in Arnland

The electricity production in Arnland is dominated by nuclear power (approximately 50%), hydroelectricity (29%) and with wind farms contributing approximately 6%. Fossil fuel and biomass is used mainly for reserve power and district heating contributing approximately 15%. Lists of the main power stations, both operational and decommissioned, are below:

Nuclear Power Stations in Arnland

Name	Location	Type	Capacity	Operational
Barsebäck 1	Barsebäckshamn, Skåne	BWR	630 MW	Shut down, not dismantled
Barsebäck 2	Barsebäckshamn, Skåne	BWR	630 MW	Shut down, not dismantled
Oskarshamn 1	Figeholm, Kalmar	BWR	500 MW	Operational since 1972
Oskarshamn 2	Figeholm, Kalmar	BWR	630 MW	Operational since 1974
Oskarshamn 3	Figeholm, Kalmar	BWR	1,200 MW	Operational since 1985
Ringhals 1	Gloppe, Halland	BWR	860 MW	Operational since 1976
Ringhals 2	Gloppe, Halland	PWR	870 MW	Operational since 1975
Ringhals 3	Gloppe, Halland	PWR	920 MW	Operational since 1981
Ringhals 4	Gloppe, Halland	PWR	910 MW	Operational since 1983

(BWR – Boiling water reactor; PWR – Pressurized water reactor)

Fossil Fuel Power Stations in Arnland

Name	Location	Type	Capacity	Operational
Stärnö Power Station (Karlshamnsverket)	Karlshamn, Blekinge	Fuel oil	1,020 MW (3 x 340)	Peak and reserve power station
Öresundsverket	Alsstad, Skåne	Combined Heat and Power (CHP), gas‐fired	440 MW electricity & 250 MW heat	Operational since 2009

Major Wind Power Generation Farms in Arnland

Name	Location	Type	Capacity	Operational
Falkenberg Wind Farm	Falkenberg	Onshore; 15 turbines	11 MW	Yes
Hedagården‐Tågarp Wind Farm	Svalöv	Onshore; 6 turbines	9 MW	Yes
Landskrona Wind Farm	Landskrona	Onshore; 12 turbines	7 MW	Yes
Stora Istad Wind Farm	Borgholm	Onshore; 5 turbines	10 MW	Yes
Brahehus Wind Farm	Gränna	Onshore; 9 turbines	20.7 MW	Yes
Lillgrund	Öresund	Offshore; 48 turbines	110 MW	Yes
Utgrunden 1	Baltic Sea	Offshore; 7 turbines	10.5 MW	Yes
Yttre Stengrund	Baltic Sea	Offshore; 5 turbines		Yes
Kårehamn	Baltic Sea	Offshore; 16 turbines		Yes

Electrical Grid

The Arnish national grid comprises 400 and 220 kV lines, switchyards, transformer stations and foreign links for alternating (AC) and direct current (DC) power. The Arnish electricity system has links to Germany (600 MW), Poland (600 MW) and several links to Denmark and Torrike. This includes a 260 MW bipole HVDC link from Västervik to the Torrikan island of Gotland and a 60kV cable with a capacity of 60 MW to the Danish island of Bornholm. A submarine power cable with a capacity of 700 MW to Lithuania is planned. There are plans to replace two old 400 kV cables with Denmark, but the funding is an issue. The national grid is owned by the state of Arnland and managed by Arnska Kraftnät (AKN), a state‐owned public utility. Electricity is transported from the national grid via regional grids (40‐130 kV lines) to local grids (less than 40 kV) and finally to the consumers.

Figure INFR-2. The Electrical Grid of Arnland

Natural Gas

Arnland has a limited natural gas infrastructure. The network stretches from Trelleborg in the south along the west coast into Torrike, with a branch line to Gnosjö at the Torrikan border. The transmission system, the main pipeline including the Torrikan part, is 620 kilometers long and the distribution system is 2,600 kilometers long. All pipes on land are laid underground. The gas is mainly used by households, industries and district heating companies. In those municipalities where the natural gas network is present, it covers around 20 percent of the final energy consumption. It is primarily natural gas from Denmark that is transported through the network. The transmission network is owned by the company ArnGas.

