Infrastructure:Arctic
Contents
Infrastructure Overview
Infrastructure is composed of the basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society. Infrastructure in the Arctic requires significant hardening against extended deep cold and the rapid freeze-thaw cycle. Buildings will require extensive piering and footings drilled into bedrock as protection against frost heaves. Most countries have limited logistical support in theater, a short working season, and the need to protect against ice damage after building and installation. See each country’s infrastructure variable for details on roads, rail, airports, and seaports.
Transportation
Most transport in the Arctic is done using sea lanes or air transport.
Air Transportation
The American Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) defines the North Polar area of operations as the area north of 78° N latitude, which is north of Alaska and most of Siberia. Civilian aircraft like the Boeing 747-400, 747-8, 777-200ER, 777-200LR, 777-300ER and Boeing 787 as well as the Airbus A340, A350 and A380, with ranges of around 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km) or more, are required in order to travel the long distances nonstop between suitable airports. The FAA is anticipating increased traffic in the future and has revised its rules to include recovery and diversion plans, and certification to operate in areas of magnetic unreliability.[1]
Arctic polar routes are now common on airlines connecting Asian cities to North American cities. Emirates flies nonstop from Dubai to the U.S. west coast (San Francisco, Seattle and Los Angeles), coming within a few degrees of latitude of the North Pole.[2]
Maritime Transportation
The International Maritime Organization implemented the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters, also known as the “Polar Code” in 2014. This new code was an addition to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. The Polar Code affects ship design, construction equipment, operations, training, and SAR pertaining to ships operating in Arctic and Antarctic waters. To assist in the implementation of the Polar Code, the Arctic Council developed a Web portal at www.arcticshipping.is containing hydrographic, meteorological, and ice data information needed to plan for safe and environmentally sound navigation in the Arctic.
The following tables is the world’s major icebreaker fleet as of May 2017.[3] Vessels were selected and organized based on their installed power measured in Brake Horse Power (BHP). Vessels with less than 10,000 BHP (such as the ones operating in the U.S. Great Lakes) were not considered to be capable of independent Arctic operations. Vessels are ordered by age, youngest first, within power groupings. The Baltic icebreakers are designed to operate solely in seasonal, first-year Baltic Sea ice. The ones listed below meet the horsepower criteria for polar operations. However, most Baltic icebreakers have not operated in the Arctic due to concerns with open-water transits. Finally, the tables below do not address whether the crews are military or civilian.
| Donovia | ||
| Ship | BHP | Notes |
| 50 Let Pobedy | > 45,000 | Launched in 2007. Nuclear powered. Government owned. Been to North Pole. |
| Sovetsky Soyuz | > 45,000 | Launched in 1990, refit 2014. Nuclear powered. Government owned. Currently unavailable. Been to North Pole. |
| Rossiya | > 45,000 | Launched in 1985, refit 2007. Nuclear powered. Government owned. Currently unavailable. Been to North Pole. |
| Yamal | > 45,000 | Launched in 1993. Nuclear powered. Government owned. Been to North Pole. |
| Vaygach | > 45,000 | Launched in 1990, refit 2016. Nuclear powered. Government owned. |
| Taymyr | > 45,000 | Launched in 1989. Nuclear powered. Government owned. |
| Arktika | > 45,000 | Under construction. Expected 2019. Nuclear powered. Government owned. |
| Sibir | > 45,000 | Under construction. Expected 2020. Nuclear powered. Government owned. |
| Ural | > 45,000 | Under construction. Expected 2021. Nuclear powered. Government owned. |
| Leader-Class | > 45,000 | Planned for 2024. Nuclear powered. Government owned. |
| Project 10570 | > 45,000 | Planned for TBD. Nuclear powered. Government owned. |
| Gennadiy Nevelskoy | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 2017. Commercial vessel. |
| Novorossisk | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 2016. Government owned. Designed for Baltic use. |
| Murmansk | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 2015. Government owned. Designed for Baltic use. |
| Vladivostok | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 2015. Government owned. Designed for Baltic use. |
| Sevmorput | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1988, refit 2015. Nuclear powered. Government owned. |
| Alexey Chirikov | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 2013. Commercial vessel. |
| Vitus Bering | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 2012. Commercial vessel. |
| Akademik Tryoshnikov | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 2011. Government owned. |
| Varandei | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 2008. Commercial vessel. |
| St. Petersburg | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 2008. Government owned. Designed for Baltic use. |
| Moskva | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 2007. Government owned. Designed for Baltic use. |
| Vladislav Strizhov | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 2006. Commercial vessel. |
| Yuri Topchev | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 2006. Commercial vessel. |
| Pacific Enterprise | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 2006. Commercial vessel. |
