Infrastructure: Donovia

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Donovian infrastructure is a mixed bag ranging from the use of the latest equipment, products, and technology in the largest cities such as Moscow to isolated rural areas where the infrastructure is little changed from what it was in the nineteenth century. Over the next decade, the Donovian government plans to spend a lot of its GDP towards revamping its infrastructure, especially in the transportation arena. Primarily for economic reasons, the Donovians plan on upgrading their highways, airports, railways, ports, and other infrastructure.

There are parts of the country, especially east of the Ural Mountains, which communities are isolated and can only be reached by air or by back country roads that can turn into quagmires when it rains. Despite the country’s size, Donovia is one of the world’s most urbanized countries. About 75% of all Donovians live in urban areas. The capital city of Moscow is the most populous city in Europe and one of the largest in the world with 12.4 million within the city limits and a metropolitan population of over 20 million.

While Donovia features a large urban population, the urbanization rate has actually dropped 0.2% over the last decade as the population ages and the elderly cannot no longer survive in the cities due to the cost of living. They are moving back to their rural homes where they grew up so they supplement whatever pension they may receive with gardening to provide themselves necessary food for survival.

Major Cities and Urban Zones

Infrastructure Matrix

The table below shows the information for Donovia’s five largest cities and for three largest cities in the Caucasus region. The population figures are for the city itself and not the metropolitan area.

Infrastructure Sub-Variables
City	Pop	Pop Dens/km2	UBD	Roads	Air	Rail	Sea	Power	Water	Sewage/ Sanitation
Moscow	12.5 million	4,880	H	C	C	C	C	Dv	Dv	Dv
St. Petersburg	5.4 million	3,750	H	C	C	C	C	Dv	Dv	Dv
Novosibirsk	1.6 million	3,180	H	C	C	C	C	Dv	Dv	Dv
Yekaterinburg	1.5 million	3,030	H	C	C	C	P	Dv	Dv	Dv
Kazan	1.3 million	3,060	H	C	C	C	M	Dv	Dv	Dv
Makhachkala (25)	600,000	1,280	H	M	M	M	M	Dg	Dg	Dg
Grozny (58)	325,000	1,000	H	M	M	M	M	Dg	Dg	Dg
Nalchik (82)	240,000	3,580	H	M	M	M	N	Dg	Dg	Dg
Legend: Population (Pop); Density (Dens); kilometer (km) Per TC-7-101: UBD = Urban Building Density: low (L); medium (M); high (H)                         Transportation (Roads, Air, Rail, Sea): primitive (P); moderate (M); complex (C)                         Utilities: non-existent (NE); degraded (Dg); developed (Dv)                             N: None

Moscow

Moscow is a megacity with over 12.5 million inhabitants within the city limits and almost 20 million in the metropolitan area located on the Moskva River in Central Donovia. It is Europe’s largest city and the world’s sixth most populous urban center, and serves as the political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation center for Donovia. Moscow continues to grow steadily while many other smaller Donovian cities continue to shrink.  Moscow’s history dates back to the 12th century and owes its prominence to its strategic location on the Moscow River. Due to its position as the country’s capital city, Moscow contains all the urban zones—city core, core periphery, high-rise residential areas, low- rise residential areas, commercial areas, industrial areas, and strictly military areas. The Donovian central government, however, razed many of the older buildings in the oldest parts of town and replaced them with more modern structures. While some small areas with dense random  construction do occur in older parts of the city, most of Moscow features closed, orderly block construction that may not always conform to square blocks. Strip areas occur along the Moscow River with limited shantytowns, as the Donovian government attempts to make Moscow appear attractive to the outside visitor. Even though Moscow serves as Donovia’s largest urban area, residents and visitors can partake in the city’s 170 square miles of green space. Moscow contains four botanical gardens, 18 smaller gardens, and 96 parks along with 39 square miles of forest in the metropolitan area. While Moscow could provide ample support to any military with its large number of resources, control of the city by the military may prove impossible through force alone.

Saint Petersburg

This city over 5.4 million inhabitants is the historic and cultural center of the original Donovian Empire located on the Baltic Sea. It has a number of historic landmarks that are on the UNESCO World Heritage Site list. Saint Petersburg is also an economic center for Donovia, especially in the import and export trade through its large port. The city contains all four types of construction patterns (dense, random construction; closed orderly block construction; strip areas; and shantytowns), but the number of shantytowns is low in contract to other large Donovian cities. Saint Petersburg contains all seven urban zones. The city core contains a large number of government buildings, businesses, and then shops that support the workers such as restaurants and cafes. Building out from the city center, there are core periphery, high-rise residential, and low-rise residential areas. Commercial areas abound throughout the city to support the large population. Saint Petersburg is a major trading hub for Donovia. Areas of specialization include the hydrocarbon field, shipbuilding, aerospace, technology, transportation, chemicals, and even textiles. Many of these companies are in the industrial heart of the city along the waterfront. There are even designated military areas around Saint Petersburg meaning that all types of urban zones can be found.

Novosibrisk

This city of 1.6 million is an administrative center for the region located in southwestern Siberia on the banks of the Ob River. It grew into a transportation, commercial, and industrial hub because it was the starting point for the original Trans-Siberian Railway and the site of the original railway bridge that crossed the Ob River. Novosibirsk is the home to numerous Donovian corporations, the busiest airport in Siberia, and a thriving cultural community. Most of the city has been built since about 1890 and contains all four construction patterns and seven urban zones. The city core while it began haphazardly, it is more of an organized area now when central planning began in the 1920s. The core periphery dates back to the city’s buildup in the 1890s, but some urban improvements have occurred in the last thirty years. The high-rise residential areas date back to the mid-20th century while the areas with low-rise residential areas are slightly newer. Many corporations have factories including several food companies in the industrial areas. Military training areas exist in the region.

