Difference between revisions of "WEG Tier Table"
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| + | The OPFOR organization and equipment must support the entire spectrum of Contemporary Operational Environment in U.S. forces training. The COE OPFOR includes “hybrid threats”, and represents rational and adaptive adversaries for use in training applications and scenarios. The COE time period reflects current training as well as training extending through the Near Term. This chapter deals with current time frame systems. Lists of equipment on these tables offer convenient baseline examples arranged in capability tiers for use in composing OPFOR equipment arrays for training scenarios. For guidance on systems technology capabilities and trends after 2018, the user might look to Countermeasures, Upgrades, and Emerging Technology. Those tables offer capabilities tiers for Near and Mid-Term. | ||
| + | |||
| + | OPFOR equipment is broken into four “tiers” in order to portray systems for adversaries with differing levels of force capabilities for use as representative examples of a rational force developer’s systems mix. Equipment is listed in convenient tier tables for use as a tool for trainers to reflect different levels of modernity. Each tier provides an equivalent level of capability for systems across different functional areas. The tier tables are also another tool to identify systems in simulations to reflect different levels of modernity. The key to using the tables is to know the tier capability of the initial organizations to be provided. Tier 2 (default OPFOR level) reflects modern competitive systems fielded in significant numbers for the last 10 to 20 years. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Systems reflect specific capability mixes, which require specific systems data for portrayal in U.S. training simulations (live, virtual, and constructive). The OPFOR force contains a mix of systems in each tier and functional area which realistically vary in fielded age and generation. The tiers are less about age of the system than realistically reflecting capabilities to be mirrored in training. Systems and functional areas are not modernized equally and simultaneously. Forces have systems and material varying 10 to 30 years in age in a functional area. Often military forces emphasize upgrades in one functional area while neglecting upgrades in other functional areas. Force designers may also draw systems from higher or lower echelons with different tiers to supplement organizational assets. Our functional area analysts have tempered depiction of new and expensive systems to a fraction of the OPFOR force. The more common modernization approach for higher tier systems is to upgrade existing systems. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Some systems are used in both lower and higher tiers. Older 4x4 tactical utility vehicles which are 30 to 40 years old still offer effective support capability, and may extend across three tiers. Common use of some OPFOR systems also reduces database maintenance requirements. | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Tier 1''' systems are new or upgraded robust state-of-the-art systems marketed for sale, with at least limited fielding, and with capabilities and vulnerabilities representative of trends to be addressed in training. But a major military force with state-of-the-art technology may still have a mix of systems across different functional areas at Tier 1 and lower tiers in 2013. | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Tier 2''' reflects modern competitive systems fielded in significant numbers for the last 10 to 20 years, with limitations or vulnerabilities being diminished by available upgrades. Although forces are equipped for operations in all terrains and can fight day and night, their capability in range and speed for several key systems may be somewhat inferior to U.S. capability. | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Tier 3''' systems date back generally 30 to 40 years. They have limitations in all three subsystems categories: mobility, survivability and lethality. Systems and force integration are inferior. However, guns, missiles, and munitions can still challenge vulnerabilities of U.S. forces. Niche upgrades can provide synergistic and adaptive increases in force effectiveness. | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Tier 4''' systems reflect 40 to 50 year-old systems, some of which have been upgraded numerous times. These represent Third World or smaller developed countries’ forces and irregular forces. Use of effective strategy, adaptive tactics, niche technologies, and terrain limitations can enable a Tier 4 OPFOR to challenge U.S. force effectiveness in achieving its goals. The tier includes militia, guerrillas, special police, and other forces. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Please note: '''''No force in the world has all systems at the most modern tier.''''' Even the best force in the world has a mix of state-of-the-art (Tier 1) systems, as well as mature (Tier 2), and somewhat dated (Tier 3) legacy systems. Many of the latter systems have been upgraded to some degree, but may exhibit limitations from their original state of technology. Even modern systems recently purchased may be considerably less than state-of-the-art, due to budget constraints and limited user training and maintenance capabilities. Thus, even new systems may not exhibit Tier 1 or Tier 2 capabilities. As later forces field systems with emerging technologies, legacy systems may be employed to be more suitable, may be upgraded, and continue to be competitive. '''''Adversaries with lower tier systems can use adaptive technologies and tactics, or obtain niche technology systems to challenge advantages of a modern force.''''' | ||