| Pacific Endeavor | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 2006. Commercial vessel. |
| Pacific Endurance | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 2006. Commercial vessel. |
| Kapitan Dranitsyn | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1980, refit in 1999. Government owned. Been to North Pole. |
| Kapitan Sorokin | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1977, refit in 1990. Government owned. |
| Akademik Fedorov | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1987. Government owned. Been to North Pole. |
| Vladimir Ignatyuk | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1983. Government owned. |
| Kapitan Khlebnikov | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1981. Government owned. |
| Kapitan Nikolayev | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1978. Government owned. |
| Krasin | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1976. Government owned. |
| Admiral Makarov | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1975. Government owned. |
| Yermak | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1974. Government owned. |
| Fedor Ushakov | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Started in 2017. Under construction. Commercial vessel. |
| Stepan Makarov | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Started in 2017. Under construction. Commercial vessel. |
| Mikhail Lazarev | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Started in 2017. Under construction. Commercial vessel. |
| Viktor Chernomyrdin | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Started in 2017. Under construction. Government owned. |
| Aleksandr Sennikov | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Started in 2017. Under construction. Government owned. |
| Aker Arc 130A | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Started in 2017. Under construction. Government owned. |
| Ivan Papanin | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
To be started in 2019. Government owned. |
| Nikolay Zubov | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Planned for 2020. Government owned. |
| Project Tundra | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Planned for 2020. Commercial vessel. |
| Aleut | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 2016. Commercial vessel. |
| Pomor | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 2016. Commercial vessel. |
| Norman | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 2016. Commercial vessel. |
| Baltika | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 2015. Government owned. |
| Toboi | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 2008. Commercial vessel. |
| SCF Sakhalin | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 2005. Commercial vessel. |
| Ivan Papanin | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1990. Commercial vessel. |
| Vasiliy Golovnin | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1987. Commercial vessel. |
| Vengeri | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1983. Government owned. |
| Dikson | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1983. Government owned. |
| Mudyug | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1982. Government owned. |
| Magadan | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1982. Government owned. |
| Kigoriak | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1979. Government owned. |
| Dudinka | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1969. Government owned. |
| Tor | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1964. Government owned. |
| Ob | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Started in 2018. Under construction. Commercial vessel. |
Donovia intends to increase its nuclear icebreaker fleet by 2028.
| Canada | ||
| Ship | BHP | Notes |
| John G. Diefenbaker | > 45,000 | Planned for 2022. Government owned. |
| Louis St. Laurent | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1969, refit 1993. Government owned. Been to North Pole. |
| Terry Fox | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1983. Government owned. Been to North Pole. |
| Amundsen | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1979, refit 2013. Government owned. |
| Henry Larsen | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1988. Government owned. |
| Sir Wilfrid Laurier | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1986. Government owned. |
| DesGroselliers | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1983. Government owned. |
| Pierred Radison | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1978. Government owned. |
| Harry Dewolf | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Under construction in 2018. Government owned. |
| Margaret Brooke | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Under construction in 2019. Government owned. |
| Max Bernays | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Planned for 2020. Government owned. |
| William Hall | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Planned for 2020. Government owned. |
| Frederick Rollette | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Planned for 2021. Government owned. |
| Robert Hampton Grey | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Planned for 2022. Government owned. |
| Bothnia | ||
| Ship | BHP | Notes |
| Polaris | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 2016. Government owned. |
| Nordica | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1994. Government owned. |
| Fennica | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1993. Government owned. |
| Kontio | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1987. Government owned. Designed for Baltic use. |