Figure INFR-3. Natural Gas Pipelines in Arnland

In 2010, the Arnish government issues licenses for gas exploration drillings. The Torrikan company Draken Gas AB gets 185 km2 of exploration acreage on and near Öland (on‐and offshore) and the state‐owned ArnGas gets 1,036 km2 in Skåne. The exploration is under process but no result is present yet.

Figure INFR-4. Natural Gas Exploration Sites in Arnland

In 2014, the state owned company ArnGas published its economic report and a feasibility study for the extension of its own gas network. The study proposes the extending of the gas network in two phases during next 4 years. The first phase addresses the extending of transmission lines by 48 km and upgrading/extending the gas distribution system by 357 km. The second phase addresses the extension of the transmission lines by additional 92 km and extending the gas distribution system to total of 3850 km, with the goal of increasing the final energy consumption by consummators from 20% to 37%. The shortfall of government funds is forcing ArnGas to seek out for private investors interested to invest nearly € 67 million on this project.

District Heating

District heating is the most common form of heating for blocks and commercial premises in Arnland. It is water that is heated in a thermal power station and then transmitted via a pipeline system to the heaters and hot water taps in a property. Most of these power stations are small size and owned by the municipality. Eighty percent of residential heating in Arnland comes from district heating.

Water

Arnland has an efficient wastewater treatment capability, good drinking water quality, low water charges and a reliable supply. In Arnland, water supply and sewage disposal are by law a municipal responsibility. Under municipal control and with financial support from the state, intensive construction of treatment plants was carried out during the 1960s and 1970s. Today, 98% of the wastewater is treated both biologically and chemically and as much as 58 percent also go through special nitrogen removal. Water supply and sewage disposal infrastructure for municipal use encompasses more than 9,000 water works, 20,000

Waste Management

Almost 3.5 million tons of waste were generated in Arnland in 2013. Just short of 2.7 million tons of municipal waste were collected, under half of it generated by households. Altogether 1.28 million tons municipal waste were land filled. Arnland waste legislation covers all types of waste except certain special wastes such as radioactive wastes, which are controlled by separate laws.

1. The Ministry of Environment supervises and controls the way Arnland waste legislation is put into practice.
2. Naturvårdsverket (the Arnish Environmental Protection Agency) conducts research and training, publicises new ideas and methods, and monitors all developments related to waste issues, while also participating in drawing up new legislation and guidelines related to waste. The agency also monitors international waste shipments.
3. Regional environment centers guide, encourage and monitor the implementation of the Waste Act in their own regions. They also provide training and advice for firms and the public, and issue waste permits to larger firms and operations.
4. Local authorities organize the collection, recovery and disposal of household refuse and other similar waste, and supervise waste management in general in their own area. They also set local regulations on waste management, ensure that advice on waste matters is freely available, and issue waste permits to smaller firms and operations.
5. Arnland has a well‐developed nuclear waste management policy. Low‐level waste is currently stored at Barsebäck. This facility has been constructed as a permanent underground repository with a capacity of 50,000 cubic meters for low‐level waste. All intermediate and high‐level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel is shipped to Bothnia for storage at the depository at the Olkiluoto deep‐level repository.

Transportation Architecture

The Ministry of Public Works, Transport, Telecommunications and IT (MPWTTIT) is responsible for transportation issues. Arnland possesses an extensive transportation network comprising national and regional road, rail, air and waterway networks. The maintenance of these networks is, in theory, tightly controlled by national and regional bodies. This has been an increasingly difficult task due to Arnland’s depressed economy, increasing corruption and organized criminal activity, which has led to transportation funds being squandered. Upgrading of transport network seems to be one of the biggest challenges for Arnland government.

