Infrastructure: Donovia-West

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INFRASTRUCTURE OVERVIEW//PAGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION//

Donovian infrastructure is a mixed bag ranging from the use of the latest equipment, products, and technology in the largest cities such as Moscow to isolated rural areas where the infrastructure is little changed from what it was in the nineteenth century. Over the next decade, the Donovian government plans to spend a lot of its GDP towards revamping its infrastructure, especially in the transportation arena. Primarily for economic reasons, the Donovians plan on upgrading their highways, airports, railways, ports, and other infrastructure.

There are parts of the country, especially east of the Ural Mountains, which communities are isolated and can only be reached by air or by back country roads that can turn into quagmires when it rains. Despite the country’s size, Donovia is one of the world’s most urbanized countries. About 75% of all Donovians live in urban areas. The capital city of Moscow is the most populous city in Europe and one of the largest in the world with 12.4 million within the city limits and a metropolitan population of over 20 million.

While Donovia features a large urban population, the urbanization rate has actually dropped 0.2% over the last decade as the population ages and the elderly cannot no longer survive in the cities due to the cost of living. They are moving back to their rural homes where they grew up so they supplement whatever pension they may receive with gardening to provide themselves necessary food for survival.

Major Cities and Urban Zones

Infrastructure Matrix

The table below shows the information for Donovia’s five largest cities and for three largest cities in the Caucasus region. The population figures are for the city itself and not the metropolitan area.

Infrastructure Sub-Variables
City	Pop	Pop Dens/km2	UBD	Roads	Air	Rail	Sea	Power	Water	Sewage/ Sanitation
Moscow	12.5 million	4,880	H	C	C	C	C	Dv	Dv	Dv
St. Petersburg	5.4 million	3,750	H	C	C	C	C	Dv	Dv	Dv
Novosibirsk	1.6 million	3,180	H	C	C	C	C	Dv	Dv	Dv
Yekaterinburg	1.5 million	3,030	H	C	C	C	P	Dv	Dv	Dv
Kazan	1.3 million	3,060	H	C	C	C	M	Dv	Dv	Dv
Makhachkala (25)	600,000	1,280	H	M	M	M	M	Dg	Dg	Dg
Grozny (58)	325,000	1,000	H	M	M	M	M	Dg	Dg	Dg
Nalchik (82)	240,000	3,580	H	M	M	M	N	Dg	Dg	Dg
Legend: Population (Pop); Density (Dens); kilometer (km) Per TC-7-101: UBD = Urban Building Density: low (L); medium (M); high (H)                         Transportation (Roads, Air, Rail, Sea): primitive (P); moderate (M); complex (C)                         Utilities: non-existent (NE); degraded (Dg); developed (Dv)                             N: None

Moscow

Moscow is a megacity with over 12.5 million inhabitants within the city limits and almost 20 million in the metropolitan area located on the Moskva River in Central Donovia. It is Europe’s largest city and the world’s sixth most populous urban center, and serves as the political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation center for Donovia. Moscow continues to grow steadily while many other smaller Donovian cities continue to shrink.  Moscow’s history dates back to the 12th century and owes its prominence to its strategic location on the Moscow River. Due to its position as the country’s capital city, Moscow contains all the urban zones—city core, core periphery, high-rise residential areas, low- rise residential areas, commercial areas, industrial areas, and strictly military areas. The Donovian central government, however, razed many of the older buildings in the oldest parts of town and replaced them with more modern structures. While some small areas with dense random  construction do occur in older parts of the city, most of Moscow features closed, orderly block construction that may not always conform to square blocks. Strip areas occur along the Moscow River with limited shantytowns, as the Donovian government attempts to make Moscow appear attractive to the outside visitor. Even though Moscow serves as Donovia’s largest urban area, residents and visitors can partake in the city’s 170 square miles of green space. Moscow contains four botanical gardens, 18 smaller gardens, and 96 parks along with 39 square miles of forest in the metropolitan area. While Moscow could provide ample support to any military with its large number of resources, control of the city by the military may prove impossible through force alone.

Saint Petersburg

This city over 5.4 million inhabitants is the historic and cultural center of the original Donovian Empire located on the Baltic Sea. It has a number of historic landmarks that are on the UNESCO World Heritage Site list. Saint Petersburg is also an economic center for Donovia, especially in the import and export trade through its large port. The city contains all four types of construction patterns (dense, random construction; closed orderly block construction; strip areas; and shantytowns), but the number of shantytowns is low in contract to other large Donovian cities. Saint Petersburg contains all seven urban zones. The city core contains a large number of government buildings, businesses, and then shops that support the workers such as restaurants and cafes. Building out from the city center, there are core periphery, high-rise residential, and low-rise residential areas. Commercial areas abound throughout the city to support the large population. Saint Petersburg is a major trading hub for Donovia. Areas of specialization include the hydrocarbon field, shipbuilding, aerospace, technology, transportation, chemicals, and even textiles. Many of these companies are in the industrial heart of the city along the waterfront. There are even designated military areas around Saint Petersburg meaning that all types of urban zones can be found.

Novosibrisk

This city of 1.6 million is an administrative center for the region located in southwestern Siberia on the banks of the Ob River. It grew into a transportation, commercial, and industrial hub because it was the starting point for the original Trans-Siberian Railway and the site of the original railway bridge that crossed the Ob River. Novosibirsk is the home to numerous Donovian corporations, the busiest airport in Siberia, and a thriving cultural community. Most of the city has been built since about 1890 and contains all four construction patterns and seven urban zones. The city core while it began haphazardly, it is more of an organized area now when central planning began in the 1920s. The core periphery dates back to the city’s buildup in the 1890s, but some urban improvements have occurred in the last thirty years. The high-rise residential areas date back to the mid-20th century while the areas with low-rise residential areas are slightly newer. Many corporations have factories including several food companies in the industrial areas. Military training areas exist in the region.

Yekaterinburg

This city of 1.5 million inhabitants with 2.2 million in the metropolitan area is the largest city and the administrative center for its district. Yekaterinburg is sometimes called the “third capital of Donovia” as it normally ranks third in its economic might, culture, transportation, and tourism. The city was founded in 1723 and was original a mining capital while connecting European Donovia to Asian Donovia. Like the other large Donovian cities, Yekaterinburg contains all four construction patterns and seven urban zones. The military has a slightly bigger footprint due to its traditional role dating back at least two centuries. The city core began 300 years ago so it is dense, random construction. Urban renewal in the 20th century eliminated some of the old housing so there are sections that contain closed orderly block construction. The core periphery contains a large number of older buildings; many one or two centuries old. The high-rise residential areas are usually older than the low-rise residential areas. Despite the large number of manufacturing businesses in the city, there is also a large amount of green space and even four large lakes.

Kazan

Over 1.3 million residents live in the capital and the largest city of Tatarstan. Kazan is located where the Volga and Kazanka rivers merge and has been a city since the late 13th century. Kazan has served as a major industrial, cultural, and religious center for Donovia for the past 600 years. The city is also important for education and commerce. Due to the city’s age, the urban core was originally dense, random construction. Urban renewal projects in the 20th century converted some of the city center to a more orderly block construction amid new government offices. With all four construction patterns and all seven urban zones, Kazan is similar to other Donovian cities. On the outskirts of the city core rises the core periphery followed by areas of the city with either high-rise or low-rise residential areas. Usually the low-rise residential areas are newer construction than the high-rises, but not exclusively. There are military areas located in the general vicinity of Kazan.

Makhachkala

Makhachkala, with a population of approximately 600,000 people, ranks as Donovia’s twenty-fifth largest city, but it is the largest city in the country’s Caucasus region. Due to the city’s occupation by outside forces in World War I and an earthquake in 1970, Makhachkala features a large amount of relatively new construction when compared to other Donovian cities. While a small number of areas with dense, random construction do occur, the city primarily features closed, orderly block construction built between 1970 and 1990. Some strip areas occur along the Caspian Sea, with a large number of shantytowns scattered throughout the city. Makhachkala’s city core features large skyscrapers and planned construction built after 1970. The city also contains a core periphery with a mixture of newer buildings and older buildings that survived the earthquake. High- and low-rise residential areas spring up in a helter-skelter manner throughout the city without any apparent reasoning. Makhachkala contains limited commercial and industrial areas, as much of the area relies upon agriculture for its livelihood instead of industrial pursuits.

Grozny

Grozny, located on the Sunsha River, serves as the capital of Gamrun Republic and ranks as second largest city in the Donovian Caucasus (58th overall). While about 325,000 people currently live in Grozny, an increase from 250,000 a decade ago, this does not compare to the almost 400,000 people that lived in the city in 1989. Internal conflict in the area over the last two decades accounts for Grozny’s population fluctuation in the same time span. While Grozny contains all four construction patterns in the seven urban zones, a series of wars with the national government over the last 20 years ruined many buildings and made them uninhabitable. Rectangular block-style buildings dot the newer high-rise residential areas while single-family dwellings dominate the older residential areas. Grozny also contains an old city core, and a core periphery surrounds the old city. The industrial area is concentrated along the Sunsha River, while commercial areas appear in many parts of the city. Due to the years of warfare, many people now live in shantytowns without basic utilities.