| Otso | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1986. Government owned. Designed for Baltic use. |
| Sisu | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1976. Government owned. Designed for Baltic use. |
| Urho | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1975. Government owned. Designed for Baltic use. |
| Hermes | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1983. Commercial vessel. |
| Thetis | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1983. Commercial vessel. |
| Voima | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1954, refit 1979. Government owned. Designed for Baltic use. |
| Torrike | ||
| Ship | BHP | Notes |
| Oden | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1989. Government owned. |
| Ymer | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1977. Government owned. Designed for Baltic use. |
| Frej | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1975. Government owned. Designed for Baltic use. |
| Atle | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 1974. Government owned. Designed for Baltic use. |
| Baltic Icebreaker | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Planned for 2021. Government owned. Designed for Baltic use. |
| Baltic Icebreaker | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Planned for 2025. Government owned. Designed for Baltic use. |
| Arctic Icebreaker | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Planned for 2030. Government owned. |
| Tor Viking II | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 2011. Commercial vessel. |
| Balder Viking | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 2011. Commercial vessel. |
| Vidar Viking | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 2001. Commercial vessel. |
| United States of America | ||
| Ship | BHP | Notes |
| Polar Sea | > 45,000 | Launched 1978, refit 2006. Government owned. Currently unavailable. Been to North Pole. |
| Polar Star | > 45,000 | Launched 1976, refit 2013. Government owned. |
| USCG Polar Icebreaker | > 45,000 | Planned for 2023. Government owned. |
| USCG Polar Icebreaker | > 45,000 | Planned for 2025. Government owned. |
| USCG Polar Icebreaker | > 45,000 | Planned for 2026. Government owned. |
| Healy | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 2000. Government owned. Been to North Pole. |
| Alviq | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 2012. Government owned. |
| Nathaniel B. Palmer | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1992. Government owned. |
| Denmark | ||
| Ship | BHP | Notes |
| Brage Viking | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 2012. Commercial vessel. Designed for Baltic use. |
| Magne Viking | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 2011. Commercial vessel. Designed for Baltic use. |
| Loke Viking | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 2011. Commercial vessel. Designed for Baltic use. |
| Njord Viking | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 2011. Commercial vessel. Designed for Baltic use. |
| People’s Republic of Olvana | ||
| Ship | BHP | Notes |
| Xue Long | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1993. Government owned. |
| Haibing 722 | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 2016. Government owned. |
| Haibing 723 | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 2016. Government owned. |
| Polar Support Vehicle | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Under construction in 2019. Government owned. |
| Norway | ||
| Ship | BHP | Notes |
| Svalbard | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 2002. Government owned. |
| Kronprins Haakon | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Under construction in 2017. Government owned. |
| Estonia | ||
| Ship | BHP | Notes |
| Botnica | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1998. Government owned. |
| Tarmo | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1963. Government owned. |
| Australia | ||
| Ship | BHP | Notes |
| Aurora Australis | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1990. Government owned. |
| Polar Support Vessel | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Under construction in 2020. Government owned. |
| Germany | ||
| Ship | BHP | Notes |
| Polarstern | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1982, refit in 2001. Commercial vessel. Been to North Pole. |
| Aurora Borealis | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Under construction in 2020. Government owned. |
| Chile | ||
| Ship | BHP | Notes |
| Almirante Oscar Viel | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1967. Government owned. |
| Polar Support Vessel | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Under construction in 2021. Government owned. |
| South Torbia | ||
| Ship | BHP | Notes |
| Shirase | > 20,000
< 45,000 |
Launched in 2009. Government owned. |
| Araon | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 2009. Government owned. |
| South Africa | ||
| Ship | BHP | Notes |
| Agulhas | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 2012. Government owned. |
| Latvia | ||
| Ship | BHP | Notes |
| Varma | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1968. Government owned. Designed for Baltic use. |
| Argentina | ||
| Ship | BHP | Notes |
| Almirante Irizar | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Launched in 1978, refit in 2017. Government owned. |
| United Kingdom | ||
| Ship | BHP | Notes |
| Sir David Attenborough | > 10,000
< 20,000 |
Under construction in 2019. Government owned. |
Infrastructure for Torrike and Bothnia
See the Infrastructure Variable for each country for details.
