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= '''Time Overview''' =
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= Overview =
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[[File:Arctic Time Zones Convergence.png|center|thumb|476x476px|'''Arctic Time Zones Convergence''']]
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The Arctic is a unique temporal region because of the combined effects of international conventions on times and dates as well as the axial tilt of the Earth itself. In most places on Earth, local time is determined by longitude, such that the time of day is more-or-less synchronized to the position of the sun in the sky (for example, at midday the sun is roughly at its highest). Time zones become less meaningful closer to the geographic North Pole, where all lines of longitude converge.
  
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In most places on Earth, local time is determined by longitude, such that the time of day is more-or-less synchronized to the position of the sun in the sky (for example, at midday the sun is roughly at its highest). This line of reasoning fails at the North Pole, where the sun rises and sets only once per year, and all lines of longitude, and hence all time zones, converge. There is no permanent human presence at the North Pole and no particular time zone has been assigned. Polar expeditions may use any time zone that is convenient, such as Greenwich Mean Time, or the time zone of the country from which they departed.
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By convention, Greenwich Mean Time (GMT +0) (ZULU) is used at the pole itself, although some polar expeditions use whichever time zone is convenient, such as the time zone of the country from which they departed. Donovia?s Arctic regions span seven time zones; Greenland and Canada?s Arctic regions each span four. Arctic daylight hours are also exaggerated compared to lower latitudes. The vast majority of the Arctic population is concentrated in time zones GMT +1 (ALFA), GMT +2 (BRAVO), and GMT+3 (CHARLIE).
  
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Western time is based on scientific calculations and observations. From the sundial to the atomic clock, time relies on such measurements as the rotation of the earth to the number of oscillations of a particular atom. These are finite measurements of time which contrast drastically with the changeable calendar of the Sámi. The Western concept of time is not a product of experiential learning but rather a shared careful observation made by a relative minority of the population. Without a watch or clock, most Westerners would be unable to offer what they would consider an accurate estimate of the time. This is not true of Arctic indigenous peoples.
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All Arctic nations follow a Monday through Friday standard workweek, ranging from 38 to 40 hours per week. Paid leave and holidays vary by country, ranging from 22 to 42 annual days of paid leave in addition to weekends. In Donovia, workers in the extreme north receive additional mandatory paid leave., Donovia experimented with changing to permanent Daylight Savings Time, however they reverted back to standard time in 2014 and no longer make the summer shift to DST.
  
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= '''Arctic Indigenous European Peoples Concept of Time''' =
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== Key Dates, Time Periods, Events ==
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[[File:Daylight graph.png|thumb]]
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Measured time is dissociated from immediate perception in the Arctic. At most latitudes, the Sun does not rise at all near the winter solstice, with daylight limited to protracted periods of twilight. The Sun does not set near the summer solstice. The graphic below depicts hours of daylight/darkness throughout the year in two separate locations approximately 10? latitude of
  
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The majority of indigenous European persons in the Arctic are the Sámi (aka Saami or Laplanders). Sámi knowledge is based on experience in that knowledge was not obtained from a book or taught in classroom, but rather it was accumulated through repeated experiences of particular situations. Sámi time is based on the cycles of nature, particularly the yearly cycle of the reindeer.
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{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+'''MAXIMUM DAYLIGHT HOURS BY LATITUDE'''
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 +
 
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 +
 
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'''North Pole'''
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 +
 +
|Twilight Only
  
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Sámi concept of seasons are based on the eight reindeer life-cycles and prevailing weather conditions.
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25 SEP ? O6 OCT
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|Night
  
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{| class="wikitable"
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07 OCT ? 04 MAR
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|+'''Sámi Concept of Seasons'''
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|Twilight Only
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|'''Season'''
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|'''Explanation''' 
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05 MAR ? 17 MAR
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|Daylight
 +
 
 +
18 MAR ? 24 SEP
 
|-
 
|-
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|Spring-Winter  
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|
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|The herd begins the migration from  the forests to the calving grounds in the mountains
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 +
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'''Northernmost Permanent Settlement'''
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 +
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|Twilight Only 27 OCT ? 12 NOV
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|Night
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14 NOV ? 14 FEB
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|Twilight Only 15 FEB ? 17 APR
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|Daylight
 +
 
 +
18 APR ? 22 AUG
 
|-
 
|-
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|Spring 
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|
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|The temperature increases and the snow begins to melt. Reindeer calves are born
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 +
 +
 