Nalchik

Nalchik, located in the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains, contains approximately 240,000 residents to make it Donovia’s 82nd largest city, but it is the third largest in the country’s Caucasus region, and the capital of the North Ostremek Republic. Modern Nalchik’s history dates back to 1818 when Donovia built a fort there to defend the country from outside invaders as it expanded to the south. Nalchik is positioned on its namesake river, where a potable spring also provided ample water to the early settlers. Only small boats can navigate the Nalchik River. In World War II, the city received so much damage that much of the architecture dates to the second half of the 20th century. The area’s natural springs made it a place where many rich Donovians would go to “take the waters,” and a resort economy sprung up along with several sanatoriums. The city contains four institutes of higher learning including liberal arts, business, arts, and agricultural schools. Nalchik contains all four construction patterns—with closed, orderly block construction built after World War II to replace the destroyed buildings and dense, random construction in small isolated pockets because the city features large number of parks to create green spaces for the city’s residents. A strip area occurs along the river, but Nalchik has few shantytown areas due to its history as a place for the wealthy to visit. Nalchik also contains six of the urban zones and is only missing major military bases. Due to the construction boom after World War II, the city core features high-rise residential and business buildings. Farther from the city core, Nalchik has core periphery and low-rise residential areas. Commercial areas flourish throughout the city, while the industrial area confines itself to areas along the river primarily focused on non-ferrous metallurgy, light industry, construction materials manufacturing, and machine building.

Energy Sector

Donovia operates four regional electrical grids that connect the entire country. Hydrocarbons (oil, natural gas, and coal) provides 68% of all Donovian electricity while hydropower and nuclear power evenly split the other 32%. 

Nuclear Power

Donovia is a leader in nuclear energy when compared to the rest of the world. They have built a large number of plants in their own country as well as many other countries as well. About 16% of all Donovia power is generated by nuclear power plants. There are 38 nuclear power plants in Donovia with additional ones planned for the future.

Renewable Power

Donovia was the world’s sixth largest producer of renewable energy in the world last year. Most of it comes from hydroelectric power (see section below). Without the large amount of hydroelectric power, Donovia would not be in the top fifty countries in the world for renewable energy. 

Geothermal energy provides less than 1% of all total energy production in Donovia, but that still makes it rank second for renewable energy produced in the country after hydroelectric power. There are five major geothermal power stations in Donovia, but only one produces more than 14.5 MW of power.

Historically, there has been wind energy in Donovia. Wind power, however, has never really been developed on a commercial basis. There is potential for wind power in Donovia, but many the best locations are remote where there is no electrical infrastructure currently in place.

Donovia has other potential renewable sources such as tidal energy, biofuel, and biomass. The Kislaya Guba Tidal Power Station is the largest tidal energy producer in Donovia and the fourth largest in the world at 1.7 MW. Possible locations for new tidal power plants include in the Barents Sea, Kola Bay, and the Sea of Okhotsk. As one of the world’s largest grain producers, Donovia could use the ethyl alcohol to produce power. The Donovian government wants to invest in at last thirty biofuel plants over the next two decades. Biomass produces up to 1% of the energy in Donovia in specific parts of the country. With a vast forest and peat, Donovia has the ability to increase its use of biomass despite have the two largest peat power stations in the world.

Hydrocarbon Power

Donovia is one of the world’s largest producer of hydrocarbons including coal, oil, and natural gas. The country’s also has large amounts of both discovered and potential hydrocarbon locations. This is 32% of the world’s proven natural gas reserves and 23% of the probable gas reserves; 12% of the proven oil reserves; 10.5% of the explored coal reserves and 14% of the estimated reserves. Over 60% of the country’s energy is produced by hydrocarbon plants. It is likely that Donovia will continue to export is hydrocarbon products to the world for the near future because of its vast reserves.

Hydroelectric Power

Donovia is the seventh largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world last year. The country is home to 9% of the world’s hydro resources, but most of it is in Siberia so only 20% of the potential power is being used. Fourteen hydropower plants produce 1000 MW (megawatt) capacity or above, but there are many smaller plants throughout the country. Hydroelectric power produces about 16% of all power produced in Donovia. The potential for expansion in hydroelectric power is great in Donovia if access can be found to the remote locations where dams can be built.

Power Plant Data Matrix

Name or Location	Fuel Type	Capacity (MW)	Latitude	Longitude	MGRS
Akademik Lomonosov 1	Nuclear	32	69 42 00 N	170 17 00 E	59WMT7225132581
Akademik Lomonosov 2	Nuclear	32	69 42 00 N	170 17 00 E	59WMT7225132581
Balakovo 1	Nuclear	950	52 5 28 N	47 57 19 E	38UQC0244775292
Balakovo 2	Nuclear	950	52 5 28 N	47 57 19 E	38UQC0244775292
Balakovo 3	Nuclear	950	52 5 28 N	47 57 19 E	38UQC0244775292
Balakovo 4	Nuclear	950	52 5 28 N	47 57 19 E	38UQC0244775292
Beloyarsk 3	Nuclear	560	56 50 30 N	61 19 21 E	41VLD9766801015
Beloyarsk 4	Nuclear	789	56 50 30 N	61 19 21 E	41VLD9766801015
Beryozovskaya	Coal	2400	55 34 46 N	89 04 21 E	45UXB3064761224
Bilibino 2	Nuclear	11	68 03 01 N	166 32 19 E	58WEA6417649269
Bilibino 3	Nuclear	11	68 03 01 N	166 32 19 E	58WEA6417649269
Bilibino 4	Nuclear	11	68 03 01 N	166 32 19 E	58WEA6417649269
Boguchany	Hydro	2997	58 41 41 N	99 08 56 E	47VNF0862906069
Bratsk	Hydro	4500	56 17 10 N	101 47 10 E	47VPC7245141412S
Bureya	Hydro	2010	50 16 09 N	130 18 48 E	52UEA9359469383
Cheboksary	Hydro	1374	56 08 17 N	47 27 56 E	38VPH5320424182
Chirkei	Hydro	1000	42 58 37 N	46 52 16 E	38TPN5257059953
Chukotka	Wind	2.5	65 37 48 N	171 41 24 E	59W5317978844
Kalinin 1	Nuclear	950	57 54 20 N	35 03 37 E	36VXK2209020055
Kalinin 2	Nuclear	950	57 54 20 N	35 03 37 E	36VXK2209020055
Kalinin 3	Nuclear	950	57 54 20 N	35 03 37 E	36VXK2209020055
Kalinin 4	Nuclear	950	57 54 20 N	35 03 37 E	36VXK2209020055
Kashirskaya	Coal/Natural Gas	1910	54 51 25 N	38 15 33 E	37UDA5244179123
Kislaya Guba	Tidal	1.7	69 22 37 N	33 04 33 E	36WWB0298096395
Kirov	Peat	300	58 37 16 N	49 35 47 E	39VVE1847898716
Kola 1	Nuclear	441	67 28 00 N	32 28 00 E	36WVV7719283502
Kola 2	Nuclear	441	67 28 00 N	32 28 00 E	36WVV7719283502
Kola 3	Nuclear	441	67 28 00 N	32 28 00 E	36WVV7719283502
Kola 4	Nuclear	441	67 28 00 N	32 28 00 E	36WVV7719283502
Kostromskaya	Natural Gas	3600	57 27 34 N	41 10 30 E	37VFD3048070619
Krasnoyarsk	Hydro	6000	56 56 05 N	92 17 37 E	46VDJ5701310341
Kirishskaya	Natural Gas	2595	59 29 26 N	32 03 11 E	36VVL4637295059
Konakovskaya	Natural Gas	2520	56 44 35 N	36 46 13 E	37UCB5962467155
Kulikovo	Wind	50.25	55 37 48 N	63 395 36 E	42UWG3735765060
Kursk 1	Nuclear	925	51 40 30 N	35 36 20 E	36UXC8015028106
Kursk 2	Nuclear	925	51 40 30 N	35 36 20 E	36UXC8015028106
Kursk 3	Nuclear	925	51 40 30 N	35 36 20 E	36UXC8015028106
Kursk 4	Nuclear	925	51 40 30 N	35 36 20 E	36UXC8015028106
Leningrad 3	Nuclear	925	59 50 50 N	29 02 37 E	35VPG145013612
Leningrad 4	Nuclear	925	59 50 50 N	29 02 37 E	35VPG145013612
Leningrad II 1	Nuclear	1085	59 50 50 N	29 02 37 E	35VPG145013612
Leningrad II 2	Nuclear	1085	59 50 50 N	29 02 37 E	35VPG145013612
Moscow TEC-27	Natural Gas	1060	55 54 57 N	37 41 19 E	37UDB1803697489
Murmansk	Wind	0.2	68 59 35 N	33 07 06 E	36WWB0473453592
Mutnovskaya	Geothermal	50	52 32 19 N	158 12 06 E	57UVU4585421246
Mendeleevskaya	Geothermal	1.8	44 07 00 N	145 51 00 E	57UVU4585421246
Nizhnekamsk	Hydro	1205	55 41 58 N	52 16 42 E	39UWB8034273369
Novovoronezk 4	Nuclear	385	51 16 30 N	39 12 00 E	37UES1395080425
Novovoronezk 5	Nuclear	950	51 16 30 N	39 12 00 E	37UES1395080425
Novovoronezk II 1	Nuclear	1114	51 16 30 N	39 12 00 E	37UES1395080425
Novovoronezk II 2	Nuclear	1114	51 16 30 N	39 12 00 E	37UES1395080425
Okeanskaya	Geothermal	3.6	45 02 00 N	147 37 00 E	55TEK4857486838
Orenburg	Wind	1.0	51 46 60 N	55 06 00 E	40UCC6894038647
Pauzhetskaya	Geothermal	14.5	51 27 55 N	156 48 42 E	47UUT4799403838
Permskaya	Natural Gas	3363	58 29 53 N	56 20 42 E	40VDK6182284348
Priyutnenskaya	Wind	2.4	46 12 32 N	46 12 32 N	38TNS9325317967
Reftinskaya	Coal	3800	57 06 31 N	61 42 27 E	41VMD2171430217
Rostov 1	Nuclear	950	47 35 58 N	42 22 19 E	38TLT0245275128
Rostov 2	Nuclear	950	47 35 58 N	42 22 19 E	38TLT0245275128
Rostov 3	Nuclear	950	47 35 58 N	42 22 19 E	38TLT0245275128
Rostov 4	Nuclear	1011	47 35 58 N	42 22 19 E	38TLT0245275128
Rostove Wtg	Wind	0.3	57 12 00 N	39 27 00 E	37VED2718939739
Ryazan	Natural Gas/Coal	3130	54 02 04 N	39 46 39 E	37UEV5092287633
Saratov	Hydro	1404	52 03 11 N	47 45 18 E	38UPC8889070521
Sayano-Shushenskaya	Hydro	6400	52 49 33 N	91 22 13 E	46UCD9019354140
Shaturskaya	Peat/Coal/Oil/Natural Gas	1500	55 35 00 N	39 33 40 E	37UEB3537059850
Smolensk 1	Nuclear	925	54 10 08 N	33 14 48 E	36UWF1610302340
Smolensk 2	Nuclear	925	54 10 08 N	33 14 48 E	36UWF1610302340
Smolensk 3	Nuclear	925	54 10 08 N	33 14 48 E	36UWF1610302340
Stavropolskaya	Natural Gas	2423	45 18 45 N	41 30 42 E	37TFL9687820735
Surgut-1	Natural Gas	3268	61 16 46 N	73 29 20 E	43VDH1899494850
Surgut-2	Natural Gas	5597	61 16 46 N	73 30 45 E	43VDH1899494850
Teusj	Wind	72	46 28 00 N	38 19 00 E	37TDM4753446126
Troitskaya	Coal	1315	54 02 13 N	61 39 06 E	41UMV1169888473
Tyupkeldy	Wind	2.5	54 36 00 N	53 43 97 E	39UXA7722453741
Ust-Ilimsk	Hydro	3840	57 58 04 N	102 41 37 E	48VUK6356427451
Verhne-Mutnovskaya	Geothermal	12	52 33 05 N	158 14 16 E	57UVU4831822641
Volga	Hydro	2660	48 49 34 N	44 40 19 E	38UMV7592108177
Votkinsk	Hydro	1035	56 47 27 N	54 05 22 E	40VCH2222997881
Yktabivsj	Wind	50	54 19 00 N	48 22 00 E	39UUA2871821953
Zeya	Hydro	1330	53 46 09 N	127 18 23 E	52UCE8837659170
Zhiguli	Hydro	2456	53 25 36 N	49 28 44 E	39UUV9893020812
Legend: MW: Megawatt      MGRS: Military Grid Reference System