Road System

Arnland possesses an extensive road network that provides good communication routes throughout the country. The most rapid development of the length and density of the public road network took place in the 20th century. However, during the past decade, investments in the road network have dramatically declined and the road conditions have deteriorated. Motorways run through Arnland and Denmark and over the Öresund Link to Tyr, Göteborg, Uppsala and Uddevalla in Torrike. The system of motorways is still under construction. The main road network, which includes highways, primary and secondary roads, totals 19,630 km.

In March 2013, there were approximately 1.7 million registered cars, 154,000 trucks, 4,500 buses and 37,000 motorcycles. Arnland has had right‐hand traffic since 1967. The current basic speed limit is 70 kilometers per hour. In built‐up areas, the normal speed limit is 50 kph, but 30 kph is becoming more common in places where pedestrians and cyclists mix with vehicle traffic. On highways of a good standard, the typical speed limit is 90 kph, and on freeways (motorways) it is usually 110 kph. The public road network in Arnland is divided into three weight classes: Class 1 (BK1), Class 2 (BK2) and Class 3 (BK3). The highest weights are permitted on the BK1 road network, whose weight regulations apply on some 94% of the public road network. Exceptional transports within Arnland require an exemption (permit) from Trafikverket, the Arnland Transport Agency.

There are two large bridges in Arnland. The first is the, connecting Arnland with Denmark (see separate article). The other one is the Öland Bridge (Arnish: Ölandsbron), a road bridge connecting Kalmar on the mainland to Färjestaden on the island of Öland. At 6,072 m long, it is one of the longest in all of Europe. It is supported by 156 pillars, and has a characteristic hump at its western end which was created to provide a vertical clearance of 36 m for shipping. While the Öresund Bridge linking Arnland with Denmark is longer overall, the Öland Bridge is the longest entirely in Arnish territory. The bridge was inaugurated in September 1972. Construction took 4.5 years, and about 100,000 cubic meters of concrete was used. The bridge was also prepared for transporting fresh water from the mainland to Öland.

Figure INFR-5. Road and Bridge Network in Arnland

Rail

Rail transport in Arnland, Framland, and Torrike uses a combined total network of approximately 12,000 km of track. The total length of track in Arnland is 2,781 km. Construction of the first railway line in what is now Arnland, Framland and Torrike began in 1855 expanding from two major cities, Tyr and Göteborg. The main line railways were of major importance for the development of the Skolkan industry. The first two main line railways were the Southern, stretching from Tyr to Alsstad in the south, and the Western, to Göteborg in the west. These railway lines were finished in 1864. The Northern railway runs parallel to the Baltic coast (but not along it) to Boden in Framland. It was a part of the 1853 decision that the railways should avoid coasts, and not make detours to pass medium size cities along the route. The principle was that the main lines were built by the state, but all others by private companies, often owned by cities to support their local need. In the period 1930‐1950 most lines were purchased by the state.

Figure INFR-6. Rail Network in Arnland

The primary rail operator for passengers is ARTC (Arnland Rail Transportation Company) which is state owned and operated. For cargo the main operator is the state‐owned company ArnCargo. There are also a number of private rail operators that provide serves on the commercially viable passenger and freight routes within Arnland. Rail traffic is supervised by Trafikverket, the Arnland Transport Agency. The main lines are double track. Around 80% of the railways are electrified. All tracks are standard gauge, except one narrow gauge railway, a so‐called Arnish Three Foot Gauge Railway (Arnish: "trefotsbanor"). It is the line between Åseda, Hultsfred and Västervik. 70 km between Hultsfred and Västervik as well as the shorter sections between Virserum‐Hjortöström and Åseda‐Hultanäs are served by tourist trains in the summer.