Yekaterinburg

This city of 1.5 million inhabitants with 2.2 million in the metropolitan area is the largest city and the administrative center for its district. Yekaterinburg is sometimes called the “third capital of Donovia” as it normally ranks third in its economic might, culture, transportation, and tourism. The city was founded in 1723 and was original a mining capital while connecting European Donovia to Asian Donovia. Like the other large Donovian cities, Yekaterinburg contains all four construction patterns and seven urban zones. The military has a slightly bigger footprint due to its traditional role dating back at least two centuries. The city core began 300 years ago so it is dense, random construction. Urban renewal in the 20th century eliminated some of the old housing so there are sections that contain closed orderly block construction. The core periphery contains a large number of older buildings; many one or two centuries old. The high-rise residential areas are usually older than the low-rise residential areas. Despite the large number of manufacturing businesses in the city, there is also a large amount of green space and even four large lakes.

Kazan

Over 1.3 million residents live in the capital and the largest city of Tatarstan. Kazan is located where the Volga and Kazanka rivers merge and has been a city since the late 13th century. Kazan has served as a major industrial, cultural, and religious center for Donovia for the past 600 years. The city is also important for education and commerce. Due to the city’s age, the urban core was originally dense, random construction. Urban renewal projects in the 20th century converted some of the city center to a more orderly block construction amid new government offices. With all four construction patterns and all seven urban zones, Kazan is similar to other Donovian cities. On the outskirts of the city core rises the core periphery followed by areas of the city with either high-rise or low-rise residential areas. Usually the low-rise residential areas are newer construction than the high-rises, but not exclusively. There are military areas located in the general vicinity of Kazan.

Makhachkala

Makhachkala, with a population of approximately 600,000 people, ranks as Donovia’s twenty-fifth largest city, but it is the largest city in the country’s Caucasus region. Due to the city’s occupation by outside forces in World War I and an earthquake in 1970, Makhachkala features a large amount of relatively new construction when compared to other Donovian cities. While a small number of areas with dense, random construction do occur, the city primarily features closed, orderly block construction built between 1970 and 1990. Some strip areas occur along the Caspian Sea, with a large number of shantytowns scattered throughout the city. Makhachkala’s city core features large skyscrapers and planned construction built after 1970. The city also contains a core periphery with a mixture of newer buildings and older buildings that survived the earthquake. High- and low-rise residential areas spring up in a helter-skelter manner throughout the city without any apparent reasoning. Makhachkala contains limited commercial and industrial areas, as much of the area relies upon agriculture for its livelihood instead of industrial pursuits.

Grozny

Grozny, located on the Sunsha River, serves as the capital of Gamrun Republic and ranks as second largest city in the Donovian Caucasus (58th overall). While about 325,000 people currently live in Grozny, an increase from 250,000 a decade ago, this does not compare to the almost 400,000 people that lived in the city in 1989. Internal conflict in the area over the last two decades accounts for Grozny’s population fluctuation in the same time span. While Grozny contains all four construction patterns in the seven urban zones, a series of wars with the national government over the last 20 years ruined many buildings and made them uninhabitable. Rectangular block-style buildings dot the newer high-rise residential areas while single-family dwellings dominate the older residential areas. Grozny also contains an old city core, and a core periphery surrounds the old city. The industrial area is concentrated along the Sunsha River, while commercial areas appear in many parts of the city. Due to the years of warfare, many people now live in shantytowns without basic utilities.

Nalchik

Nalchik, located in the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains, contains approximately 240,000 residents to make it Donovia’s 82nd largest city, but it is the third largest in the country’s Caucasus region, and the capital of the North Ostremek Republic. Modern Nalchik’s history dates back to 1818 when Donovia built a fort there to defend the country from outside invaders as it expanded to the south. Nalchik is positioned on its namesake river, where a potable spring also provided ample water to the early settlers. Only small boats can navigate the Nalchik River. In World War II, the city received so much damage that much of the architecture dates to the second half of the 20th century. The area’s natural springs made it a place where many rich Donovians would go to “take the waters,” and a resort economy sprung up along with several sanatoriums. The city contains four institutes of higher learning including liberal arts, business, arts, and agricultural schools. Nalchik contains all four construction patterns—with closed, orderly block construction built after World War II to replace the destroyed buildings and dense, random construction in small isolated pockets because the city features large number of parks to create green spaces for the city’s residents. A strip area occurs along the river, but Nalchik has few shantytown areas due to its history as a place for the wealthy to visit. Nalchik also contains six of the urban zones and is only missing major military bases. Due to the construction boom after World War II, the city core features high-rise residential and business buildings. Farther from the city core, Nalchik has core periphery and low-rise residential areas. Commercial areas flourish throughout the city, while the industrial area confines itself to areas along the river primarily focused on non-ferrous metallurgy, light industry, construction materials manufacturing, and machine building.

Energy Sector

Donovia operates four regional electrical grids that connect the entire country. Hydrocarbons (oil, natural gas, and coal) provides 68% of all Donovian electricity while hydropower and nuclear power evenly split the other 32%. 

Nuclear Power

Donovia is a leader in nuclear energy when compared to the rest of the world. They have built a large number of plants in their own country as well as many other countries as well. About 16% of all Donovia power is generated by nuclear power plants. There are 38 nuclear power plants in Donovia with additional ones planned for the future.

Renewable Power

Donovia was the world’s sixth largest producer of renewable energy in the world last year. Most of it comes from hydroelectric power (see section below). Without the large amount of hydroelectric power, Donovia would not be in the top fifty countries in the world for renewable energy. 