Home Heating

Due to the size of Donovia, various methods of home heating are used. Practices found in urban Moscow will not be the same as rural Siberia. In most Donovian cities, the majority of buildings are centrally heated by hot water flowing through pipes heated by a local heat and power plant, usually one per neighborhood or district. The temperature is controlled at the central boiler plant rather than in the individual apartments as most urban dwellers do not live in houses. The heating season for European Donovia lasts from October until May, but cold weather can come earlier. The standard winter temperature for urban houses is about 64° (F), but could reach 75° (F) in the living room. Bathrooms are even warmer at 77° (F).   18 in the house, 25 in the bathroom, 24 in the living room

In rural Donovia, it is common for wood burning stoves to be used to heat the homes where more modern heating methods are not available. Placed in the center of the house, the stove is used for both heating and cooking. 

Water and Sanitation

Water

The vast majority of the Donovian urban population has access to potable water. As population density decreases in rural areas, people begin to rely less on public water systems, and more on local sources—rivers, streams, and wells—to obtain water for cooking, drinking, and washing.

Some NGO reports claim 100% of urban and 88% of rural Donovians can access safe drinking water. About 97% of Donovians may access potable water, but that number drops significantly outside of urban centers, particularly isolated rural areas. Donovian households use about 20% of all water in the country and agriculture uses about 14%, but the lion’s share of over 60% goes for industrial purposes. Even though most Donovian towns possess a water system, less than half of those public systems produce drinking water that meets international sanitary requirements. In rural areas, 59% of Donovians draw water from common wells, which are often contaminated by polluted groundwater.

Sanitation

The vast majority of Donovian urban residents use modern sewage disposal methods to get rid of waste. Urban residents have greater access to modern sewage treatment than rural residents. The more isolated a community is, the less likely it is that they will use modern sewage treatment techniques. Poor disposal methods in rural areas often contaminates ground water that is otherwise relied upon for drinking and cooking.

While the overall Donovian percentage for improved sanitation facilities surpasses 93% in urban areas and 70% in rural areas, the numbers for Donovians living in the Caucasus region are significantly lower. Only 75% of Donovians who live in urban Caucasian cities can access modern sewage systems, and 60% of rural Donovians in the region. Even with “modern” sewage systems used in Donovia, it is estimated that only 8% of all waste water receives treatment before it reenters the country’s waterways.

Transportation Architecture

Donovia has an extensive transportation network that stretches the length of the country, over 4,800 miles from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Kamchatka Peninsula in the east. Major cities are served by rapid transit systems. Roads are the primary transportation method throughout the country. Most roads, especially the unpaved ones, suffer from a lack of maintenance. Distances in Siberia are so great that trains or planes, for the wealthy, are a better alternative travel method.

Road System

Donovia contains over 579,000 miles of roads. About 81% of these are paved, however, the maintenance on roads in the rural areas is not always completed. Rural roads, especially east of the Ural Mountains, are often little more than dirt paths. Of 144 countries evaluated for their road system, Donovia ranked in the bottom ten countries. Overall, roads in this part of the world do not meet US or Western Europe standards. Driving is hazardous, especially in the winter months or in bad weather. Generally, drivers do not obey all traffic laws, and vehicle owners often fail to maintain their vehicles properly. Donovia uses a combination of automobile taxes, a tariff on foreign-made car sales, and a charge for advertising alongside the roads to fund road construction and maintenance.

Donovian Major Roadways

Paved roads

There are approximately 469,000 miles of paved roads in Donovia, most of these are west of the Ural Mountains. The further from the urban areas, the worse the roads become.

Unpaved Roads

There are approximately 90,000 miles of unpaved roads in Donovia. For a country its size, Donovia does not possess a large number of roads. In the past, the government did not emphasize privately owned vehicles, so the requirement for roads remained relatively low. The Donovians did not design most of their roads for heavy trucks, and extensive travel by semi- trailers or other large trucks has significantly damaged the road system. 

Local Driving Habits

Road safety in Donovia is poor, at best, with a high accident rate. Donovia consistently ranks in the top 5 countries in the absolute number of recorded road deaths despite the requirement for drivers to be able to answer 800 different questions to obtain a driver’s license. Drivers often obtain their license by bribing the test examiners. There is often no center line on roads so people drive in the middle. At stoplights, drivers jockey with each other like race car drivers to be the first one to take off once the light turns green. Speeding is common place. Drivers ignore pedestrians so walking on roads, especially in urban areas, is dangerous. The main reason is that law enforcement is quite lax due to budget restraints and legal issues involved in finding witnesses for some of the vehicular infractions. Another reason that if caught, the police will not issue a ticket for a small fee (bribe). 