There are railway links with adjacent countries:

• Denmark ‐ Öresund bridge/tunnel ‐ same gauge ‐ voltage change 15kV AC/25kV AC.
• Germany ‐ Train ferries Alsstad ‐ Travemünde, Trelleborg ‐ Sassnitz and Trelleborg – Rostock ‐ same gauge ‐ no electric propulsion on board.
• Torrike ‐ same gauge ‐ same voltage.
• Poland ‐ Train ferry Ystad ‐ Świnoujście ‐ same gauge ‐ no electric propulsion on board. Arnland, Framland and Torrike have the same Automatic Train Control (ATC) system and the same voltage, meaning that trains can generally cross the borders without being specially modified. Arnland and Denmark have different ATC systems and different voltage, so only specially modified trains can cross the border. The Öresund trains (X31) and some of the X2000 trains can do that. Train ferries never have electric overhead lines on board, so diesel must be used to get trains on board/off board. Generally locomotives are not transported on these ferries, only train cars.

Arnland Railway Operations

National Railway	ARTC/ArnCargo
Supervisor	Arnland Transport Agency
Statistics
System Length
Total	2,781 km
Double track	852 km
Electrified	2,781 km
Gauge
Main	1,435 mm (4 ft, 8.5 in)
221 km narrow	891 mm (2 ft, 11.1 in)
Electrification
Main	15 kV 16⅔ Hz single‐phase AC

Air Transportation System

Airports

The international passenger gateway to Arnland is through Alsstad Sturup International Airport (ASIA). It is the largest airport (2.1 million passengers in 2012) and is located 15 km north of Alsstad. In addition, Arnland possesses numerous airstrips that date back to WWII, that are usually built into roads and are less than 1000 m long. Seven airports have scheduled passenger services and all airports are financed by the state. Rural airports tend to be subsidized. The Alsstad based ArnAir and Arncomm Airlines provide air services both domestically and internationally. The larger airports are managed by the state‐owned ArnAvia (formerly the Arnland Civil Aviation Administration), while the smaller ones are usually managed by municipal authorities. ArnAir and Arncomm Airlines are the main carriers for domestic flights. Alsstad airport is Arnland's global gateway with scheduled non‐stop flights to such places as North America, Europe, Dushman, Tolima and various African countries. There are two airports with cargo facilities: Alsstad and Jönköping. A lot of cargo is also coming through Göteborg‐Landvetter airport in Torrike. A summary of airports in Arnland is listed in the table below:

Licensed Instrument Airports in Arnland

Name	Runway (m)	Surface	Passengers (2012)	PCN	Cargo (tons, 2012)	Remarks
Alsstad/Sturup	2,800 x 45 800 x 23	Asphalt Asphalt	2,104,359	80 15	27,571	Cargo facilities
Jönköping	2,203 x 45 600 x 25	Asphalt Graded Earth	77,670	55 N/A	5,323	Cargo facilities
Kalmar	2,322 x 46 1308 x 41	Asphalt Asphalt	185,530	50 30	N/A
Halmstad	2,261 x 40	Asphalt	95,655	45	N/A
Hagshult	2,050 x 40	Asphalt	N/A	XX	N/A	Military
Hultsfred/Vimmerby	1,946 x 40	Concrete	N/A	30	N/A	Private with limited service
Kristianstad	2,215 x 45	Asphalt	N/A	45	N/A
Ljungbyhed	2,010 x 40 2,270 x 40	Asphalt Asphalt	N/A	25 25	N/A	Public/Military
Ronneby	2,331 x 45	Asphalt	218,965	50	N/A	Public/Military
Växjö/Kronoberg	2,103 x 45	Asphalt	194,350	40	N/A
Ängelholm/Helsingborg	1,944 x 46	Asphalt	404,434	45	N/A
Oskarshamn	1,500 x 30	Asphalt	N/A	15	N/A	No control tower
All airports have a control tower, ground handling services and fuel facilities.