Geothermal energy provides less than 1% of all total energy production in Donovia, but that still makes it rank second for renewable energy produced in the country after hydroelectric power. There are five major geothermal power stations in Donovia, but only one produces more than 14.5 MW of power.

Historically, there has been wind energy in Donovia. Wind power, however, has never really been developed on a commercial basis. There is potential for wind power in Donovia, but many the best locations are remote where there is no electrical infrastructure currently in place.

Donovia has other potential renewable sources such as tidal energy, biofuel, and biomass. The Kislaya Guba Tidal Power Station is the largest tidal energy producer in Donovia and the fourth largest in the world at 1.7 MW. Possible locations for new tidal power plants include in the Barents Sea, Kola Bay, and the Sea of Okhotsk. As one of the world’s largest grain producers, Donovia could use the ethyl alcohol to produce power. The Donovian government wants to invest in at last thirty biofuel plants over the next two decades. Biomass produces up to 1% of the energy in Donovia in specific parts of the country. With a vast forest and peat, Donovia has the ability to increase its use of biomass despite have the two largest peat power stations in the world.

Hydrocarbon Power

Donovia is one of the world’s largest producer of hydrocarbons including coal, oil, and natural gas. The country’s also has large amounts of both discovered and potential hydrocarbon locations. This is 32% of the world’s proven natural gas reserves and 23% of the probable gas reserves; 12% of the proven oil reserves; 10.5% of the explored coal reserves and 14% of the estimated reserves. Over 60% of the country’s energy is produced by hydrocarbon plants. It is likely that Donovia will continue to export is hydrocarbon products to the world for the near future because of its vast reserves.

Hydroelectric Power

Donovia is the seventh largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world last year. The country is home to 9% of the world’s hydro resources, but most of it is in Siberia so only 20% of the potential power is being used. Fourteen hydropower plants produce 1000 MW (megawatt) capacity or above, but there are many smaller plants throughout the country. Hydroelectric power produces about 16% of all power produced in Donovia. The potential for expansion in hydroelectric power is great in Donovia if access can be found to the remote locations where dams can be built.