Public Transportation

Public transportation in Donovia is available, usually on time, and mostly user-friendly. Large cities used buses, subways, and trams to move people. In Moscow alone, there are 19 million public transportation trips on an average weekday. Seven Donovia cities (Kazan, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg, Samara, and Yekaterinburg) operate a subway system. Buses are operated locally not by a national entity. As such, some cities operate a more efficient system than others. There are long-distance bus service available in most large Donovian towns, but usually go no further than six hours away. After that, it is faster and cheaper to use a train.

In smaller cities and in rural areas, transportation often comes in the form a marshrutka or a tax. It is actually a large van or minibus that has a specific route and ran by private companies. In some cities, these vehicles are part of the public system. The marshrutka will make scheduled stops in large and medium towns. In rural areas, people stand by the side of the road and flag them down.

Donovian Rail and Port Map

Rail System

Railroads are an important part of the Donovian transportation sector due to a lack of cars by people living in urban as well as rural areas. Over 800,000 people work in the direct railroad industry and create approximately 2.5% of the country’s GDP. In the last published year (5 years ago), over 1.3 billion passenger trips took place on any of the 17 regional railways and carried over 1.3 billion tons of freight accounting for 90% of all cargo (excluding pipelines).  

The government owned Donovian Railways holds a near-monopoly with almost 99% of all passenger and freight traveling on over 80,000 miles of rails. About half the rail miles are electrified. The company operate almost 20,000 locomotives; 25,000 passenger cars; and 530,000 freight cars. Another 300,000 freight cars are privately owned, but travel on the national railroad’s track systems.

In additional to these tracks, there are a number of industrial railways in the mining or lumber businesses whose total track length is about 40,000 mile. About 75% of these miles link to the Donovian Railways while the others are for internal use as a lumber company using its private railway line to transport logs from the forest to the sawmill. There are also a number of narrow-gauge railways throughout the country.

Large cities usually have a subway system that is part of the metropolitan area’s rapid-transit system. The following charge provides details on these cities. Three other cities – Omsk, Chelyabinsk, and Krasnoyarsk – are currently building subway systems.

Donovian Metropolitan Area Rapid-Transit Systems
CITY & SYSTEM	LINES	STATIONS	MILES OF TRACK
Kazan Metro	1	10	9.8
Moscow Metro	13	207	217.2
Nizhny Novgorod Metro	2	14	11.7
Novosibirsk Metro	2	13	9.9
Saint Petersburg Metro	5	69	70.3
Samara Metro	1	10	7.9
Yekaterinburg Metro	1	9	7.9

Air Transportation System

There are over 1,260 known runways in Donovia, but there are probably more. The vast expanse of Donovia (11 time zones) makes air travel an important for those that can afford it, especially east of the Urals where pockets of civilization are widely separated by vast wilderness. Donovia operates nine major airports within 200 miles of its borders with Gorgas and Atropia.

Major Donovian Runways

Paved Runways: 601

>10,000 feet: 51

8,000-10,000 feet: 197

5,000-8,000 feet: 129

3,000-5,000 feet: 102

3,000-5,000 feet: 122

Unpaved Runways: 659

>10,000 feet: 4

8,000-10,000 feet: 13

5,000-8,000 feet: 69

3,000-5,000 feet: 89

3,000-5,000 feet: 484

Maritime

Seaports

Largest Donovian Ports By Volume of Cargo Handled
CITY	LOCATION	TONNAGE
Novorossiysk	Black Sea (Caucasus)	141.8
Ust-Luga	Gulf of Finland (West Coast)	102.6
Vostochny	Inland (River Port)	77.4
St. Petersburg	Gulf of Finland (West Coast)	59.9
Murmansk	Barents Sea (West Coast)	56.1
Primorsk	Baltic Sea (West Coast)	49.3
Vanino	Strait of Tartary (East Coast)	33.5
Sabetta	Yamal Peninsula (Northern Sea Route	27.8
Nakhodka	Sea of Japan (East Coast)	26.8
Vladivostok	Sea of Japan (East Coast)	24.7
Taman	Taman Bay (Caucasus)	22.0
Kavkaz	Kerch Strait (Caucasus)	21.9
Vysotsk	Vyborg Bay (East Coast)	18.6
Rostov-on-Don	Inland (River Port)	17.8
Tonnage is in million metric tons for last year on record

With a population of over 150 million, international trade is a huge part of Donovia’s economy. Between January-August 2016, 468.6 million tons of cargo passed through Donovia’s ports – an increase of 5.7% compared with 2015’s volumes. In order to handle the sheer tonnage of trade turnover, Donovia’s Baltic, Arctic, Pacific and Black Sea coasts are dotted with world-class ports. 

Donovia operates the 15th-largest merchant marine fleet in the world, with almost 900 vessels. This includes 507 cargo ships, 189 petroleum tankers, and 62 refrigerated cargo ships. Foreign corporations own 116 of the ships. Donovia registers almost 360 ships in foreign countries, with over 20% flagged in Liberia. Donovia operates the largest icebreaker fleet in the world. This includes six nuclear powered ships (with three under construction and two being planned) with Brake Horse Power (BHP) greater than 45,000. It operates 25 ships with BHP between 20,000-45,000; and another nine under construction. There are 15 with BHP of 10,000-20,000. This fleet is both government and commercial. Crews may be military or civilian.

Donovia’s European coast has 13 seaports located along the Baltic Sea and Barents Sea. There are 9 Donovian ports on their west coast that average more than 1 million tons of cargo throughput annually. The only port for the west coast that can accommodate Military Sea Lift Commands (MSC) Large, Medium-Speed Roll-on/Roll-off (LMSR) ships is the Port of St. Petersburg. 

The two largest ports on Donovia’s European coast are the Port of Kaliningrad and the Port of St. Petersburg. Kaliningrad is the closest Donovian port to Mainland Europe, sandwiched between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic coast. Comparative short distances between the Port of Kaliningrad and other major European ports, such as Copenhagen, Tallinn and Helsinki makes it unique amongst Donovia’s Western sea ports. Even the drastically icy waters of the Barents Sea cannot slow down Donovia’s trade. The Port of Murmansk is an exemplar of Donovia’s ingenuity and tenacity. Located beyond the Arctic Circle, Murmansk sea port remains ice-free year round giving Northern Donovia’s a vital lifeline. The port itself is also one of Donovia’s largest, in terms of cargo turnover 20 million tons passed through Murmansk over 2016’s first three quarters. 16 berths, the deepest of which holds maximum operative depth of 14.9 meters, serve the port.

Facilities in the Port of St. Petersburg support commercial sea trade, an oil terminal, ship-building and repair, and passenger services. In addition to the Oktyabrskaya (October) Railway, the Port of St. Petersburg operates a fleet of more than 470 vessels that include 122 tugs, 13 ice breakers, and 66 tankers as well as pilotage boats, road boats, a fire vessel, and boats for oil garbage disposal, carrying water, and collecting bilge water. The Port of St. Petersburg accepts vessels to 320 meters (over one thousand feet) in length, to 42 (137.8 feet) meters in width, and with draft of up to 11 meters (36.1 feet). Even the drastically icy waters of the Barents Sea cannot slow down Donovia’s trade. The Port of Murmansk is an exemplar of Donovia’s ingenuity and tenacity. Located beyond the Arctic Circle, Murmansk sea port remains ice-free year round giving Northern Donovia’s a vital lifeline. The port itself is also one of Donovia's largest, in terms of cargo turnover 20 million tons passed through Murmansk over 2016’s first three quarters. 16 berths, the deepest of which holds maximum operative depth of 14.9 meters, serve the port. 

Donovia has 10 seaports located along the Black Sea and Sea of Azov. The only port for those two bodies of water that can accommodate Military Sea Lift (MSC) Commands Large, Medium-Speed Roll-on/Roll-off (LMSR) is the Port of Novorossiysk. Donovia operates ports on the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, and the Azov Sea. Novorossiysk’s location allows access to the Black Sea and beyond. Transit routes link the port to Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, Asia and even South America. Economically, this is one of Donovia’s most important ports, as Donovia is the world’s biggest exporter of grain. Without the Port of Novorossiysk, it is unlikely Donovia would enjoy such a high agricultural profile. 

Donovia has a large number of seaports on the Pacific Ocean, often in protected bays or the mouths of rivers. A number of other seaports are located on the islands off the Donovian east coast. Many of these seaports provide vital supplies for the local area that is based on the extraction of mineral, trees, or other natural products in the vastness of Siberia. Many of the ports on the east coast also accommodate the tourist trade providing a place for cruise ships to dock.

Navigable Rivers

Ships can also negotiate many of Donovia’s rivers, especially in the non-winter months. Cargo ships travel inland to reach ports that provide the access to Donovia’s vast mineral and natural resources to ship raw materials overseas. The ships also bring in finished products to be used by the locals. The tourism trade on these rivers have increased over the last decade with some ocean cruise ships going inland on the waterways. Smaller tourist ships operate on some of the waterways further inland.