Donovia
In 2014, Donovia published a strategy paper for the development of the Arctic region and national security through 2028. This paper identifies six major development priorities for the Arctic region:
- Integrated socio-economic development of the Arctic zone of Donovia
- Development of science and technology
- Modernized information and telecommunication infrastructure
- Environmental security
- International cooperation in the Arctic
- Provision of military security, protection, and protection of the state border of Donovia in the Arctic
The paper identified risks and threats to achieving these goals. These included:
- Extreme climatic conditions, including low temperatures, strong winds and the presence of ice in the waters of the Arctic seas
- The localized nature of industrial and economic development of the areas and low population density
- The distance from the main industrial centers, high resource use and associated economic activities and livelihoods on supplies from other regions of Donovia of fuel, food and essential commodities
- Low stability of ecological systems, defining the biological balance and climate, and their dependence even from minor anthropogenic influences
- Donovian lack of modern technical means and technologies for exploration and development of offshore hydrocarbon fields in the Arctic
- Depreciation of fixed assets, particularly transport, industrial and energy infrastructure
- Underdevelopment of basic transport infrastructure, its marine and continental components, aging icebreaker fleet, lack of small aircraft
- High energy consumption and low efficiency of extraction of natural resources, the costs of production in the northern no effective compensatory mechanisms, low productivity
- Insufficient development of navigation-hydrographic and hydrometeorological support of navigation
- Lack of permanent complex space monitoring of the Arctic territories and waters dependence on foreign sources of funds and information management of all activities in the Arctic (including interaction with aircraft and vessels)
- Lack of modern information and telecommunication infrastructure that enables the provision of services to the population and economic entities across the Arctic region of Donovia
- Lack of development of the energy system, and the irrational structure of generating capacity, high cost of electricity generation and transportation
Donovia is committed to overcoming these challenges, especially in infrastructure. They see implementation of large infrastructure projects as key to success. This includes the development of the Timan-Pechora and hydrocarbon deposits on the continental shelf of the Barents, Pechora and Kara seas, the Yamal Peninsula and Gydan. They plan to build a science-based marine service complex, including the marine exploration, the use of fiber-optic and satellite communication systems, and monitoring systems, mobile radio communications and wireless access to information and telecommunications network "Internet". The Donovians see the Northern Sea Route as a key transportation hub. They intend to make it a national marine highway-oriented year-round operation, which includes river and railway communications and airport networks. This effort will include all supporting infrastructure. Arctic ports and industrial complexes will be modernized and railway lines will tie them into the greater Donovia. Housing, medical, training, and educational infrastructure will be improved as a priority national project. This aggressive effort is due to be complete by 2028.
Greenland
The transportation system in Greenland has no railways, no inland waterways, and virtually no roads between towns. The majority of transportation is done by air year-round, boats in summer, and dog sleds in winter.
Energy Production
Renewable energy makes up 70% of the public energy supply via the power supply company, Nukissiorfiit. Greenland’s hydroelectric plants include:
| Hydroelectric Plant | Year Operational | Output |
| Buksefjord Power Station at Nuuk | 1992/2008 | 45 MW |
| Tasiilaq | 2005 | 1.2 MW |
| Qorlortorsuaq | 2008 | 7.2 MW |
| Sisimiut | 2009 | 15 MW |
| Ilulissat | 2013 | 22.5 MW |
Through the annual Greenland Finance Act account for the Support of Research and Development of Renewable Energy a number of concrete projects are supported, including the installation of solar panels and wind turbines, installation of remote readers and the dissemination of renewable energy. Since 1993, an average of 1% of gross domestic product (GDP) has been invested annually on the development and establishment of hydropower.
Sea Ports
Greenland has a large number of sea and river ports. The table below lists the sea ports north of the 66th Latitude. Consult National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) Sailing Directions Publication 181 and the World Port Index for detailed port information.