Power Plant Data Matrix

Name or Location	Fuel Type	Capacity (MW)	Latitude	Longitude	MGRS
Akademik Lomonosov 1	Nuclear	32	69 42 00 N	170 17 00 E	59WMT7225132581
Akademik Lomonosov 2	Nuclear	32	69 42 00 N	170 17 00 E	59WMT7225132581
Balakovo 1	Nuclear	950	52 5 28 N	47 57 19 E	38UQC0244775292
Balakovo 2	Nuclear	950	52 5 28 N	47 57 19 E	38UQC0244775292
Balakovo 3	Nuclear	950	52 5 28 N	47 57 19 E	38UQC0244775292
Balakovo 4	Nuclear	950	52 5 28 N	47 57 19 E	38UQC0244775292
Beloyarsk 3	Nuclear	560	56 50 30 N	61 19 21 E	41VLD9766801015
Beloyarsk 4	Nuclear	789	56 50 30 N	61 19 21 E	41VLD9766801015
Beryozovskaya	Coal	2400	55 34 46 N	89 04 21 E	45UXB3064761224
Bilibino 2	Nuclear	11	68 03 01 N	166 32 19 E	58WEA6417649269
Bilibino 3	Nuclear	11	68 03 01 N	166 32 19 E	58WEA6417649269
Bilibino 4	Nuclear	11	68 03 01 N	166 32 19 E	58WEA6417649269
Boguchany	Hydro	2997	58 41 41 N	99 08 56 E	47VNF0862906069
Bratsk	Hydro	4500	56 17 10 N	101 47 10 E	47VPC7245141412S
Bureya	Hydro	2010	50 16 09 N	130 18 48 E	52UEA9359469383
Cheboksary	Hydro	1374	56 08 17 N	47 27 56 E	38VPH5320424182
Chirkei	Hydro	1000	42 58 37 N	46 52 16 E	38TPN5257059953
Chukotka	Wind	2.5	65 37 48 N	171 41 24 E	59W5317978844
Kalinin 1	Nuclear	950	57 54 20 N	35 03 37 E	36VXK2209020055
Kalinin 2	Nuclear	950	57 54 20 N	35 03 37 E	36VXK2209020055
Kalinin 3	Nuclear	950	57 54 20 N	35 03 37 E	36VXK2209020055
Kalinin 4	Nuclear	950	57 54 20 N	35 03 37 E	36VXK2209020055
Kashirskaya	Coal/Natural Gas	1910	54 51 25 N	38 15 33 E	37UDA5244179123
Kislaya Guba	Tidal	1.7	69 22 37 N	33 04 33 E	36WWB0298096395
Kirov	Peat	300	58 37 16 N	49 35 47 E	39VVE1847898716
Kola 1	Nuclear	441	67 28 00 N	32 28 00 E	36WVV7719283502
Kola 2	Nuclear	441	67 28 00 N	32 28 00 E	36WVV7719283502
Kola 3	Nuclear	441	67 28 00 N	32 28 00 E	36WVV7719283502
Kola 4	Nuclear	441	67 28 00 N	32 28 00 E	36WVV7719283502
Kostromskaya	Natural Gas	3600	57 27 34 N	41 10 30 E	37VFD3048070619
Krasnoyarsk	Hydro	6000	56 56 05 N	92 17 37 E	46VDJ5701310341
Kirishskaya	Natural Gas	2595	59 29 26 N	32 03 11 E	36VVL4637295059
Konakovskaya	Natural Gas	2520	56 44 35 N	36 46 13 E	37UCB5962467155
Kulikovo	Wind	50.25	55 37 48 N	63 395 36 E	42UWG3735765060
Kursk 1	Nuclear	925	51 40 30 N	35 36 20 E	36UXC8015028106
Kursk 2	Nuclear	925	51 40 30 N	35 36 20 E	36UXC8015028106
Kursk 3	Nuclear	925	51 40 30 N	35 36 20 E	36UXC8015028106
Kursk 4	Nuclear	925	51 40 30 N	35 36 20 E	36UXC8015028106
Leningrad 3	Nuclear	925	59 50 50 N	29 02 37 E	35VPG145013612
Leningrad 4	Nuclear	925	59 50 50 N	29 02 37 E	35VPG145013612
Leningrad II 1	Nuclear	1085	59 50 50 N	29 02 37 E	35VPG145013612
Leningrad II 2	Nuclear	1085	59 50 50 N	29 02 37 E	35VPG145013612
Moscow TEC-27	Natural Gas	1060	55 54 57 N	37 41 19 E	37UDB1803697489
Murmansk	Wind	0.2	68 59 35 N	33 07 06 E	36WWB0473453592
Mutnovskaya	Geothermal	50	52 32 19 N	158 12 06 E	57UVU4585421246
Mendeleevskaya	Geothermal	1.8	44 07 00 N	145 51 00 E	57UVU4585421246
Nizhnekamsk	Hydro	1205	55 41 58 N	52 16 42 E	39UWB8034273369
Novovoronezk 4	Nuclear	385	51 16 30 N	39 12 00 E	37UES1395080425
Novovoronezk 5	Nuclear	950	51 16 30 N	39 12 00 E	37UES1395080425
Novovoronezk II 1	Nuclear	1114	51 16 30 N	39 12 00 E	37UES1395080425
Novovoronezk II 2	Nuclear	1114	51 16 30 N	39 12 00 E	37UES1395080425
Okeanskaya	Geothermal	3.6	45 02 00 N	147 37 00 E	55TEK4857486838
Orenburg	Wind	1.0	51 46 60 N	55 06 00 E	40UCC6894038647
Pauzhetskaya	Geothermal	14.5	51 27 55 N	156 48 42 E	47UUT4799403838
Permskaya	Natural Gas	3363	58 29 53 N	56 20 42 E	40VDK6182284348
Priyutnenskaya	Wind	2.4	46 12 32 N	46 12 32 N	38TNS9325317967
Reftinskaya	Coal	3800	57 06 31 N	61 42 27 E	41VMD2171430217
Rostov 1	Nuclear	950	47 35 58 N	42 22 19 E	38TLT0245275128
Rostov 2	Nuclear	950	47 35 58 N	42 22 19 E	38TLT0245275128
Rostov 3	Nuclear	950	47 35 58 N	42 22 19 E	38TLT0245275128
Rostov 4	Nuclear	1011	47 35 58 N	42 22 19 E	38TLT0245275128
Rostove Wtg	Wind	0.3	57 12 00 N	39 27 00 E	37VED2718939739
Ryazan	Natural Gas/Coal	3130	54 02 04 N	39 46 39 E	37UEV5092287633
Saratov	Hydro	1404	52 03 11 N	47 45 18 E	38UPC8889070521
Sayano-Shushenskaya	Hydro	6400	52 49 33 N	91 22 13 E	46UCD9019354140
Shaturskaya	Peat/Coal/Oil/Natural Gas	1500	55 35 00 N	39 33 40 E	37UEB3537059850
Smolensk 1	Nuclear	925	54 10 08 N	33 14 48 E	36UWF1610302340
Smolensk 2	Nuclear	925	54 10 08 N	33 14 48 E	36UWF1610302340
Smolensk 3	Nuclear	925	54 10 08 N	33 14 48 E	36UWF1610302340
Stavropolskaya	Natural Gas	2423	45 18 45 N	41 30 42 E	37TFL9687820735
Surgut-1	Natural Gas	3268	61 16 46 N	73 29 20 E	43VDH1899494850
Surgut-2	Natural Gas	5597	61 16 46 N	73 30 45 E	43VDH1899494850
Teusj	Wind	72	46 28 00 N	38 19 00 E	37TDM4753446126
Troitskaya	Coal	1315	54 02 13 N	61 39 06 E	41UMV1169888473
Tyupkeldy	Wind	2.5	54 36 00 N	53 43 97 E	39UXA7722453741
Ust-Ilimsk	Hydro	3840	57 58 04 N	102 41 37 E	48VUK6356427451
Verhne-Mutnovskaya	Geothermal	12	52 33 05 N	158 14 16 E	57UVU4831822641
Volga	Hydro	2660	48 49 34 N	44 40 19 E	38UMV7592108177
Votkinsk	Hydro	1035	56 47 27 N	54 05 22 E	40VCH2222997881
Yktabivsj	Wind	50	54 19 00 N	48 22 00 E	39UUA2871821953
Zeya	Hydro	1330	53 46 09 N	127 18 23 E	52UCE8837659170
Zhiguli	Hydro	2456	53 25 36 N	49 28 44 E	39UUV9893020812
Legend: MW: Megawatt      MGRS: Military Grid Reference System

Home Heating

Due to the size of Donovia, various methods of home heating are used. Practices found in urban Moscow will not be the same as rural Siberia. In most Donovian cities, the majority of buildings are centrally heated by hot water flowing through pipes heated by a local heat and power plant, usually one per neighborhood or district. The temperature is controlled at the central boiler plant rather than in the individual apartments as most urban dwellers do not live in houses. The heating season for European Donovia lasts from October until May, but cold weather can come earlier. The standard winter temperature for urban houses is about 64° (F), but could reach 75° (F) in the living room. Bathrooms are even warmer at 77° (F).   18 in the house, 25 in the bathroom, 24 in the living room

In rural Donovia, it is common for wood burning stoves to be used to heat the homes where more modern heating methods are not available. Placed in the center of the house, the stove is used for both heating and cooking. 