Pipelines

There are 2,175,000 miles of pipelines in 120 countries around the world. The United States ranks first with 65% of these pipelines. Donovia ranks second at only 8% of the pipelines, but amounts to 161,502 miles of pipelines. Pipelines transport fluids including crude oil, refined petroleum, other fuels, water, sewage, and even beer. Large number of pipelines run through Donovia, especially to the west of the Ural Mountains. There are fewer pipelines east of the Ural Mountains and most of them are used to transport oil and natural gas from the production fields to a port where the hydrocarbon products are loaded onto ships for transfer to other countries. 

Donovian Hydrocarbon Pipeline Map

Petroleum

Most of Donovia’s pipelines move petroleum from the three largest oil producing areas in Donovia and smaller fields to either refineries or transport the crude oil to other countries or the ports where the crude is loaded onto tankers for shipment to other countries. The first petroleum producing area is centered in the vicinity of Surgut near the Ural Mountains. The second, but lesser field, is in Siberia north of Irkoutsk. The third is offshore in the Pacific in the Okhotsk Sea. Smaller oil fields are southwest of Perm and northwest of Ukhta.

Donovia is in the midst of building even more petroleum pipelines. Many of the pipelines move oil to Europe through Pirtuni. In the last two years, Donovia completed a new petroleum pipeline that takes a seaborne route to Western Europe bypassing Pirtuni as the two countries have had a long history of animosity between each other. Donovia recently completed a new petroleum pipeline to Olvana and is currently building yet another one. As Olvana continues to modernize its entire country, it needs more hydrocarbon products. Donovia has been more than willing to provide the petroleum to fuel Olvanawa’s growing economy.

Natural Gas

Normally, natural gas and petroleum are located in the same vicinity. This is true in Donovia. All three petroleum producing areas also contain natural gas deposits, but the size of the fields are much bigger. There are also natural gas fields in Arctic Ocean and the Donovian Caucasus regions that contribute to making Donovia the world’s largest possessor of proven natural gas reserves. 

Many of the natural gas pipelines follow the same paths as the petroleum pipelines as the customers are often the same countries. Donovian natural gas pipelines flow through Pirtuni to Western Europe, directly to Olvana, and to ports where the gas is cooled to -160° converting it to LNG (liquid natural gas). The cooling allows the ship to take on 600 times more natural gas.

Water

The vast majority of water pipelines in Donovian are local. These pipelines, almost always in urban areas, transport clean water from treatment plants to homes and apartments. In rural areas, most people obtain their water from wells. 

Telecommunications Architecture 

For the most part, Donovians use cellular telephones to communicate with each other due to the lack of landline telephone infrastructure. Many residents never owned any type of telephone until they received their first cellular phone. The majority can access news from either television or radio, but some rural residents have no information access via modern methods. (See Information variable for additional details.)

There are more cell phones (200 million) than people (150 million) in Donovia. Donovians use over four times as many cellular telephones as landlines (50 million), and the number of cellular telephones continues to increase as it becomes the primary means of communication throughout the country. The Donovian government licenses over 700 companies to offer communications services. 

Despite this focus on cellular communication, coverage can be inconsistent, particularly in rural areas. Travelers east of the Ural Mountains, are often advised to get two different sim cards for their phones in order to double their chances of being able to obtain reception. 

There are over 14 million Internet hosts operate in Donovia, but most of them work out of Moscow and other Donovian cities north of the Caucasus and west of the Ural Mountains.

Approximately 80% of all Donovians watch one of the over 3,300 national, regional, and local television stations that operate in Donovia. Approximately one percent of the stations are under control or partial control by the government. The other stations, however, must ensure they do not do anything that may cause their license to be pulled by the government. Of the 12 national television stations, the federal government owns one and holds the majority of shares in a second while a bank owns two more, the major hydrocarbon company the fifth, and the Moscow city government the sixth. 

Within Donovia, around 650 public and commercial radio stations operate. Due to the number of television and radio stations under its control, the Donovian government still attempts to control what information the Donovian people receive. Despite these attempts, all Donovians now receive more information due to the inability of the government to control information via the Internet or telephone systems.

Industry

Because of its hydrocarbon resources, Donovia is a very industrialized country. The protection of the hydrocarbon infrastructure remains paramount for Donovia to ensure the continual flow of funds to the government coffers.

While Donovia possesses a large industrial base—with 42% of the population generating 54% of the country’s GDP, this industrial production does not carry over the Caucasus region. Most of this industrial production is in northern Donovia, west of the Ural Mountains. There are small places in Siberia where there may be some industrial output, but it is primarily concerned with the extraction of hydrocarbon products and the shipment of the raw materials to market. 

Food and Agriculture

Agriculture accounts for 20% of Donovia’s workforce (20%). Due primarily to its vast natural resources and poor climate in many parts of the vast country, agriculture plays a lesser role in some parts of Donovia. Agriculture creates only 4% of the country’s GDP.

Only about 12% of Donovia’s land possesses topography, soil, and climate to make it suitable for cultivation. Donovian farmers use about 60% of their fields for crops with the remainder for pasture and meadows. Major Donovian agricultural crops include grains, soybeans, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, vegetables, fruits, beef, and milk. Wheat accounts for 50% of all Donovian grain production, while corn accounts for 20% and barley with just a slightly higher total. Donovia uses 70% of its wheat in products for people while 30% goes to feed animals. Almost all barley goes for animal feed or to make beer. The Donovian farmers use over 60% of their corn for animal feed. Due to its low production cost relative to wheat and a high demand, sunflowers to make into oil usually turn the highest profit for Donovian farmers. Flax is grown for both textiles and linseed oil. In the Caucasus, the most important agricultural products include grain, sunflowers, tea, dairy products, cattle, poultry, and wine production.

In areas that don’t have a harsh winter, such as the lowland Caucasus territories, often plant summer and winter crops, taking advantage of mild winters to increase their crop yield. Farmers who sow winter crops typically begin in August, but it is not unusual for farmers in southern regions to plant as late as October. In April, farmers plant their summer crops such as corn and sunflowers, with completion not later than early June. Harvest for winter crops begins in late June in the Caucasus and moves northward to finish not later than the end of August. These farmers then harvest their corn and sunflower crops in September and finish by October. Many farmers in the Caucasus employ a six-year crop rotation with two years of winter wheat, one year of sunflowers, one year of spring barley, one year of corn, and a fallow year. Other farmers use a seven-year crop rotation plan with two years of winter wheat, four years of perennial forage such as alfalfa, and a fallow year. Farmers can usually get four cuttings of alfalfa in any given year and sometimes five in an irrigated field. Wheat always follows a fallow year due to the need for additional moisture for the crop. In some parts of the Caucasus, farmers omit the fallow year and use an eight-year crop rotation plan with winter wheat, winter barley, sugar beets, winter wheat, winter barley, sunflowers, corn, and finally sugar beets and/or sunflowers.

There are three different types of farms found in Donovia, generally speaking, large corporate farms, small household farms that provide subsistence to rural families, and cooperative farms. 

Oil/Gas

Donovia is one of the world’s largest exporter of hydrocarbon products. More specifically, it exports crude oil and natural gas to other countries. Some of the raw products remain behind in Donovia to be converted to gasoline and other products.

Donovia ranks eighth in the world in proven oil reserves and first in natural gas as estimated by the United States Energy Information Administration. The country will remain a major player in the hydrocarbon industry for decades. Many of these oil and natural gas fields are in Siberia, east of the Ural Mountains. Some of the gas fields are located in the Arctic Sea so climate change could actually allow Donovia to access some of these fields more easily and for longer periods of time. Some of these fields cannot be easily accessed in the winter so while Donovia has the raw hydrocarbon products, it is not always able to transport the commodity to the market.

Defense Infrastructure

Donovia is a major producer of military equipment for its own military. It also produces military equipment for export and sells outdated and excess equipment no longer used by its own military. The Donovian military industrial complex produces naval ships, airplanes, and ground-based vehicles. The country also produces radar equipment, telecommunication devices, and electronic warfare systems, as well as arms and ammunition. Donovian companies can overhaul both their own military equipment and that of neighboring countries if needed. The country’s aerospace enterprises also produce missiles and rockets for both military and civilian use.

Nuclear Facilities

Donovia became the second country after the United States to produce a nuclear weapon in 1951, primarily through scientists kidnapped from Western Europe in the mid-1940s. Donovia is a signatory country to all the nuclear weapons treaties that attempt to reduce the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction to other countries.

While Donovia continues to maintain a nuclear weapon arsenal, most of its work is now devoted to nuclear power production. The country currently has 31 nuclear power plants that produce electricity for the country. With a 30-year life expectancy for most nuclear reactors, Donovia is in the process of building 10 additional reactors—all at current nuclear power plant sites. See the Power section in this variable for more details on the locations of the nuclear power plants.