| Name | Location | Anchorage Depth | Remarks |
| Port of Illulissat (Jakobshavn) | 69°13′0.00″N 51°6′0.00″W | 23.2m - over | Cargo pier depth: 6.4m-7.6m
Harbor type: Coastal Natural Max size: up to 154.2 m |
| Port of Oqaatsut (Rodebay) | 69°20′60.00″N 51°1′0.00″W | 3.4m - 4.6m | Harbor type: Coastal Natural
Max size: up to 154.2 m |
| Port of Attu | 67°57′0.00″N 53°43′60.00″W | 23.2m - over | Harbor type: Coastal Natural
Max size: up to 154.2 m |
| Port of Igdlorssuit | 71°13′60.00″N 53°31′0.00″W | 23.2m - over | Harbor type: Coastal Natural |
| Port of Kajalleq Upernavik | 72°9′0.00″N 55°31′60.00″W | 3.4m - 4.6m | Harbor type: Coastal Natural
Repairs: Limited |
| Port of Sisimiut (Holsteinsborg) | 66°55′0.00″N 53°42′0.00″W | 23.2m - over | Cargo pier depth: 9.4m-10m
Harbor type: Coastal Natural Max size: up to 154.2 m Repairs: Moderate |
| Port of Qasigiannguit (Christianshåb) | 68°49′0.00″N 51°10′60.00″W | 23.2m - over | Cargo pier depth: 6.4m-7.6m
Harbor type: Coastal Natural Max size: up to 154.2 m |
| Port of Tasiussaq | 73°22′0.00″N 56°0′0.00″W | 18.6m - 19.8m | Harbor type: Coastal Natural
Max size: up to 154.2 m |
| Port of Saattut | 70°49′0.00″N 51°38′60.00″W | 23.2m - over | Harbor type: Coastal Natural
Max size: up to 154.2 m |
| Port of Qaanaaq (Thule Air Base) | 76°31′60.00″N 68°52′0.00″W | 15.5m - 16m | Cargo pier depth: 6.4m-16m
Harbor type: Coastal Natural Max size: up to 154.2 m Repairs: Limited |
| Port of Aasiaat (Egedesminde) | 68°42′0.00″N 52°52′0.00″W | 23.2m - over | Cargo pier depth: 7.1m-9.1m
Harbor type: Coastal Natural Max size: up to 154.2 m Repairs: Limited |
| Port of Ukkusigssat | 71°4′0.00″N 51°53′60.00″W | 23.2m - over | Harbor type: Open Roadstead
Max size: up to 154.2 m |
| Port of Uummannaq (Ũmánaq) | 70°40′60.00″N 52°8′60.00″W | 23.2m - over | Cargo pier depth: 3.4m-4.6m
Harbor type: Coastal Natural Max size: up to 154.2 m Repairs: Limited |
| Port of Nanok | 75°9′0.00″N 19°46′60.00″W | 23.2m - over | Harbor type: Open Roadstead |
| Port of Qaarsut (Qaersut) | 70°43′60.00″N 52°37′60.00″W | 23.2m - over | Harbor type: Open Roadstead |
| Port of Ikerasak | 70°30′0.00″N 51°19′0.00″W | 23.2m - over | Harbor type: Coastal Natural
Max size: up to 154.2 m |
| Port of Upernavik | 72°46′0.00″N 56°8′60.00″W | 15.5m - 16m | Cargo pier depth: 3.4m-4.6m
Harbor type: Coastal Natural Max size: up to 154.2 m Repairs: Limited |
| Port of Kangersuatsiaq | 72°22′0.00″N 55°34′0.00″W | 23.2m - over | Harbor type: Coastal Natural
Max size: up to 154.2 m |
| Port of Scoresby Sund | 70°28′60.00″N 21°58′0.00″W | 23.2m - over | Harbor type: Coastal Natural |
| Port of North Star Bugt | 76°32′25.01″N 68°50′19.00″W | N/A | N/A |
| Port of Niaqornat | 70°47′60.00″N 53°40′0.00″W | 23.2m - over | Harbor type: Open Roadstead
Max size: up to 154.2 m |
| Port of Qeqertarsuaq (Godhavn) | 69°13′60.00″N 53°31′60.00″W | 12.5m - 13.7m | Cargo pier depth: 6.4m-7.6m
Harbor type: Coastal Natural Max size: up to 154.2 m Repairs: Limited |
Airports and Heliports
Greenland has 14 civil airports and 47 helipads operated by the Greenland Airport Authority. The table below lists the ones north of the 66th Latitude.
An IATA airport code, also known as an IATA location identifier, IATA station code or simply a location identifier, is a three-letter code designating many airports around the world, defined by the International Air Transport Association (IATA).