| + | |||
| + | A major emphasis in an OPFOR is flexibility in use of forces and in doctrine. This also means OPFOR having flexibility, given rational and justifiable force development methodology, to adapt the systems mix to support doctrine and plans. The tiers provide the baseline list for determining the force mix, based on scenario criteria. The OPFOR compensates for capability limitations by using innovative and adaptive tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP). Some of these limitations may be caused by the lack of sophisticated equipment or integration capability, or by insufficient numbers. Forces can be tailored in accordance with OPFOR guidance to form tactical groups. | ||
| + | |||
| + | An OPFOR force developer has the option to make selective adjustments such as use of niche technology upgrades such as in tanks, cruise missiles, or rotary-wing aircraft, to offset U.S. advantages (see WEG Chapter 15, Equipment Upgrades). Forces may include systems from outside of the overall force capability level. A Tier 3 force might have a few systems from Tier 1 or 2. The authors will always be ready to assist a developer in selecting niche systems and upgrades for use in OPFOR portrayal. Scenario developers should be able to justify changes and systems selected. With savvy use of TTP and systems, all tiers may offer challenging OPFOR capabilities for training. The Equipment Substitution Matrices can help force designers find weapons to substitute, to reflect those best suited for specific training scenarios. | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
===Dismounted Infantry=== | ===Dismounted Infantry=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;width:90%;" | {| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;width:90%;" | ||
Revision as of 19:19, 9 October 2018
The OPFOR organization and equipment must support the entire spectrum of Contemporary Operational Environment in U.S. forces training. The COE OPFOR includes “hybrid threats”, and represents rational and adaptive adversaries for use in training applications and scenarios. The COE time period reflects current training as well as training extending through the Near Term. This chapter deals with current time frame systems. Lists of equipment on these tables offer convenient baseline examples arranged in capability tiers for use in composing OPFOR equipment arrays for training scenarios. For guidance on systems technology capabilities and trends after 2018, the user might look to Countermeasures, Upgrades, and Emerging Technology. Those tables offer capabilities tiers for Near and Mid-Term.
OPFOR equipment is broken into four “tiers” in order to portray systems for adversaries with differing levels of force capabilities for use as representative examples of a rational force developer’s systems mix. Equipment is listed in convenient tier tables for use as a tool for trainers to reflect different levels of modernity. Each tier provides an equivalent level of capability for systems across different functional areas. The tier tables are also another tool to identify systems in simulations to reflect different levels of modernity. The key to using the tables is to know the tier capability of the initial organizations to be provided. Tier 2 (default OPFOR level) reflects modern competitive systems fielded in significant numbers for the last 10 to 20 years.
Systems reflect specific capability mixes, which require specific systems data for portrayal in U.S. training simulations (live, virtual, and constructive). The OPFOR force contains a mix of systems in each tier and functional area which realistically vary in fielded age and generation. The tiers are less about age of the system than realistically reflecting capabilities to be mirrored in training. Systems and functional areas are not modernized equally and simultaneously. Forces have systems and material varying 10 to 30 years in age in a functional area. Often military forces emphasize upgrades in one functional area while neglecting upgrades in other functional areas. Force designers may also draw systems from higher or lower echelons with different tiers to supplement organizational assets. Our functional area analysts have tempered depiction of new and expensive systems to a fraction of the OPFOR force. The more common modernization approach for higher tier systems is to upgrade existing systems.
Some systems are used in both lower and higher tiers. Older 4x4 tactical utility vehicles which are 30 to 40 years old still offer effective support capability, and may extend across three tiers. Common use of some OPFOR systems also reduces database maintenance requirements.
Tier 1 systems are new or upgraded robust state-of-the-art systems marketed for sale, with at least limited fielding, and with capabilities and vulnerabilities representative of trends to be addressed in training. But a major military force with state-of-the-art technology may still have a mix of systems across different functional areas at Tier 1 and lower tiers in 2013.