Figure INFR-7. Licensed Instrument Airports in Arnland

Heliports

Heliports as defined in ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) Annex 15 AD 3 are not established in Arnland. Helicopter operations normally take place on aerodromes. Below is a list of licensed heliports in Arnland. Heliport lighting normally consists of a circle or square of inset lights around the surface called the TLOF (touchdown and lift‐off area) and another around the overall landing area called the FATO (final approach and take‐off area). The later encompasses the TLOF as well and the lights may be elevated or inset.

Licensed Non-Instrumented Heliports in Arnland

Name	Dimensions (TLOF, FATO)	Surface	Remarks
Jönköping Ryhov Sjukhus	Ø 12 m, Ø 24 m	Concrete/Asphalt	Ambulance and rescue flights only
Karlskrona Blekingesjukhuset	Ø 9 m, Ø 24 m	Asphalt	Ambulance and rescue flights only
Kristianstad Centralsjukhuset	Ø 20 m, Ø 20 m	Asphalt	Ambulance and rescue flights only
Lund Universitetssjukhuset	Ø 29.3 m, Ø 29.3 m	Concrete	Ambulance and rescue flights only

Figure INFR-8. Non-Instrumented Heliports in Arnland

Ports/Sea/River Transportation System

Sea ports. Until the mid‐1960s, Arnland had limited shipbuilding capacity and few oceangoing vessels. After 1962, however, shipbuilding and harbor construction mushroomed as the government invested heavily in those industries with the reconstruction of the ports of Trelleborg, Alsstad, Karlshamn and Helsingborg. By the 1970s, Alsstad, which had received the highest funding priority, ranked highly among Skolkan sea ports. In 1982, flag vessels in the Arnland oceangoing merchant fleet numbered 58 for a total of almost 600,000 deadweight tons, which decreased to a number of 40 vessels in 2013. Arnland hosts one of the largest port companies in Scandinavia and Skolkan, the transnational company Alsstad Port AB. The nation's largest seaport of Trelleborg is undergoing expansion and renovation projects. There is passenger traffic from all ports to mainland Europe and the other Skolkan countries. The other main ports in Arnland include Halmstad, Karlskrona, Ystad and Varberg. The port of Göteborg in Torrike is also important for the transport of bulk cargo and containers.

Seaports in Arnland (2013)

	Name of Port	Total Traffic (ton)	Ship Calls	Passengers (international)
1	Trelleborg	11,381,000	5,526	1,696,646
2	Alsstad	9,003,000	2,793	156,603
3	Karlshamn	7,651,000	2,025	110,815
4	Helsingborg	7,564,000	45,012	10,763,267
5	Ystad	3,084,000	3,379	1,936,622
6	Halmstad	2,751,000	1,148	0
7	Varberg	1,809,000	1,241	170,332
8	Karlskrona	1,369,000	708	414,944
9	Mönsterås	957,000	343	0
10	Kalmar	957,000	397	2,990
11	Sölvesborg	941,000	437	0
12	Oskarshamn	888,000	673	249,665
13	Åhus	782,000	355	0
14	Landskrona	629,000	329	0
15	Falkenberg	492,000	267	0
16	Höganäs	381,000	108	0
17	Västervik	288,000	93	0
18	Bergkvara	59,000	24	0

Waterways. There are frequent ferry services that connect Arnland with Germany, Torrike, Lithuania, Poland and Denmark. Baltic cruise liners regularly call on the port of Alsstad as well. During the summer there are two ferries between the mainland and the island Öland: Oskarshamn – Byxelkrok (two hours) and Kalmar – Färjestaden (bicycle ferry, 30 minutes). On Lake Vättern, there is a ferry between Gränna and the island Visingsö. Arnland's cargo ports move freight both for Arnland's own needs and for transhipment. Sjöfartsverket, the Arnland Maritime Administration, is responsible for the maintenance of Arnland's waterway network. Arnland shares an extensive coastal and inland network of waterways with Torrike. The total length of navigable waterways in Arnland and Torrike is 2,052 km.