Water and Sanitation

Water

The vast majority of the Donovian urban population has access to potable water. As population density decreases in rural areas, people begin to rely less on public water systems, and more on local sources—rivers, streams, and wells—to obtain water for cooking, drinking, and washing.

Some NGO reports claim 100% of urban and 88% of rural Donovians can access safe drinking water. About 97% of Donovians may access potable water, but that number drops significantly outside of urban centers, particularly isolated rural areas. Donovian households use about 20% of all water in the country and agriculture uses about 14%, but the lion’s share of over 60% goes for industrial purposes. Even though most Donovian towns possess a water system, less than half of those public systems produce drinking water that meets international sanitary requirements. In rural areas, 59% of Donovians draw water from common wells, which are often contaminated by polluted groundwater.

Sanitation

The vast majority of Donovian urban residents use modern sewage disposal methods to get rid of waste. Urban residents have greater access to modern sewage treatment than rural residents. The more isolated a community is, the less likely it is that they will use modern sewage treatment techniques. Poor disposal methods in rural areas often contaminates ground water that is otherwise relied upon for drinking and cooking.

While the overall Donovian percentage for improved sanitation facilities surpasses 93% in urban areas and 70% in rural areas, the numbers for Donovians living in the Caucasus region are significantly lower. Only 75% of Donovians who live in urban Caucasian cities can access modern sewage systems, and 60% of rural Donovians in the region. Even with “modern” sewage systems used in Donovia, it is estimated that only 8% of all waste water receives treatment before it reenters the country’s waterways.

Transportation Architecture

Donovia has an extensive transportation network that stretches the length of the country, over 4,800 miles from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Kamchatka Peninsula in the east. Major cities are served by rapid transit systems. Roads are the primary transportation method throughout the country. Most roads, especially the unpaved ones, suffer from a lack of maintenance. Distances in Siberia are so great that trains or planes, for the wealthy, are a better alternative travel method.

Road System

Donovia contains over 579,000 miles of roads. About 81% of these are paved, however, the maintenance on roads in the rural areas is not always completed. Rural roads, especially east of the Ural Mountains, are often little more than dirt paths. Of 144 countries evaluated for their road system, Donovia ranked in the bottom ten countries. Overall, roads in this part of the world do not meet US or Western Europe standards. Driving is hazardous, especially in the winter months or in bad weather. Generally, drivers do not obey all traffic laws, and vehicle owners often fail to maintain their vehicles properly. Donovia uses a combination of automobile taxes, a tariff on foreign-made car sales, and a charge for advertising alongside the roads to fund road construction and maintenance.

Donovian Major Roadways

Paved roads

There are approximately 469,000 miles of paved roads in Donovia, most of these are west of the Ural Mountains. The further from the urban areas, the worse the roads become.

Unpaved Roads

There are approximately 90,000 miles of unpaved roads in Donovia. For a country its size, Donovia does not possess a large number of roads. In the past, the government did not emphasize privately owned vehicles, so the requirement for roads remained relatively low. The Donovians did not design most of their roads for heavy trucks, and extensive travel by semi- trailers or other large trucks has significantly damaged the road system. 

Local Driving Habits

Road safety in Donovia is poor, at best, with a high accident rate. Donovia consistently ranks in the top 5 countries in the absolute number of recorded road deaths despite the requirement for drivers to be able to answer 800 different questions to obtain a driver’s license. Drivers often obtain their license by bribing the test examiners. There is often no center line on roads so people drive in the middle. At stoplights, drivers jockey with each other like race car drivers to be the first one to take off once the light turns green. Speeding is common place. Drivers ignore pedestrians so walking on roads, especially in urban areas, is dangerous. The main reason is that law enforcement is quite lax due to budget restraints and legal issues involved in finding witnesses for some of the vehicular infractions. Another reason that if caught, the police will not issue a ticket for a small fee (bribe). 

Public Transportation

Public transportation in Donovia is available, usually on time, and mostly user-friendly. Large cities used buses, subways, and trams to move people. In Moscow alone, there are 19 million public transportation trips on an average weekday. Seven Donovia cities (Kazan, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg, Samara, and Yekaterinburg) operate a subway system. Buses are operated locally not by a national entity. As such, some cities operate a more efficient system than others. There are long-distance bus service available in most large Donovian towns, but usually go no further than six hours away. After that, it is faster and cheaper to use a train.

In smaller cities and in rural areas, transportation often comes in the form a marshrutka or a tax. It is actually a large van or minibus that has a specific route and ran by private companies. In some cities, these vehicles are part of the public system. The marshrutka will make scheduled stops in large and medium towns. In rural areas, people stand by the side of the road and flag them down. Donovian Rail and Port Map

Rail System

Railroads are an important part of the Donovian transportation sector due to a lack of cars by people living in urban as well as rural areas. Over 800,000 people work in the direct railroad industry and create approximately 2.5% of the country’s GDP. In the last published year (5 years ago), over 1.3 billion passenger trips took place on any of the 17 regional railways and carried over 1.3 billion tons of freight accounting for 90% of all cargo (excluding pipelines).  

The government owned Donovian Railways holds a near-monopoly with almost 99% of all passenger and freight traveling on over 80,000 miles of rails. About half the rail miles are electrified. The company operate almost 20,000 locomotives; 25,000 passenger cars; and 530,000 freight cars. Another 300,000 freight cars are privately owned, but travel on the national railroad’s track systems.