The ICAO airport code or location indicator is a four-letter code designating aerodromes around the world. These codes are defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization, and published in ICAO Document 7910: Location Indicators are used by air traffic control and airline operations such as flight planning.
| Name | Location | IATA
ICAO |
Remarks |
| Aasiaat Airport | 68°43′19″N 052°47′05″W | JEG
BGAA |
Runway: Asphalt, 799 m
Deicing: No |
| Ilulissat Airport | 69°14′36″N 051°03′26″W | JAV
BGJN |
Runway: Asphalt, 845 m
Deicing: Yes International: Yes |
| Nerlerit Inaat Airport | 70°44′35″N 022°39′02″W | CNP
BGCO |
Runway: Gravel, 1000 m
International: Yes, seasonal |
| Kangerlussuaq Airport | 67°01′01″N 050°41′22″W | SFJ
BGSF |
Runway: Asphalt, 2810 m
International: Yes, seasonal |
| Thule Air Base | 76°31′52″N 068°42′11″W | THU
BGTL |
Runway: Asphalt, 3047 m
International: Yes |
| Qaanaaq Airport | 77°29′19″N 069°23′19″W | NAQ
BGQQ |
Runway: Gravel, 900 m
International: Yes |
| Qaarsut Airport | 70°44′03″N 052°41′46″W | JQA
BGUQ |
Runway: Gravel, 900 m |
| Sisimiut Airport | 66°57′05″N 053°43′46″W | JHS
BGSS |
Runway: Asphalt, 799 m |
| Upernavik Airport | 72°47′25″N 056°07′50″W | JUV
BGUK |
Runway: Asphalt, 799 m |
| Summit Camp | 72°34′46.50″N 38°27′33.07″W | No scheduled flights | Runway: Snow, 4572 m
A permit from the Danish Polar Center under the auspices of the Home Rule Government of Greenland is required to visit the station. |
| Aappilattoq Heliport (Avannaata) | 72°53′13″N 55°35′46″W | None
BGAG |
Helipad: Gravel, 30 x 20 m |
| Akunnaaq Heliport | 68°44′39″N 052°20′25″W | QCU
BGAK |
Helipad: Gravel, 15 m |
| Attu Heliport | 67°56′35″N 053°37′20″W | QGQ
BGAT |
Heliport is considered a helistop
Helipad: Grass, 30 x 20 m |
| Iginniarfik Heliport | 68°08′45″N 053°10′10″W | None
BGIG |
Heliport is considered a helistop
Helipad: Gravel, 15 m |
| Ikamiut Heliport | 68°37′56″N 051°50′01″W | QJI
BGIT |
Heliport is considered a helistop
Helipad: Gravel, 15 m |
| Ikerasaarsuk Heliport | 68°08′27″N 053°26′29″W | QRY
BGIK |
Heliport is considered a helistop
Helipad: Gravel, 15 m |
| Ikerasak Heliport | 70°29′53″N 051°18′11″W | IKE
BGIA |
Heliport is considered a helistop
Helipad: Gravel, 15 m |
| Ilimanaq Heliport | 69°04′56″N 051°06′31″W | None
BGIL |
Heliport is considered a helistop
Helipad: Grass, 30 x 20 m |
| Illorsuit Heliport | 71°14′23″N 053°33′20″W | IOT
BGLL |
Heliport is considered a helistop
Helipad: Gravel, 15 m |
| Innaarsuit Heliport | 73°12′09″N 056°00′40″W | IUI
BGIN |
Heliport is considered a helistop
Helipad: Gravel, 15 m |
| Ittoqqortoormiit Heliport | 70°29′18″N 021°58′18″W | OBY
BGSC |
Runway: Asphalt, 13.5 m |
| Kangaatsiaq Heliport | 68°18′46″N 053°27′37″W | None
BGKA |
Heliport is considered a helistop
Helipad: Asphalt, 30 x 20 m |
| Kangersuatsiaq Heliport | 72°22′52″N 055°32′12″W | KGQ
BGKS |
Heliport is considered a helistop
Helipad: Grass, 27 x 18 m |
| Kitsissuarsuit Heliport | 68°51′29″N 053°07′26″W | QJE
BGKT |
Heliport is considered a helistop
Helipad: Gravel, 15 m |
| Kullorsuaq Heliport | 74°34′46″N 057°14′08″W | KHQ
BGKQ |
Heliport is considered a helistop
Helipad: Gravel, 30 x 20 m |
| Moriusaq Heliport | 76°45′50″N 069°59′50″W | None
BGMO |
Heliport is considered a helistop
Not listed by Naviair |
| Qasigiannguit Heliport | 68°49′02″N 051°10′29″W | JCH
BGCH |
Helipad: Concrete, 20 x 20 m |
| Qeqertaq Heliport | 69°59′58″N 051°18′15″W | PQT