Space

The Donovian government has an established national space program that exemplifies its technological superiority over other countries in the region. It maintains access to systems with dual- use technologies such as satellite-based communications, earth observation/remote sensing, and scientific experiments.

The Donovian Space Command, the government organization with primary responsibility for space operations, maintains a variety of current operational and developmental launchers and payloads. The Donovians have placed a variety of payloads into orbit, including systems with communications, photographic, and scientific missions. The facility Donovia uses to launch these satellite systems is located just east of Volgograd. The facility is referred to as the Satellite Research Center and has been a site for Donovian space launches and development for decades. The site covers a large area, four kilometers by one and a half kilometers, and contains approximately 19 different pads dedicated to satellite and missile launches.

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Oblasts in Western Donovia
Name	Population	Main cities	Transportation assets
Arkhangelsk	1,130,240	Arkhangelsk, Severodvinsk	Railways (narrow gauge), rivers, highways, airports, space port
Belgorod	1,532,526	Belgorod	Railways, highways (M2), airport
Bryansk	1,278,217	Bryansk	Electric railways, highways (M3, M13), airport
Chelyabinsk	3,476,217	Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk	Roads, airport
Ivanovo	1,061,651	Ivanovo	Volga river, highways, and railways
Kaliningrad	941,873	Kaliningrad	Seaport, railway and roads
Kaluga	1,010,930	Kaluga, Obninsk, and Sukhinichi	Highways (M3), railways, airfields, river, city trolleybus system
Kirov	1,341,312	Kirov	Narrow gauge railways for transporting peat and felled logs; Trans-Siberian Railway hub; roads; airport
Kostroma	667,562	Kostroma	Two rivers, roads, railroad, and airport
Kursk	1,127,081	Kursk	Railways, roads, airport
Leningrad	1,669,205	Leningrad	Four rivers; major railway hub; canals and water systems; highways; seaports and airfields
Moscow	7,095,120	Balashikha, Khimki, and Podolsk	Dense transport network, including roads, railways, airports, and waterways along the largest rivers, lakes and reservoirs
Murmansk	892,534	Murmansk	Strategic railway, local one-way railways, seaport, sea routes to smaller towns, airports, roads
Nizhny Novgorod	3,310,597	Nizhny Novgorod and Arzamas	Narrow gauge railways for transporting peat and factory products; 3 rivers
Novgorod	694,355	Veliky Novgorod	Waterways, railway, narrow gauge railways, roads, airport
Orel (Oryol)	786,935	Oryol	Railways, roads, airport
Orenburg	2,033,072	Orenburg	Roads
Penza	1,386,186	Penza	Rivers, roads
Pskov	760,810	Pskov	Railway, , dense road network, airports, river
Ryazan	1,154,114	Ryazan	Narrow gauge railways, roads
Samara	3,215,532	Samara, Tolyatti and Syzran	Highways, railways, river transport, airport
Saratov	2,521,892	Saratov	River, railway, roads, airport
Smolensk	985,537	Smolensk	Dnieper river, M1 highway, and railway
Tambov	1,091,994	Tambov	Railway, roads, airport
Tula	1,553,925	Tula and Novomoskovsk	Three rivers; railways (diesel and electric) including an express train from Tula to Moscow; buses; highly developed road system
Tver	1,353,392	Ozyorny, Solnechny	Railways, rivers, highways (M9 and M10), airports, and pipeline transportation systems
Ulyanovsk	1,292,799	Ulyanovsk	River, roads, airport
Vladimir	1,443,693	Vladimir	Roads, narrow gauge railway, airport
Voronezh	2,335,380	Voronezh	Rivers, roads, airport
Vologda	1,202,444	Vologda and Cherepovets	Vologda river, Northern Dvina Canal, highways (M8 and A114), improved and unimproved roads, railway, airport, oil transport system
Yaroslavl	1,272,468	Yaroslavl	Major highways, railroads, and waterways

Table INFR-1. Oblasts in Western Donovia

Krais in Western Donovia
Name	Population	Main cities	Transportation assets
Perm	2,635,276	Perm	Trans-Siberian Railway hub (2 stations), River ports, airport

Table INFR-2. Krais in Western Donovia

Republics in Western Donovia
Name	Population	Main cities	Transportation assets
Bashkortostan	4,072,292	Ufa and Sterlitamak	13,000 rivers providing deepwater transportation throughout western Donovia; roadways; cargo railways
Chuvash (also known as Chuvashia)	1,251,619	Cheboksary	Transport network is one of the most developed in Donovia. Roads (4 major highways), railroads, waterways (closed in winter), and airport
Karelia	716,281	Petrozavodsk	Murmansk Railway, water transport infrastructure (rivers, lakes, canals), highway (M18)
Komi	1,018,674	Syktyvkar, Inta, Pechora	Railway, two rivers, airports, automobile roads (R176), natural gas transport system
Mari El	696,459	Yoshkar-Ola	Dense rail and road network, buses, airport, river ports
Mordovia	834,755	Saransk	Bus, railway, airport, 14 rivers
Tatarstan	3,786,488	Kazan	Highly developed transport network of highways, railways, four rivers, oil pipelines and airports
Udmurtia	1,521,420	Izhevsk	Well-developed transport system, including air, land and water

Table INFR-3. Republics in Western Donovia

Autonomous Okrugs in Western Donovia
Name	Population	Main cities	Transportation assets
Nenets	41,546	Naryan-Mar	Limited road system. Pechora River is navigable in summer only. Railway and oil transport system are being planned.

Table INFR-4. Autonomous Okrugs in Western Donovia

Federal Cities in Western Donovia
Name	Population	Transportation assets
Moscow	19.5 million	Airport, river, railways, metro (subway), bus, monorail, cable car, tram, taxis, roads
St. Petersburg	5,323,300	Rail, seaports, roads and freeways (links GBCC countries to Donovia and eastern Europe), railway, metro, river, airport

Table INFR-5. Federal Cities in Western Donovia

CONSTRUCTION PATTERNS

During the Warsaw Pact era, Donovia used centralized planning to plan and build cities in inhospitable areas with no consideration of economic advantages. Under the current leadership, the land misuse of the past is being addressed. Populations are flowing towards economically viable cities, and away from those that are not. Ease of access to the GBCC countries, the Baltic States, and eastern Europe have encouraged economic growth, followed by more investment in infrastructure. The government has also recognized the possibility of an ice-free Arctic, and begun many infrastructure projects there in anticipation of future access to natural resources.

Tricky climate patterns and often unpredictable government regulations are but two of many challenges that construction firms face in western Donovia. That said, future improvements will continue to be focused on the areas around the Federal Cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg.

FEDERAL CITIES

Equal in status to Oblasts, Krais, Republics, and Autonomous Okrugs are the Federal Cities in western Donovia: Moscow and Saint Petersburg. These two cities are recognized in the Constitution of Donovia as Federal Entities. Moscow and Saint Petersburg have a status of both city and separate Federal Entity which comprises other cities and towns within each Federal city. This arrangement makes for some confusing situations. According to Article 13 of the Charter of Leningrad Oblast, the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city of St. Petersburg. However, St. Petersburg is not officially named to be the administrative center of the oblast. According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not officially named to be the administrative center of the oblast.

Moscow

Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Donovia and eastern Europe, as well as the largest city (both by population and by area) entirely on the European continent. It is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth. Moscow is the capital and seat of power of Donovia. The Moscow Federal City government pays significant attention to infrastructure as one of the key pillars of urban development—with a current focus on projects that create livable and comfortable urban spaces for both citizens and tourists.

The city is served by a transit network, which includes four international airports, nine railway terminals, three tram networks, extensive bus network, a monorail system, and one of the deepest underground rapid transit systems in the world, the Moscow Metro. It is the fourth-largest in the world and largest outside Asia in terms of passenger numbers, and the busiest in Europe.

Figure INFR-1. Moscow Federal City Rapid Transit System

Downloaded from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moscow_metro_ring_railway_map_en_sb_future.svg

Moscow Metro is the rapid transit system for the Federal City of Moscow and the Moscow Oblast cities of Krasnogorsk, Reutov, Lyubertsy and Kotelniki. As of 2018, the Moscow Metro, excluding the Moscow Central Circle and Moscow Monorail, has 223 stations and its route length is 379.1 km (235.6 mi). It uses broad gauge tracks (1,520 mm or 60 inches) and is completely electrified. A new light-rail system has been integrated into the Moscow Metro. It was completed in a record four-year period by repurposing existing brownfield networks which allowed the installation of modern technology on existing rail transport routes. As of 2017 the system had an average daily ridership of 6.99 million passengers.