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'''Arctic Circle'''
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|12 hours, 18 minutes
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22 SEP
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|2 hours, 11 minutes
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22 DEC
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|12 hours, 18 minutes
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20 MAR
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|Daylight
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06 JUN ? 05 JUL
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|}
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== Cultural Perception of Time (Cross-Border Indigenous Groups) ==
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The Inuit have a presence in North American Arctic countries. Cultural perceptions for time and by national groups will be covered in country-specific sections.
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 +
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the reindeer. They have a solar calendar with 12 months based on natural phenomena instead of set numbers of days. They traditionally use a transportable wooden or antler calendar to track these natural phenomena as well as religious days. are based on the eight reindeer life-cycles and prevailing weather conditions.
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{| class="wikitable"
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|+Saami Seasons
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!'''Season'''
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!'''Condition'''
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!'''Season'''
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!'''Condition'''
 
|-
 
|-
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|Pre-Summer 
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|'''''Spring-Winter'''''
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|The reindeer graze and the Sámi have some time to rest and prepare for the earmarking of the calves
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 +
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|'''''Pre-Autumn'''''
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|The to prepare for the harsh winter by choosing the
 
|-
 
|-
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|Summer  
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|'''''Spring'''''
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|Much of this season is bathed in twenty-four hour per day sunlight. During this time, earmarking takes place  to denote ownership
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 +
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|The temperature
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|'''''Autumn'''''
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 +
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|This is the season of rut. The reindeer mate prior to their return to
 
|-
 
|-
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|Pre-Autumn 
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|'''''Pre-Summer'''''
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|The  Sámi begin to prepare for the harsh winter by choosing the bull reindeer destined for slaughter
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 +
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|The reindeer to rest and prepare for the
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|'''''Pre-Winter'''''
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|The herders  lead the reindeer
 
|-
 
|-
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|Autumn 
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|'''''Summer'''''
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|This is the season of rut. The  reindeer mate prior to their return to the winter grounds
 
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|-
 
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|Pre-Winter 
 
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|The herders lead the reindeer out  of the mountains to the lowland bogs
 
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|-
 
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|Winter 
 
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|Under  a cover of twenty-four hour per day darkness, the Sámi move the reindeer to  the forest, the last place to find enough food to support the herd
 
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|}
 
  
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The Sámi divide their year into 12 months like the Western calendar. However, these are not set by a specific number of days. They are based on natural phenomena.
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|Much of this  season is bathed in twenty-four hour per day sunlight. During this time,
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|'''''Winter'''''
  
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To help track these times, the Sámi developed a wooden calendar in the mid-1800’s. The wooden calendar is divided in weeks and is easily transportable. Typically fabricated from wood or reindeer antler, this calendar was used to keep track of both natural phenomena and religious occurrences. Written in the runic alphabet, the wooden calendar was a useful tool in helping to preserve the balance between nature and religion as they denoted events in both realms. Crosses denote days of religious significance while fish and leaf sprigs denote various events in nature. By keeping track of time in this way, the Sámi could easily refer back to earlier times of the year in order to try to predict when the fishing season would be most bountiful or whether or not spring would arrive early or not.
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|Under a cover  of twenty-four hour per day darkness, the the reindeer to the forest, the last place to find enough food to support the
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|}
  
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=== Inuit ===
 +
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
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|+'''Sámi Months'''
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|+Inuit Seasons
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|'''Western'''
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!'''Season'''
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|'''Sámi'''  
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!'''Condition'''
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|'''Meaning'''  
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!'''Season'''
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|-
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!'''Condition'''
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|January
 
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|Ođđajagemánnu
 
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|New  Year Month
 
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|-
 
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|February
 
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|Guovvamánnu 
 
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|Unknown 
 
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|-
 
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|March
 
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|Njukčamánnu 
 
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|Swan  Month
 
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|-
 
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|April
 
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|Cuoŋománnu 
 
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|Snow  Crust Month
 
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|-
 
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|May
 
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|Miessemánnu 
 
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|Reindeer  Calf Month
 
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|-
 
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|June
 
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|Geassemánnu 
 
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|Summer  Month
 
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|-
 
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|July
 
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|Suiodnemánnu 
 
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|Hay  Month
 
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|-
 
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|August
 
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|Borgemánnu 
 
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|Molt  Month
 
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|-
 
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|September
 
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|Čakčamánnu 
 
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|Fall  Month
 
 
|-
 
|-
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|October
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|'''''Ukiuq'''''
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|Golggotmánnu  
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|Mid-January to Mid-March, Daylight returns but it remains cold, land is snow covered and sea  ice is present
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|Rut Month
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|'''''Aujuq'''''
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|Mid-July to Mid-September, Long daylight periods, Warmest time of the year, seas are open
 