In additional to these tracks, there are a number of industrial railways in the mining or lumber businesses whose total track length is about 40,000 mile. About 75% of these miles link to the Donovian Railways while the others are for internal use as a lumber company using its private railway line to transport logs from the forest to the sawmill. There are also a number of narrow-gauge railways throughout the country.

Large cities usually have a subway system that is part of the metropolitan area’s rapid-transit system. The following charge provides details on these cities. Three other cities – Omsk, Chelyabinsk, and Krasnoyarsk – are currently building subway systems.

Donovian Metropolitan Area Rapid-Transit Systems
CITY & SYSTEM	LINES	STATIONS	MILES OF TRACK
Kazan Metro	1	10	9.8
Moscow Metro	13	207	217.2
Nizhny Novgorod Metro	2	14	11.7
Novosibirsk Metro	2	13	9.9
Saint Petersburg Metro	5	69	70.3
Samara Metro	1	10	7.9
Yekaterinburg Metro	1	9	7.9

Air Transportation System

There are over 1,260 known runways in Donovia, but there are probably more. The vast expanse of Donovia (11 time zones) makes air travel an important for those that can afford it, especially east of the Urals where pockets of civilization are widely separated by vast wilderness. Donovia operates nine major airports within 200 miles of its borders with Gorgas and Atropia. Major Donovian Runways Paved Runways: 601

>10,000 feet: 51

8,000-10,000 feet: 197

5,000-8,000 feet: 129

3,000-5,000 feet: 102

3,000-5,000 feet: 122

Unpaved Runways: 659

>10,000 feet: 4

8,000-10,000 feet: 13

5,000-8,000 feet: 69

3,000-5,000 feet: 89

3,000-5,000 feet: 484

Maritime

Seaports

Largest Donovian Ports By Volume of Cargo Handled
CITY	LOCATION	TONNAGE
Novorossiysk	Black Sea (Caucasus)	141.8
Ust-Luga	Gulf of Finland (West Coast)	102.6
Vostochny	Inland (River Port)	77.4
St. Petersburg	Gulf of Finland (West Coast)	59.9
Murmansk	Barents Sea (West Coast)	56.1
Primorsk	Baltic Sea (West Coast)	49.3
Vanino	Strait of Tartary (East Coast)	33.5
Sabetta	Yamal Peninsula (Northern Sea Route	27.8
Nakhodka	Sea of Japan (East Coast)	26.8
Vladivostok	Sea of Japan (East Coast)	24.7
Taman	Taman Bay (Caucasus)	22.0
Kavkaz	Kerch Strait (Caucasus)	21.9
Vysotsk	Vyborg Bay (East Coast)	18.6
Rostov-on-Don	Inland (River Port)	17.8
Tonnage is in million metric tons for last year on record

With a population of over 150 million, international trade is a huge part of Donovia’s economy. Between January-August 2016, 468.6 million tons of cargo passed through Donovia’s ports – an increase of 5.7% compared with 2015’s volumes. In order to handle the sheer tonnage of trade turnover, Donovia’s Baltic, Arctic, Pacific and Black Sea coasts are dotted with world-class ports. 

Donovia operates the 15th-largest merchant marine fleet in the world, with almost 900 vessels. This includes 507 cargo ships, 189 petroleum tankers, and 62 refrigerated cargo ships. Foreign corporations own 116 of the ships. Donovia registers almost 360 ships in foreign countries, with over 20% flagged in Liberia. Donovia operates the largest icebreaker fleet in the world. This includes six nuclear powered ships (with three under construction and two being planned) with Brake Horse Power (BHP) greater than 45,000. It operates 25 ships with BHP between 20,000-45,000; and another nine under construction. There are 15 with BHP of 10,000-20,000. This fleet is both government and commercial. Crews may be military or civilian.

Donovia’s European coast has 13 seaports located along the Baltic Sea and Barents Sea. There are 9 Donovian ports on their west coast that average more than 1 million tons of cargo throughput annually. The only port for the west coast that can accommodate Military Sea Lift Commands (MSC) Large, Medium-Speed Roll-on/Roll-off (LMSR) ships is the Port of St. Petersburg. 

The two largest ports on Donovia’s European coast are the Port of Kaliningrad and the Port of St. Petersburg. Kaliningrad is the closest Donovian port to Mainland Europe, sandwiched between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic coast. Comparative short distances between the Port of Kaliningrad and other major European ports, such as Copenhagen, Tallinn and Helsinki makes it unique amongst Donovia’s Western sea ports. Even the drastically icy waters of the Barents Sea cannot slow down Donovia’s trade. The Port of Murmansk is an exemplar of Donovia’s ingenuity and tenacity. Located beyond the Arctic Circle, Murmansk sea port remains ice-free year round giving Northern Donovia’s a vital lifeline. The port itself is also one of Donovia’s largest, in terms of cargo turnover 20 million tons passed through Murmansk over 2016’s first three quarters. 16 berths, the deepest of which holds maximum operative depth of 14.9 meters, serve the port.

Facilities in the Port of St. Petersburg support commercial sea trade, an oil terminal, ship-building and repair, and passenger services. In addition to the Oktyabrskaya (October) Railway, the Port of St. Petersburg operates a fleet of more than 470 vessels that include 122 tugs, 13 ice breakers, and 66 tankers as well as pilotage boats, road boats, a fire vessel, and boats for oil garbage disposal, carrying water, and collecting bilge water. The Port of St. Petersburg accepts vessels to 320 meters (over one thousand feet) in length, to 42 (137.8 feet) meters in width, and with draft of up to 11 meters (36.1 feet). Even the drastically icy waters of the Barents Sea cannot slow down Donovia’s trade. The Port of Murmansk is an exemplar of Donovia’s ingenuity and tenacity. Located beyond the Arctic Circle, Murmansk sea port remains ice-free year round giving Northern Donovia’s a vital lifeline. The port itself is also one of Donovia's largest, in terms of cargo turnover 20 million tons passed through Murmansk over 2016’s first three quarters. 16 berths, the deepest of which holds maximum operative depth of 14.9 meters, serve the port. 