BGQE |
Heliport is considered a helistop
Helipad: Gravel, 15 m |
| Qeqertarsuaq Heliport | 69°15′04″N 053°32′17″W | JGO
BGGN |
Helipad: Asphalt, 20 x 20 m |
| Saattut Heliport | 70°48′31″N 051°37′36″W | SAE
BGST |
Heliport is considered a helistop
Helipad: Stones, 15 m |
| Saqqaq Heliport | 70°00′41″N 051°55′56″W | None
BGSQ |
Heliport is considered a helistop
Helipad: Gravel, 30 x 20 m |
| Savissivik Heliport | 76°01′07″N 065°07′03″W | SVR
BGSV |
Heliport is considered a helistop
Helipad: Asphalt, 30 x 20 m |
| Siorapaluk Heliport | 77°47′11″N 070°38′18″W | SRK
BGSI |
Heliport is considered a helistop
Helipad: Gravel, 13.5 m |
| Tasiusaq Heliport (Avannaata) | 73°22′23″N 056°03′37″W | TQA
BGTA |
Heliport is considered a helistop
Helipad: Asphalt, 27 x 18 m |
| Ukkusissat Heliport | 71°03′19″N 51°53′01″W | JUK
BGUT |
Heliport is considered a helistop
Helipad: Stones, 15 m |
| Upernavik Kujalleq Heliport | 72°09′10″N 055°31′52″W | None
BGKL |
Heliport is considered a helistop
Helipad: Gravel, 30 x 20 m |
| Uummannaq Heliport | 70°40′49″N 052°09′42″W | UMD
BGUM |
Helipad: Asphalt, 20 x 20 m |
Norway
The quality of the Norwegian transportation infrastructure is quite good, although its high mountains and deeply cut valleys and fjords combined with a severe northern climate make inland transportation difficult during the winter months. Railroads are located mostly in the south while most of the northern regions are accessible only by ship, car, or aircraft.
Norway has 371 seaports and 58 airports.
Norway's energy production, as well as its usage per capita, ranks steadily among the highest in the world. Industry (especially the very energy-intensive aluminum and ferro-alloy industries) consumes 66% of all energy. Norway is one of the largest oil-producing countries in the world, yet hydropower accounts for almost all electricity generation. About 60 percent of all exploitable water resources have already been utilized. Other renewable energy sources in the country are rather limited, and there is a single atomic power plant which has not yet been used for large-scale electricity generation.
People’s Republic of Olvana
Olvana, as an observer in the Arctic Council, has declared itself to be a “near Arctic” country. Olvana is now encouraging enterprises to build infrastructure and conduct commercial trial voyages, paving the way for Arctic shipping routes that would form a “Polar Silk Road”. Olvana believes strongly in developing shipping lanes through the Arctic region that become open due to global warming. Along these lines, the country released its first Arctic policy white paper last January. A majority of Olvana’s interests in the region lie in its major stake in Donovia’s Yamal liquefied natural gas (LNG) project, which is expected to supply China with four million tons of LNG a year. Shipping through the Northern Sea Route would shave almost 20 days off the regular time using the traditional route through the Suez Canal. The white paper said Olvana also targets development of oil, gas, mineral resources and other non-fossil energies, fishing and tourism in the region.
- ↑ “OpSpec B055, North Polar Operations.” U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. 5 February 2018.
- ↑ Emirates Dubai to Los Angeles Route. Emirates Airlines. 6 September 2018.
- ↑ Commander William Woityra. “Major Icebreakers of the World.” US Coast Guard Office of Waterways and Ocean Policy (CG-WWM). 1 May 2017.