Roads. There are over 2.6 million cars in the city daily. Recent years have seen growth in the number of cars, which have caused traffic jams and lack of parking space to become major problems. The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD), along with the Third Transport Ring and yet-to-be-completed Fourth Transport Ring, is one of only three freeways that run within Moscow city limits. There are several other roadway systems that form concentric circles around the city.

Bus system. A bus network radiates from each Metro station to the surrounding residential zones. Moscow has a bus terminal for long-range and intercity passenger buses with daily turnover of about 25 thousand passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in Moscow. Every major street in the city is served by at least one bus route. Many of these routes are doubled by a trolleybus route and have trolley wires over them. With the total line length of almost 600 kilometers (370 miles) of single wire, eight depots, 104 routes and 1740 vehicles, the Moscow trolleybus system was the largest in the world.

Future infrastructure projects.

1.      Construction of an international business center, expected to be completed by 2030.

2.      Expansion of the fourth ring highway has been slowed due to economic downturns. It also is expected to be completed by 2030.

3.      There has been much talk about replacing the trolleybuses with electric buses, but no action has yet been taken.

4.      Development of 300,000+ square meters of hotels, 250,000+ square meters of retail, and 200,000+ square meters of offices along the new light-rail portion of the Metro.

5.      Development of “citizen-centric spaces” such as full service parks. These parks will include concert venues, restaurants, parking garages, an entertainment complex, and education centers.

Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg is Donovia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015). An important Donovian port on the Baltic Sea, it has the status of a Federal City. The city is famous as the cultural capital of Donovia with its unique historical monuments and museums. The whole central part of the city is protected by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, and there are numerous historical parks and gardens. Green areas cover 7,209 hectares.

Saint Petersburg is a major transport hub. The first railway was built there in 1837, and since then the city's transport infrastructure has continued to develop. St. Petersburg has an extensive system of local roads and railway services. It maintains a large public transport system that includes trams, buses, trolleybuses, the Saint Petersburg Metro, and riverine services.

The city is connected to the rest of Donovia and the wider world by a number of federal highways and national and international rail routes. Pulkovo Airport serves the majority of air passengers departing from or arriving to the city.

The Saint Petersburg Metro is a rapid transit system in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast. It has six lines and 63 stations. It uses broad gauge tracks (1,520 mm or 60 inches) and is completely electrified. Future plans call for the addition of 17 new stations and one new depot by 2025.

Roads. Saint Petersburg has a clogged road system caused by traffic volumes, intercity traffic, and excessive winter snow. The Saint Petersburg Ring Road and the Western High-Speed Diameter have reduced much of the congestion. Construction on M-11 (Moscow-Saint Petersburg Highway) has begun but been plagued with delays from corruption. Saint Petersburg is an important transport corridor linking the GBCC countries to Donovia and Eastern Europe. The city is a node of the international European routes E18 towards Otavia, Otso; E20 towards Tallinn, Estonia; E95 towards Pskov, Kiev and Odessa and E105 towards Petrozavodsk, Murmansk and Kirkenes (north) and towards Moscow and Kharkiv (south).

Waterways. The city is served by both passenger and cargo seaports which tie into the river ports on the Neva River. Hydrofoils link the city center to the coastal towns of Kronstadt, Lomonosov, Petergof, Sestroretsk and Zelenogorsk from May through October. In the warmer months many smaller boats and water-taxis maneuver the canals throughout the city.

Rail. The city is the final destination for a web of intercity and suburban railways, served by five different railway terminals and dozens of non-terminal railway stations. There is a high-speed railway linking Saint Petersburg to Moscow.

Saint Petersburg has international rail connections through Otavia, Otso to Brahea, Bothnia. A high-speed railway paralleling this routes is under construction.

Future infrastructure projects. Future growth of the city is challenging with the Gulf of Finland on one side and a forest greenbelt on the other. Future works are focused on improvements in existing infrastructure.

1.      Many industrial factories in the central districts have closed and vacated areas are waiting for reuse. City government is actively seeking outside investment to revitalize these areas.

2.      Planning of green infrastructure is now an important and integrated part of the overall architectural and urban planning development strategy (master plan) of the city. As such, principal St. Petersburg axes (along main streets) started in the central cities will be extended into suburban areas.

3.      Parks are being planned in existing residential areas and newly built up areas.

4.      In the city center, plans are being made to incorporate vertical and container gardening, "green roofs" and "green walls" without affecting historical sites.

TRANSPORTATION ARCHITECTURE

The transport architecture of the United Republics of Donovia is one of the world’s most extensive. The network of roads, highways, railways, waterways, pipelines, and airways stretches almost 7,700 km (4,800 mi) from Kaliningrad in the west to the Kamchatka Peninsula in the east. Major cities such as Moscow and Saint Petersburg are served by extensive rapid transit systems. The most extensive portion of Donovia’s transportation architecture is in western Donovia as it serves the mature markets of Europe, the Baltic States, and the GBCC countries.

The Donovians learned long ago the importance of transport services as a major component of the GDP. The current modernization program is scheduled to be complete around 2030. The expectation is to increase exports sevenfold and foreign cargo weight to increase fourfold.

Road System

The Donovian Highway System is vast and poorly maintained outside major urban areas. Donovia is ranked 136 of 144 countries due to poor road safety, an accident rate significantly higher than Europe or the U.S., and lack of maintenance. Several UD leaders have blamed this on corruption, the lack of oversight, and the failure to update standards set 30 years ago. Meanwhile, automobile ownership rises with no significant changes to the roads or laws. One result is that most drivers now use dashcams as the courts prefer video evidence over eyewitnesses. It also is a guard against police corruption and insurance fraud.

The Donovian Highway System is made up of federal highways and regional roads. Outside the major urban areas, these are two lane highways. The most modern portion of are the major federal highways originating from Moscow. Some of these are international with links into the Baltic States, Pirtuni, and the GBCC countries.

Figure INFR-2. Donovian Federal Highways. Downloaded from

Major Federal Highways in Western Donovia
Designation	Name	Route	Notes
M-1	Belarus	Moscow - Smolensk to the border with Belarus	on to Minsk, Brest, Warsaw
M-2	Crimea	Moscow to the border with Pirtuni	on to Kharkov, Zaporozhye, Simferopol, Sevastopol
M-3	Pirtuni	Moscow - Kaluga - Bryansk - Sevsk to the border with Pirtuni	on to Kiev
M-4	Don	Moscow - Bogoroditsk - Yefremov - Yelets - Zadonsk - Rostov-on-Don - Krasnodar - Novorossiysk	Opened June 2013
M-5	N/A	Moscow - Ryazan - Penza - Samara - Ufa - Chelyabinsk	Moscow to the Ural Mountains
M-6	Caspian	Moscow - Tambov - Volgograd - Astrakhan	Also designated as “P22”
M-7	Volga	Moscow - Vladimir - Nizhny Novgorod - Kazan - Ufa
M-8	Cholomgory	Moscow - Yaroslavl - Vologda - Arkhangelsk, Entrance to the city of Kostroma
M-9	Baltia	Moscow - Volokolamsk to the border with Latvia
M-10	Donovia	Moscow - Tver - Velikiy Novgorod - Saint Petersburg to the border with Otso.	St. Pete to Otso is also designated as “A180”.
M-11	N/A	Moscow – Saint Petersburg	Under construction
M-18	Kola	Saint Petersburg - Petrozavodsk - Murmansk - Pechenga to the border with Norway	Also designated as “P21”
M-20	N/A	Saint Petersburg - Pskov - Pustoshka - Nevel to the border with Belarus	Also designated as “R23”
M-32	N/A	Samara - Bol Chernigovka to the border with Kazakhstan	On to Oral, Aktobe, Kyzylorda, Shymkent). Also designated as “A300”
M-36	N/A	Chelyabinsk - Troitsk to the border with Kazakhstan	on to Kostanay, Karaganda, Balqash, Almaty. Also designated as “A310”
M-51	Irtysh	Chelyabinsk - Novosibirsk	Also designated as “R254”

Table INFR-6. Major Federal Highways in Western Donovia

Bus and Taxi

Despite being affordable and efficient, overground transport can be daunting in western Donovia. In recent years the competition between public and private companies running the domestic bus services have made it more efficient and cheaper. Bus service in the cities tends to be comprehensive. Travel by bus between the cities in western Donovia is sporadic due to lack of centralized scheduling and sketchy road conditions from lack of maintenance or adverse weather. International bus service is available to reach Donovia from the Baltic States and the GBCC countries.

Taxi service is available in the cities, but not between cities. However, they must be scheduled in advance and cannot be hailed off the street. Fares are not measured on a meter so riders must agree to a price when booking or before departing. Foreigners will often incur a higher rate.

Rail

Donovia Rail is the state-owned rail carrier and monopolizes all rail traffic. Donovia uses a broad rail gauge of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 in). The rail system in western Donovia centers on Moscow. Eleven major radial lines originate in Moscow and run through the Oblast; the total length of the railways reaches 2,700 km. Most railroads are electrified.