Tier 2 reflects modern competitive systems fielded in significant numbers for the last 10 to 20 years, with limitations or vulnerabilities being diminished by available upgrades. Although forces are equipped for operations in all terrains and can fight day and night, their capability in range and speed for several key systems may be somewhat inferior to U.S. capability.
Tier 3 systems date back generally 30 to 40 years. They have limitations in all three subsystems categories: mobility, survivability and lethality. Systems and force integration are inferior. However, guns, missiles, and munitions can still challenge vulnerabilities of U.S. forces. Niche upgrades can provide synergistic and adaptive increases in force effectiveness.
Tier 4 systems reflect 40 to 50 year-old systems, some of which have been upgraded numerous times. These represent Third World or smaller developed countries’ forces and irregular forces. Use of effective strategy, adaptive tactics, niche technologies, and terrain limitations can enable a Tier 4 OPFOR to challenge U.S. force effectiveness in achieving its goals. The tier includes militia, guerrillas, special police, and other forces.
Please note: No force in the world has all systems at the most modern tier. Even the best force in the world has a mix of state-of-the-art (Tier 1) systems, as well as mature (Tier 2), and somewhat dated (Tier 3) legacy systems. Many of the latter systems have been upgraded to some degree, but may exhibit limitations from their original state of technology. Even modern systems recently purchased may be considerably less than state-of-the-art, due to budget constraints and limited user training and maintenance capabilities. Thus, even new systems may not exhibit Tier 1 or Tier 2 capabilities. As later forces field systems with emerging technologies, legacy systems may be employed to be more suitable, may be upgraded, and continue to be competitive. Adversaries with lower tier systems can use adaptive technologies and tactics, or obtain niche technology systems to challenge advantages of a modern force.
A major emphasis in an OPFOR is flexibility in use of forces and in doctrine. This also means OPFOR having flexibility, given rational and justifiable force development methodology, to adapt the systems mix to support doctrine and plans. The tiers provide the baseline list for determining the force mix, based on scenario criteria. The OPFOR compensates for capability limitations by using innovative and adaptive tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP). Some of these limitations may be caused by the lack of sophisticated equipment or integration capability, or by insufficient numbers. Forces can be tailored in accordance with OPFOR guidance to form tactical groups.