Donovia has 10 seaports located along the Black Sea and Sea of Azov. The only port for those two bodies of water that can accommodate Military Sea Lift (MSC) Commands Large, Medium-Speed Roll-on/Roll-off (LMSR) is the Port of Novorossiysk. Donovia operates ports on the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, and the Azov Sea. Novorossiysk’s location allows access to the Black Sea and beyond. Transit routes link the port to Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, Asia and even South America. Economically, this is one of Donovia’s most important ports, as Donovia is the world’s biggest exporter of grain. Without the Port of Novorossiysk, it is unlikely Donovia would enjoy such a high agricultural profile. 

Donovia has a large number of seaports on the Pacific Ocean, often in protected bays or the mouths of rivers. A number of other seaports are located on the islands off the Donovian east coast. Many of these seaports provide vital supplies for the local area that is based on the extraction of mineral, trees, or other natural products in the vastness of Siberia. Many of the ports on the east coast also accommodate the tourist trade providing a place for cruise ships to dock.

Navigable Rivers

Ships can also negotiate many of Donovia’s rivers, especially in the non-winter months. Cargo ships travel inland to reach ports that provide the access to Donovia’s vast mineral and natural resources to ship raw materials overseas. The ships also bring in finished products to be used by the locals. The tourism trade on these rivers have increased over the last decade with some ocean cruise ships going inland on the waterways. Smaller tourist ships operate on some of the waterways further inland.

Pipelines

There are 2,175,000 miles of pipelines in 120 countries around the world. The United States ranks first with 65% of these pipelines. Donovia ranks second at only 8% of the pipelines, but amounts to 161,502 miles of pipelines. Pipelines transport fluids including crude oil, refined petroleum, other fuels, water, sewage, and even beer. Large number of pipelines run through Donovia, especially to the west of the Ural Mountains. There are fewer pipelines east of the Ural Mountains and most of them are used to transport oil and natural gas from the production fields to a port where the hydrocarbon products are loaded onto ships for transfer to other countries.  Donovian Hydrocarbon Pipeline Map

Petroleum

Most of Donovia’s pipelines move petroleum from the three largest oil producing areas in Donovia and smaller fields to either refineries or transport the crude oil to other countries or the ports where the crude is loaded onto tankers for shipment to other countries. The first petroleum producing area is centered in the vicinity of Surgut near the Ural Mountains. The second, but lesser field, is in Siberia north of Irkoutsk. The third is offshore in the Pacific in the Okhotsk Sea. Smaller oil fields are southwest of Perm and northwest of Ukhta.

Donovia is in the midst of building even more petroleum pipelines. Many of the pipelines move oil to Europe through Pirtuni. In the last two years, Donovia completed a new petroleum pipeline that takes a seaborne route to Western Europe bypassing Pirtuni as the two countries have had a long history of animosity between each other. Donovia recently completed a new petroleum pipeline to Olvana and is currently building yet another one. As Olvana continues to modernize its entire country, it needs more hydrocarbon products. Donovia has been more than willing to provide the petroleum to fuel Olvanawa’s growing economy.

Natural Gas

Normally, natural gas and petroleum are located in the same vicinity. This is true in Donovia. All three petroleum producing areas also contain natural gas deposits, but the size of the fields are much bigger. There are also natural gas fields in Arctic Ocean and the Donovian Caucasus regions that contribute to making Donovia the world’s largest possessor of proven natural gas reserves. 

Many of the natural gas pipelines follow the same paths as the petroleum pipelines as the customers are often the same countries. Donovian natural gas pipelines flow through Pirtuni to Western Europe, directly to Olvana, and to ports where the gas is cooled to -160° converting it to LNG (liquid natural gas). The cooling allows the ship to take on 600 times more natural gas.

Water

The vast majority of water pipelines in Donovian are local. These pipelines, almost always in urban areas, transport clean water from treatment plants to homes and apartments. In rural areas, most people obtain their water from wells. 

Telecommunications Architecture

For the most part, Donovians use cellular telephones to communicate with each other due to the lack of landline telephone infrastructure. Many residents never owned any type of telephone until they received their first cellular phone. The majority can access news from either television or radio, but some rural residents have no information access via modern methods. (See Information variable for additional details.)

There are more cell phones (200 million) than people (150 million) in Donovia. Donovians use over four times as many cellular telephones as landlines (50 million), and the number of cellular telephones continues to increase as it becomes the primary means of communication throughout the country. The Donovian government licenses over 700 companies to offer communications services. 

Despite this focus on cellular communication, coverage can be inconsistent, particularly in rural areas. Travelers east of the Ural Mountains, are often advised to get two different sim cards for their phones in order to double their chances of being able to obtain reception. 

There are over 14 million Internet hosts operate in Donovia, but most of them work out of Moscow and other Donovian cities north of the Caucasus and west of the Ural Mountains.

Approximately 80% of all Donovians watch one of the over 3,300 national, regional, and local television stations that operate in Donovia. Approximately one percent of the stations are under control or partial control by the government. The other stations, however, must ensure they do not do anything that may cause their license to be pulled by the government. Of the 12 national television stations, the federal government owns one and holds the majority of shares in a second while a bank owns two more, the major hydrocarbon company the fifth, and the Moscow city government the sixth. 