|-
 
|-
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|November  
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|'''''Upingaksaaq'''''
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|Skábmamánnu 
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|Mid-March to  Mid-May, Long daylight periods but cold, land is snow-covered and sea ice is present
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|Dark-Period Month
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|'''''Ukiaqsaaq'''''
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|Mid-September  to Mid-November, Increasing periods of darkness, Snow covers land but seas are open
 
|-
 
|-
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|December
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|'''''Upingaaq'''''
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|Juovlamánnu  
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|Mid-May to Mid-July, Longest daylight periods, Land is snow free but sea ice is present
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|Yule Month
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|'''''Ukiaq'''''
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|Mid-November to Mid-January, Dark during daytime, sea ice is present
 
|}
 
|}
  
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=== Tactical Perception of Time ===
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The Arctic will always remain a unique temporal region and its impacts will always affect forces operating in high latitudes. The Arctic crosses all time zones and multiple geographic combatant commands, operational forces cannot expect to have ideal contemporaneous battle rhythm with parent commands. During summer, long periods of daylight will remove cover of darkness as a tool in planning operations. During winter, persistent night will require more widespread use of night vision technology.
  
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{{:Europe Linkbox}}
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Integrated planning and coordination with indigenous partner forces and local civil authorities may be challenging because of perceptions of expectations and communication of time.
  
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[[Category:DATE]]
 
[[Category:DATE]]
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[[Category:Arctic]]
 
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[[Category:Time]]
 

Latest revision as of 22:18, 7 February 2022

Overview

The Arctic is a unique temporal region because of the combined effects of international conventions on times and dates as well as the axial tilt of the Earth itself. In most places on Earth, local time is determined by longitude, such that the time of day is more-or-less synchronized to the position of the sun in the sky (for example, at midday the sun is roughly at its highest). Time zones become less meaningful closer to the geographic North Pole, where all lines of longitude converge.

By convention, Greenwich Mean Time (GMT +0) (ZULU) is used at the pole itself, although some polar expeditions use whichever time zone is convenient, such as the time zone of the country from which they departed. Donovia?s Arctic regions span seven time zones; Greenland and Canada?s Arctic regions each span four. Arctic daylight hours are also exaggerated compared to lower latitudes. The vast majority of the Arctic population is concentrated in time zones GMT +1 (ALFA), GMT +2 (BRAVO), and GMT+3 (CHARLIE).


Key Dates, Time Periods, Events

Daylight graph.png


Northernmost Permanent SettlementArctic Circle
MAXIMUM DAYLIGHT HOURS BY LATITUDE North Pole
Twilight Only

25 SEP ? O6 OCT

Night

07 OCT ? 04 MAR

Twilight Only

05 MAR ? 17 MAR

Daylight

18 MAR ? 24 SEP

Twilight Only 27 OCT ? 12 NOV Night

14 NOV ? 14 FEB

Twilight Only 15 FEB ? 17 APR Daylight

18 APR ? 22 AUG

12 hours, 18 minutes

22 SEP

2 hours, 11 minutes

22 DEC

12 hours, 18 minutes

20 MAR

Daylight

06 JUN ? 05 JUL

Cultural Perception of Time (Cross-Border Indigenous Groups)

Although there are dozens of indigenous circumpolar peoples, they account for less than ten percent of the Arctic population. Two major cross--specific sections.

=== -cycles and prevailing weather conditions.

Saami Seasons
Season Condition Season Condition
Spring-Winter


Pre-Autumn


Spring


Autumn


Pre-Summer


Pre-Winter


Summer


Much of this season is bathed in twenty- Winter


Under a cover of twenty-

Inuit

Inuit Seasons
Season Condition Season Condition
Ukiuq Mid-January to Mid-March, Daylight returns but it remains cold, land is snow covered and sea ice is present Aujuq Mid-July to Mid-September, Long daylight periods, Warmest time of the year, seas are open
Upingaksaaq Mid-March to Mid-May, Long daylight periods but cold, land is snow-covered and sea ice is present Ukiaqsaaq Mid-September to Mid-November, Increasing periods of darkness, Snow covers land but seas are open
Upingaaq Mid-May to Mid-July, Longest daylight periods, Land is snow free but sea ice is present Ukiaq Mid-November to Mid-January, Dark during daytime, sea ice is present

Tactical Perception of Time

The Arctic will always remain a unique temporal region and its impacts will always affect forces operating in high latitudes. The Arctic crosses all time zones and multiple geographic combatant commands, operational forces cannot expect to have ideal contemporaneous battle rhythm with parent commands. During summer, long periods of daylight will remove cover of darkness as a tool in planning operations. During winter, persistent night will require more widespread use of night vision technology.

Integrated planning and coordination with indigenous partner forces and local civil authorities may be challenging because of perceptions of expectations and communication of time.

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