An OPFOR force developer has the option to make selective adjustments such as use of niche technology upgrades such as in tanks, cruise missiles, or rotary-wing aircraft, to offset U.S. advantages (see WEG Chapter 15, Equipment Upgrades). Forces may include systems from outside of the overall force capability level. A Tier 3 force might have a few systems from Tier 1 or 2. The authors will always be ready to assist a developer in selecting niche systems and upgrades for use in OPFOR portrayal. Scenario developers should be able to justify changes and systems selected. With savvy use of TTP and systems, all tiers may offer challenging OPFOR capabilities for training. The Equipment Substitution Matrices can help force designers find weapons to substitute, to reflect those best suited for specific training scenarios.
Contents
Dismounted Infantry
| System | Tier 1 | Tier 2 | Tier 3 | Tier 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infantry Flame Launcher | (Shmel) RPO-M | RPO-A | RPO | LPO-50 |
| Lt AT Disposable Launcher | Armbrust | Armbrust | Armbrust | RPG-18; M72 LAW |
| AT Disposable Launcher | RPG-30/32/28 | RPG-27 | RPG-26 | RPG-22 |
| AT Grenade Lcher (ATGL) | Panzerfaust 3-IT600 | Panzerfaust 3 T-600; RPG-29 | Carl Gustaf M3 | RPG-7V |
| Long-Range ATGL | PF-98 Mounted/Tripod (@ Bn) | RPG-29 Tripod / Mounted | SPG-9M (Imp) | SPG-9 |
| Heavy ATGM Man-Portable | Eryx SR-ATGM | Eryx SR-ATGM | M79/Type 65-1 Recoilless | M67 Recoilless Rifle |
| Light Auto Grenade Launcher | QLZ-87 (Light Configuration); QLZ-87B | W-87 | W-87 | W-87 |
| Auto Grenade Launcher | CIS-40 w/Air-Burst Munitions/ AGS-30; QLZ-87 (Heavy Configuration) | AGS-17 | AGS-17 | AGS-17 |
| Heavy Machine Gun | KORD | NSV | NSV | DShk; M2 Browning |
| General Purpose MG | PKM Pechneg | PKM | PKM | PKM |
| Anti-Materiel Rifle | [null M107A1( .50 Cal); 6S8 and 6S8-1 (12.7mm)] | M82A1( .50 Cal); OSV-96 (12.7mm) | M82A1( .50 Cal) | M82A1( .50 Cal) |
| Sniper Rifle | SVD | SVD | SVD | Mosin-Nagant |
| Assault Rifle | AK-74M | AK-74M | AKM | AKM |
| Carbine | AKS-74U | AKS-74U | AK-47 Krinkov | AK-47 Krinkov |
| Company-Dismount ATGM | Spike-LR ATGM Launcher | Spike-MR ATGM Launcher | AT-13 | AT-7 |
| Battalion-Dismount ATGMs | Kornet-E Launcher (1 team) OR Starstreak-SL AD/AT (1 team) | Kornet-E ATGM Lchr | AT-5B | AT-5 |
Combat Vehicles
| System | Tier 1 | Tier 2 | Tier 3 | Tier 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infantry Fighting Vehicle | BMP-2M Berezhok | BMP-2M | AMX-10P | BMP-1PG |
| Infantry IFSV for IFV | BMP-2M Berezhok | BMP-2M w/Kornet/SA-18 | AMX-10 w/AT-5B/SA-16 | BMP-1PG w/ AT-5/SA-16 |
| Amphibious IFV | BMP-3UAE/AT-10B | BMP-3UAE/AT-10B | BMD-2/AT-5B | BMP-1PG/AT-5 |
| Amphibious IFV IFSV | BMP-3UAE/AT-10B | BMP-3UAE/AT-10B | BMD-2/AT-5B | BMD-1PG w/AT-5/SA-16 |
| Armored Personnel Carrier | BTR-3E1/AT-5B | BTR-80A | BTR-80 | M113A1 |
| Amphibious APC | BTR-90 | BTR-80A | WZ-551 | VTT-323 |
| Amphibious APC IFSV | BTR-90/AT-5B/SA-24 | BTR-80A w/Kornet-E/SA-18 | WZ-551 w/AT-5B/SA-16 | VTT-323 w/AT-3C/SA-14 |
| Airborne IFV | BMD-3 | BMD-3 | BMD-2 | BMD-1P |
| Airborne APC | BTR-D | BTR-D | BTR-D | BTR-D |
| Airborne APC IFSV | BTR-D w/Kornet-E, SA-24 | BTR-D w/Kornet-E/SA-18 | BTR-D w/AT-5B/SA-16 | BTR-D w/AT-5, SA-14 |