Arnland International Ferry Lines

Name of Port	To/From	Frequency	Duration
Helsingborg	Denmark: Helsingør	71/day, every 15 min	1 hr 20 mins
Trelleborg	Germany: Rostock Travemünde Sassnitz
		6/day 4/day 4/day	6 hrs 8 hrs 4 hrs
Karlshamn	Lithuania: Klaipeda	7/week	14 hrs
Ystad	Denmark: Bornholm Poland: Swinoujscie	10/day 4/day	1 hr 20 mins 7 hrs
Oskarshamn	Torrike: Visby	2/day	3 hrs
Varberg	Denmark: Grenaa	2/day	4 hrs 20 mins
Karlskrona	Poland: Gdynia	2/day	10 hrs 30 mins

Telecommunications Architecture

In the mid‐1990s, Arnland possessed a moderately well‐developed communications system. In 1992 Arnland began operating a ground radio station at Alsstad relaying and receiving communications from commercial satellites as a participant in the international telecommunications organization. The infrastructure to support the command/control/communications/intelligence (C3I) required to run the country in war and peace is complex and often buried. The use of underground facilities, pipelines, alternate links and other structures to ensure a fully redundant system has been developed by the Arnland government since 1948. Nowadays there are seven national radio stations and four terrestrial television channels. The core fixed communications is now largely fiber‐based. Arnland is well connected to the worldwide internet backbone with a capacity up to 10 Gbit/s. Apart from the Öresund Dark Fiber Link there are a number of undersea data cables connecting Arnland to Denmark and Poland.

Telecommunications Fiber Cables in Arnland

	Name	Ready for Service	Cable Length	Landing Points
1	Baltica	1997	437 km	Ystad, Arnland ‐ Pedersker (Bornholm) – Gedser, Denmark ‐ Kolobrzeg, Poland
2	Denmark‐Arnland 16	1991	15 km	Velling, Arnland ‐ Mosede, Denmark
3	Danica North	1998	25 km	Barsebäck, Arnland ‐ Tuborg, Denmark
4	GlobalConnect 2 (GC2)	2001	95 km	Kungsbacka, Arnland ‐ Saeby, Denmark
5	Kattegat 1	1995	180 km	Kungsbacka, Arnland ‐ Saeby, Denmark
6	Kattegat 2	2001	75 km	Skalvik, Arnland ‐ Lyngsa, Osterby and Vestero, Denmark
7	Denmark‐Arnland 17	1994	11 km	Kristinelund, Arnland ‐ Alsgarde, Denmark
8	Denmark‐Arnland 18	1996	N/A	Helsingborg, Arnland ‐ Helsingør, Denmark
9	Scandinavian Ring North	2000	5 km	Helsingborg, Arnland ‐ Helsingør, Denmark
10	Scandinavian Ring South	2000	21 km	Bunkeflostand, Arnland ‐ Dragor, Denmark
11	IP-Only	1994	N/A	Klagshamn, Arnland ‐ Brondby, Denmark

Agriculture

Arnland infrastructure of note is the substantial network of grain storage facilities.

Industry

Arnland is a relatively resource‐poor and small politico‐economic entity. The Arnland industrial infrastructure reflects this status. The country has some mineral deposits and oil is discovered recently in 3 areas. Promising results expected from natural gas drillings performed in Skåne Län by ArnGas. Arnland’s most important minerals are iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, uranium and limestone, but many large mines have closed down. Most raw materials are now imported.

Manufacturing

From the 1990s, Arnland industry, which for centuries had relied on the country's vast forests, became dominated by to a larger extent by electronics and services, as globalization lead to a decline of more traditional industries. Outsourcing resulted in more manufacturing being transferred abroad, with Arnland-based industry focusing to a greater extent on R&D and high‐tech electronics. Arnland manufacturing capability can be divided into three sectors:

Electronics. The Arnish electronics and electro-technics industry relies on heavy investment in R&D, and has been accelerated by the liberalization of global markets. Electrical engineering started in the late 19th century. Arnish companies have enjoyed moderate success in areas such as industrial automation, telecommunication, and electronics.