Within Donovia, around 650 public and commercial radio stations operate. Due to the number of television and radio stations under its control, the Donovian government still attempts to control what information the Donovian people receive. Despite these attempts, all Donovians now receive more information due to the inability of the government to control information via the Internet or telephone systems.

Industry

Because of its hydrocarbon resources, Donovia is a very industrialized country. The protection of the hydrocarbon infrastructure remains paramount for Donovia to ensure the continual flow of funds to the government coffers.

While Donovia possesses a large industrial base—with 42% of the population generating 54% of the country’s GDP, this industrial production does not carry over the Caucasus region. Most of this industrial production is in northern Donovia, west of the Ural Mountains. There are small places in Siberia where there may be some industrial output, but it is primarily concerned with the extraction of hydrocarbon products and the shipment of the raw materials to market. 

Food and Agriculture

Agriculture accounts for 20% of Donovia’s workforce (20%). Due primarily to its vast natural resources and poor climate in many parts of the vast country, agriculture plays a lesser role in some parts of Donovia. Agriculture creates only 4% of the country’s GDP.

Only about 12% of Donovia’s land possesses topography, soil, and climate to make it suitable for cultivation. Donovian farmers use about 60% of their fields for crops with the remainder for pasture and meadows. Major Donovian agricultural crops include grains, soybeans, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, vegetables, fruits, beef, and milk. Wheat accounts for 50% of all Donovian grain production, while corn accounts for 20% and barley with just a slightly higher total. Donovia uses 70% of its wheat in products for people while 30% goes to feed animals. Almost all barley goes for animal feed or to make beer. The Donovian farmers use over 60% of their corn for animal feed. Due to its low production cost relative to wheat and a high demand, sunflowers to make into oil usually turn the highest profit for Donovian farmers. Flax is grown for both textiles and linseed oil. In the Caucasus, the most important agricultural products include grain, sunflowers, tea, dairy products, cattle, poultry, and wine production.

In areas that don’t have a harsh winter, such as the lowland Caucasus territories, often plant summer and winter crops, taking advantage of mild winters to increase their crop yield. Farmers who sow winter crops typically begin in August, but it is not unusual for farmers in southern regions to plant as late as October. In April, farmers plant their summer crops such as corn and sunflowers, with completion not later than early June. Harvest for winter crops begins in late June in the Caucasus and moves northward to finish not later than the end of August. These farmers then harvest their corn and sunflower crops in September and finish by October. Many farmers in the Caucasus employ a six-year crop rotation with two years of winter wheat, one year of sunflowers, one year of spring barley, one year of corn, and a fallow year. Other farmers use a seven-year crop rotation plan with two years of winter wheat, four years of perennial forage such as alfalfa, and a fallow year. Farmers can usually get four cuttings of alfalfa in any given year and sometimes five in an irrigated field. Wheat always follows a fallow year due to the need for additional moisture for the crop. In some parts of the Caucasus, farmers omit the fallow year and use an eight-year crop rotation plan with winter wheat, winter barley, sugar beets, winter wheat, winter barley, sunflowers, corn, and finally sugar beets and/or sunflowers.

There are three different types of farms found in Donovia, generally speaking, large corporate farms, small household farms that provide subsistence to rural families, and cooperative farms. 

Oil/Gas

Donovia is one of the world’s largest exporter of hydrocarbon products. More specifically, it exports crude oil and natural gas to other countries. Some of the raw products remain behind in Donovia to be converted to gasoline and other products.

Donovia ranks eighth in the world in proven oil reserves and first in natural gas as estimated by the United States Energy Information Administration. The country will remain a major player in the hydrocarbon industry for decades. Many of these oil and natural gas fields are in Siberia, east of the Ural Mountains. Some of the gas fields are located in the Arctic Sea so climate change could actually allow Donovia to access some of these fields more easily and for longer periods of time. Some of these fields cannot be easily accessed in the winter so while Donovia has the raw hydrocarbon products, it is not always able to transport the commodity to the market.

Defense Infrastructure

Donovia is a major producer of military equipment for its own military. It also produces military equipment for export and sells outdated and excess equipment no longer used by its own military. The Donovian military industrial complex produces naval ships, airplanes, and ground-based vehicles. The country also produces radar equipment, telecommunication devices, and electronic warfare systems, as well as arms and ammunition. Donovian companies can overhaul both their own military equipment and that of neighboring countries if needed. The country’s aerospace enterprises also produce missiles and rockets for both military and civilian use.

Nuclear Facilities

Donovia became the second country after the United States to produce a nuclear weapon in 1951, primarily through scientists kidnapped from Western Europe in the mid-1940s. Donovia is a signatory country to all the nuclear weapons treaties that attempt to reduce the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction to other countries.

While Donovia continues to maintain a nuclear weapon arsenal, most of its work is now devoted to nuclear power production. The country currently has 31 nuclear power plants that produce electricity for the country. With a 30-year life expectancy for most nuclear reactors, Donovia is in the process of building 10 additional reactors—all at current nuclear power plant sites. See the Power section in this variable for more details on the locations of the nuclear power plants.

Space

The Donovian government has an established national space program that exemplifies its technological superiority over other countries in the region. It maintains access to systems with dual- use technologies such as satellite-based communications, earth observation/remote sensing, and scientific experiments.

The Donovian Space Command, the government organization with primary responsibility for space operations, maintains a variety of current operational and developmental launchers and payloads. The Donovians have placed a variety of payloads into orbit, including systems with communications, photographic, and scientific missions. The facility Donovia uses to launch these satellite systems is located just east of Volgograd. The facility is referred to as the Satellite Research Center and has been a site for Donovian space launches and development for decades. The site covers a large area, four kilometers by one and a half kilometers, and contains approximately 19 different pads dedicated to satellite and missile launches.

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