| Heavy IFV/Heavy IFSV | BMP-3M/w Kornet-E, SA-24 | BMP-3UAE/Kornet-E, SA-18 | Marder 1A1/MILAN 2, SA-16 | BMP-1PG/w SA-14 |
| Combat Recon Vehicle | BRM-3K/Kredo M1 | BRM-3K | BRM-1K | EE-9 |
| Abn/Amphib Recon CRV | BMD-3/Kredo M1 | BMD-3K | BMD-1PK | BMD-1K |
| Armored Scout Car | BRDM-2M-98/Zbik-A | BRDM-2 M-97/Zbik-B | Fox | BRDM-2 |
| Sensor Recon Vehicle | HJ-62C | HJ-62C | BRM-1K | BRM-1K |
| AT Recon Vehicle | PRP-4MU (w/Kredo-M1) | PRP-4M (w/PSNR-5M) | PRP-4 (w/PSNR-5K) | PRP-3 (w/SMALL FRED) |
| Armored Command Vehicle | BMP-1KshM | BMP-1KShM | BMP-1KSh | BMP-1KSh |
| Abn/Amphib ACV | BMD-1KShM | BMD-1KShM | BMD-1KShM | 1KShM |
| Wheeled ACV | BTR-80/Kushetka-B | BTR-80/Kushetka-B | BTR-60PU/BTR-145BM | BTR-60PU/BTR-145BM |
Tanks & Anti-Tank Vehicles
| System | Tier 1 | Tier 2 | Tier 3 | Tier 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main Battle Tank | T-90A/AT-11 Refleks 5km | T-72BM / AT-11 Svir 4km | Type 59-11 105mm/AT-10 | T-55AMV |
| Amphibious Tank | Type 63A 105mm/AT-10 | Type 63A 105mm | M1985 85mm/AT-3 | PT-76B |
| Tracked Heavy Armored CV | 2S25 | AMX-10 PAC 90 | AMX-13 | M41A3 |
| Wheeled Heavy Armored CV | Carousel 120 | AMX-10RC Desert Storm | AMX 10RC | EE-9 |
| Div ATGM Launcher Vehicle | 9P157-2/Krizantema-S | 9P149 w/AT-9 Ataka | 9P149 w/AT-6 | 9P148/AT-5 |
| Bde ATGM Veh Tracked | 9P162 w/Kornet | AMX-10 HOT 3 | AMX-10 HOT 2 | Type 85/Red Arrow-8A |
| Bde ATGM Veh Wheeled | BMD-3 | VBL w/Kvartet, Kornet | 9P148/AT-5B | Jeep/Red Arrow-8A |
| Abn ATGM Launcher Veh | VBL MK2 w/Kvartet, Kornet | VBL w/Kvartet, Kornet | BMD-2 with AT-5B | BMD-1P with AT-5 |
| Hvy ATGM Launcher Veh | 9P157/Mokopa | 9P149 w/Ataka | 9P149 w/AT-6 9P148/AT-5 | |
| NLOS ATGM Launcher Veh | AMX-13Nimrod-3 | Type 92B/Nimrod | -- | -- |
| Div Towed AT Gun | 2A45MR | 2A45M | MT-12 | MT-12 |
| Bde Towed AT Gun | 2A45MR | MT-12R | MT-12 | M40A1 |
Combat Support Vehicles
| System | Tier 1 | Tier 2 | Tier 3 | Tier 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Motorcycle | Gear-Up (2-man) | Gear-Up (2-man) | Motorcycle (2-man) | Motorcycle (2-man) |
| Tactical Utility Vehicle | VBL MK2 | VBL | UAZ-469 | UAZ-469 |
| Armored Multi-purpose | MT-LB6MB | MT-LB6MA | MT-LBu | MT-LB |
| All Terrain-Vehicle | Supacat | Supacat | LUAZ-967M | LUAZ-967M |
Indirect Fire Systems & IDF-Related
| System | Tier 1 | Tier 2 | Tier 3 | Tier 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mortar/Combo Gun Tracked | 2S9-1 | 2S9-1 | 2S9-1 | M106A2 |
| Mortar/Combo Gun Wheeled | 2S23 | 2S23 | 2S12 | M-1943 |
| Towed Mortar or Combo Gun | Type 86 or 2B16 | Type 86 or 2B16 | M75 or MO-120-RT | M-1943 |
| 82-mm Mortar | Type 84 | Type 84 | Type 69 | M-1937 |
| 82-mm Auto Mortar | 2B9 | 2B9 | 2B9 | 2B14-1 |
| 60-mm Mortar | Type 90 | Type 90 | Type 63-1 | Type 63-1 |
| Towed Light Howitzer | D-30 | D-30 | D-30 | D-30 |
| Towed Medium How/Gun | G5 | 2A65 | 2A36 | D-20 |
| Self-Propelled Howitzer | 2S19M1-155, G6, AU-F1T | G6, 2S19M1 | 2S3M1 | 2S3M |
| Multiple Rocket Launcher | 9A51/Prima | 9A51/Prima | BM-21-1 | BM-21 |
| Light MRL/Vehicle Mount | Type 63-1 | Type 63-1 | Type 63-1 | Type 63 |