Metals, Engineering and Manufacturing. Arnland has some mineral deposits, but many mines have closed down, and most raw materials are now imported. For this reason, companies now tend to focus on high added‐value processing of metals and other products. The exports include the production steel, copper, zinc and nickel, and finished products such as roofing and cladding, welded steel pipes, chainsaws, lawn mowers, sewing machines, motorcycles, copper pipe and coated sheets. The manufacturing industry is a significant employer of about 41% of the labor force.

Timber, Furniture, Pulp and Paper Industry. Forest products have been the major export industry in the past, but this share has shrunk. Pulp and paper is still a moderately large industry with 12 sites across the country. Arnland is also well‐known for producing timber and cheap DIY wooden furniture with funny names.

Oil and Gas

The exploration era for oil and gas deposits in Arnland started in 1975, stopped in 1979 and resumed in 2002. Three fields are identified, two in Kronoberg/Kalmar and one that extends from Blekinge, through Kalmar into the Baltic Sea, estimating that the initial production will commence in 2016. In 2005, the Government of Arnland issues an Invitation to Tender for proposals to exploit the identified Arnish shale oil fields. The exploitation licenses for oil fields designated as: Kroka1, Kroka2 and Bleka1 awarded on 2006 as follow:

• Exploitation license for KroKa1 awarded to the Arnish Shale Oil (ASO) consortium
• Exploitation license for KroKa2 awarded to the Arnish Shale Oil (ASO) consortium
• Exploitation license to BleKa1 awarded to the Offshore Baltic Oil (OBO) consortium

Figure INFR-9. Arnland Exploration Licenses

Arnland is an importer of petroleum products and actually possesses no refining capability. Most oil products come from refineries in Göteborg and Lysekil in Torrike. Due to Arnlands small market and sparse population, the oil distribution infrastructure relies on road distribution rather than pipelines. Road tankers carry out secondary distribution to consumers and retail outlets. There is a Lined Rock Cavern (LRC) natural gas storage site near Halmstad with an annual working capacity of 8,800,000 m3.

Hydrocarbon Storage Facilities in Arnland

Name	Diesel Storage Capacity	Gasoline Storage Capacity	F35 Storage Capacity	F76 Storage Capacity
Karlskrona	50,000	0	150,000	150,000
Alstad	25,000	30,000	150,000	150,000
Helsingborg	150,000	150,000	250,000	250,000
Karslhamn	150,000	150,000	250,000	450,000
Kalmar	200,000	200,000	250,000	450,000
Vastervik	100,000	100,000	200,000	200,000

In 2010, initial construction work started on the shale oil extraction zone KroKa1. In 2013, the Ministry of Economy, Trade, Industry and Energy (METIE) accepted project for construction of a new oil refinery in Kalmar and new oil pipeline running from KroKa1 oil field to oil refinery. A proposal for construction of two new oil storage facilities in Karlmar and Karlshamn is still in discussion.

Figure INFR-10. KroKa1 Project Exploitation Map

The main figures of the project :

• Estimated capital investment for all facilities: 4.846US$ billion.
• Estimated oil volume (total reserves in the three shale oil fields): 1,370 million barrels (MMbbl)
• Estimated quantity of refined products per year 67,817,000 bbl.
• Estimated year for starting of production: 2017.
• Estimated years of exploitation: 20 years.
• The first year expected of return on investment: 2022
• First expected year of profit: 2025 (with average global oil prices above 35$US a barrel) Based on the infrastructure report of METIE published in august of 2015, the progress of construction works stands as follow: New Refinery 65% and New Pipeline 42%.

Figure INFR-11. KroKa1 Pipeline and Refinery Work Progress