| Heavy MRL | 9A52-2 and 9P140 | 9A52-2 and 9P140 | 9P140 | Fadjr-3 |
| 1-Round Rocket Launcher | 9P132 | 9P132 | 9P132 | 9P132 |
| Amphibious SP How | 2S1M | 2S1M | 2S1 | 2S1 |
| Artillery Cmd Recon Veh | 1V13M w/1D15, 1V119 | 1V13M w/1D15, 1V119 | 1V13, 1V119 | 1V18/19, 1V110 |
| ACRV, Wheeled | 1V152, 1V110 | 1V152, 1V119, 1V110 | 1V119, 1V110 | 1V18/19, 1V110 |
| Mobile Recon Vehicle | PRP-4MU (w/Kredo-M1) | PRP-4M (w/PSNR-5M) | PRP-4 (w/PSNR-5K) | PRP-3 (w/SMALL FRED) |
| Arty Locating Radar | 1L-259U, 1L-219 | 1L-220U, 1L-219 | ARK-1M | Cymbeline |
| Sound Ranging System | SORAS 6 | SORAS 6 | AZK-7 | AZK-5 |
| Flame Weapon | TOS-1 | TOS-1 | Type 762 MRL | OT-55 Flame Tank |
Reconnaissance
| System | Tier 1 | Tier 2 | Tier 3 | Tier 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ground Surveillance Radar | Kredo-1E | Kredo-M1 | PSNR-5M/Kredo-M | PSNR-5/TALL MIKE/Kredo |
| Man-portable Radar | FARA-1E | FARA-1E | N/A | N/A |
| Unattended Ground Sensors | BSA Digital Net | BSA Digital Net | N/A | N/A |
| Remote TV/IR Monitor | Sirene IR | Sosna | N/A | N/A |
| Thermal Night Viewer | Sophie LR | Sophie/NVG 2 Gen II | NVG 2 Gen II | NVG 1Gen II |
| Laser Target Designator | DHY-307 | DHY-307 | 1D15 | |
| Laser Rangefinder/Gonio-meter Fire Control System | Vector/SG12 with Sophie-LR | Vector/SG12 with Sophie | PAB-2M | PAB-2 |
Engineer Systems
| System | Tier 1 | Tier 2 | Tier 3 | Tier 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wheeled Minelaying Systems | PMZ-4 | PMR-3 | Istrice VS-MTLU-1 | |
| Tracked Minelaying Systems | GMZ-3 | GMZ-2 | GMZ | |
| Scatterable Mine Systems | PKM Man-Portable Minelayer | UMZ | Istrice VS-MTLU-1 | -- |
| Route Recon Systems | IPR | IRM | -- | -- |
| Route Clearing Systems | IMR-2M | IMR-2 | BAT-2 | BAT-M |
| Bridging Systems | TMM | PMP Pontoon Bridge | MT-55A | -- |
Electronic Warfare
| System | Tier 1 | Tier 2 | Tier 3 | Tier 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ground-Based ESM | Meerkat-S | Weasel 2000 | MCS90 Tamara | R-703/709 |
| Ground-Based EA | CICADA-C | TRC 274 | Pelena-6 | R-330 T/B |
| TACSAT EA | CICADA-R | GSY 1800 | Liman P2 | R-934B |
| Radar EA | BOQ-X300 | CBJ-40 Bome | Pelena-1 | SPN-2/4 |
| GPS EA | Aviaconversia TDS | Optima III | Aviaconversia | -- |
| UAV-Based EA | Fox TX/Barrage | ASN-207/JN-1102 | Yastreb-2MB/AJ-045A | Muecke/Hummel |
Communications
| System | Tier 1 | Tier 2 | Tier 3 | Tier 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Radio VHF, Hand-Held | Panther-P | TRC5102 | ACH42 | R31K |
| Radio, SPF | Scimitar-H | PRC138 | PVS5300 | PRC104 |
| Radio VHF, Veh Medium Pwr | Panther | Jaguar-V | R163-50U | R173M |
| Radio HF/VHF, Veh Med Pwr | M3TR | RF5000 | XK2000 | R123M |
| Satellite Systems | Syracuse-III | Feng Huo-1 | Mayak | Molinya 1 |
| Global Navigation Sattellite | NAVSTAR | GLONASS | Beidou | Galileo |
| Operational Comms | RL402A | R423-1 | KSR8 | R161-5 |
| Tac Wide Area Network | EriTac | RITA | N/A | N/A |
| IBMS Network | Pakistani IBMS | Pakistani IBMS | N/A | N/A |