Figure INFR-3. Rail Lines in Western Donoovia.

Internationally, western Donovia is connected to the following countries by rail:

• Belarus
• Bothnia
• Estonia
• Kazakhstan
• Latvia
• Lithuania
• Otso

• Poland (via Kaliningrad Oblast). This includes a gauge change.

The Trans-Siberian Railroad is the longest railroad in the world. It connects Moscow to eastern Donovia. It is 9,289 kilometers (5771.91 miles) long.

Air Transportation System

Western Donovia is highly dependent on air transportation given the huge distances involved. Airports range from grass strip airfields with minimal services to 24-hour international airports. Additionally there naval air stations and air bases which may also provide civilian airport support.

Federal entity	Airport/City	ICAO/IATA	Location	Remarks
Arkhangelsk Oblast	Talagi Airport / Arkhangelsk	ULAA / ARH	64°36′0″N 40°43′0″E	Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Vaskovo Airport / Arkhangelsk	ULAH / None	64°26′30″N 40°25′18″E	Runway: 2,441m, concrete
	Semenovskoye Shidrovo Airport / Bereznik	None / None	62°49′24″N 42°47′48″E	Runway: 1,750m, concrete
	Kotlas Airport / Kotlas	ULKK / KSZ	61°14′12″N 46°41′48″E	Runway: 1,450m, asphalt
	Leshukonskoye Airport / Leshukonskoye	ULAL / LDG	64°53′45″N 45°43′22″E	Runway 03/21: 650m turf Runway 11/29: 1,596 concrete
	Mezen Airport / Mezen	ULAE / None	65°52′42″N 044°12′54″E	Runway: 1,550m, concrete
	Plestsy (Pero) Airport / Plesetsk	None / None	62°43′0″N 40°29′18″E	Private airport. Runway: 2,600m, concrete
	Solovki Airport / Solovetsky Islands	ULAS / CSH	65°01′48″N 35°44′00″E	Runway: 1,500m, steel
	Verkhnyaya Toyma Airport / Verkhnyaya Toyma	None /None	62°14′18″N 045°1′12″E	Runway: 1,600m, asphalt
	Lakhta air base	None / None	64°23′0″N 40°43′0″E	Naval air base. Runway: 2,900m, concrete
Bashkortostan Republic	Ufa International Airport / Ufa	UWUU / UFA	54°33′49″N 55°52′49″E	International airport. Runway 14R/32L: 3,761m, concrete. Runway 14L/32R: 2,513m, concrete.
	Magnitogorsk International Airport / Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast.	USCM / MQF	53°23′36″N 58°45′24″E	Runway: 3,200m, concrete
	Oktyabrsky Airport / Oktyabrsky	UWUK / OKT	54°26′24″N 53°23′18″E	Runway: 1,500m, asphalt
	Sibay Airport / Sibay	UWUA / None	52°41′0″N 58°43′0″E	Runway: 1,925m, asphalt
Belgorod Oblast	Belgorod International Airport / Belgorod	UUOB / EGO	50°38′36″N 36°35′24″E	International airport. Runway 11/29: 2,500m, asphalt-concrete. Runway 12/30: 2,417m, grass.
	Stary Oskol Airport / Stary Oskol	UUOS / None	51°19′48″N 37°46′6″E	Runway: 1,798m
Bryansk Oblast	Bryansk International Airport / Bryansk	UUBP / BZK	53°12′51″N 34°10′35″E	International airport. Runway: 2,400m, concrete.
Chelyabinsk Oblast	Chelyabinsk Airport (Balandino Airport)/ Chelyabinsk	USCC / CEK	55°18′18″N 61°30′18″E	Runway: 3,200m, concrete.
	Kurgan Airport / Kurgan	USUU / KRO	55°28′30″N 65°25′0″E	Runway: 2,601m, asphalt
	Chelyabinsk Shagol Airport / Chelyabinsk	USCG / none	55°15′36″N 61°18′0″E	Military airfield Runway: 2,500m, concrete.
Chuvash Republic	Cheboksary International Airport / Chuvashia	UWKS / CSY	56°05′24″N 47°20′50″E	International airport. Runway: 2,512m, asphalt
Ivanovo Oblast	Ivanovo Yuzhny Airport / Ivanovo	UUBI / IWA	56°56′30″N 40°56′00″E	Runway: 2,504m, asphalt
	Ivanovo Severny airlift base / Ivanovo	None / None	57°3′30″N 40°58′54″E	Large military airlift base. Runway: 2,300m, concrete
Kaliningrad Oblast	Empress Elizabeth Airport (Khrabrovo Airport) - Kaliningrad	UMKK / KGD	54°53′24″N 20°35′33″E	Mixed civilian-military international airport. Runway: 3,350m, concrete
	Kaliningrad Chkalovsk (also Chkalovskoye, Tchalov, or Proveren) / Chkalovsk	None / None	54°46′0″N 20°23′48″E	Naval air base. Runway: 3,100m, concrete
	Kaliningrad Devau Airport / Kaliningrad	None / None	54°43′30″N 20°34′24″E	Small general aviation airfield and sport airport. Runway: 1,400m gravel
	Chernyakhovsk air base / Chernyakhovsk	None / None	54°36′6″N 21°46′54″E	Naval air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Donskoye air base	None / None	54°56′12″N 19°59′6″E	Naval air base. Runway: 500m, concrete
Kaluga Oblast	Kaluga (Grabtsevo) Airport / Kaluga	UUBC / KLF	54°32′48″N 36°22′8″E	Runway: 2,200m, asphalt
	Yermolino Airport / Balabanovo	UUWE / None	55°13′42″N 36°36′30″E	Runway: 3,000m, concrete
	Shaykovka air base / Kiriv	XUBQ / None	54°13′36″N 34°22′18″E	Military air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
Karelia Republic	Petrozavodsk Airport / Besovets	ULPB / PES	61°53′6″N 34°9′24″E	Mixed civilian-military field. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
Kirov Oblast	Pobedilovo Airport / Kirov	USKK / KVX	58°30′12″N 49°20′54″E	Small airliner airport. Runway 03/21: 2,703m, asphalt. Runway 06/24: 675m, asphalt.
Komi Republic	Pechora Airport / Komi	UUYP / PEX	65°7′18″N 57°7′48″E	Runway: 1,800m, asphalt
	Syktyvkar Airport / Syktyvkar	UUYY / SCW	61°38′30″N 50°50′18″E	Runway: 2,500m, asphalt
	Ukhta Airport / Ukhta	UUYH / UCT	63°34′0″N 53°48′12″E	Runway: 2,650m, asphalt
	Usinsk Airport / Usinsk	UUYS / USK	66°0′0″N 57°22′0″E	Runway: 2,502m, asphalt
	Vorkuta Airport / Vorkuta	UUYW / VKT	67°29′18″N 63°59′24″E	Runway: 1,900m, asphalt
	Inta Airport	UUYI / INA	66°3′20″N 60°6′41″E	Runway: 1,450m, concrete
	Ust-Tsilma Airport / Ust-Tsilma	UUYX / UTS	65°26′0″N 52°11′56″E	Runway: 1,332m, concrete
	Vuktyl Airport / Vuktyl	UUYK / None	63°49′24″N 57°16′48″E	Small civilian airport. Runway: 1,500m, asphalt
	Izhma Heliport / Izhma	UUYV / None	65°01′54″N 53°58′12″E	Closed to fixed wing aircraft. Runway: 1,325m, concrete
	Pechora Kamenka air base / Pechora	None / None	65°3′18″N 056°40′24″E	Medium size bomber base. Runway: 3,050m, concrete
	Syktyvkar Southwest Airport / Komi	None / None	61°35′12″N 50°31′12″E	Unfinished and abandoned airport. Runway: 2,950m, concrete
Kostroma Republic	Kostroma Airport / Kostroma	UUBA / KMW	57°47′48″N 41°1′12″E	Runway: 1,640m, asphalt
Kursk Oblast	Kursk Vostochny Airport / Kursk	UUOK / URS	51°45′6″N 36°17′48″E	Military – Civilian airport Runway: 2,500m, concrete
Leningrad Oblast	Pushkin Airport	ULLP / None	59°41′6″N 30°20′18″E	Mixed civilian-military field. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Veshchevo air base / Vyborgsky	None / None	60°40′24″N 29°10′0″E	Abandoned naval air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
Mari El Republic	Yoshkar-Ola Airport / Yoshkar-Ola	UWKJ / JOK	56°42′18″N 47°53′42″E	Category 2 airport. Runway: 2,400m, asphalt
Mordovia Republic	Saransk Airport / Saransk	UWPS / SKX	UWPS / SKX	International airport. Runway: 2,802m, concrete
Moscow Federal City	Vnukovo International Airport / Moscow	UUWW / VKO	55°35′46″N 37°16′03″E	International airport. Runway: 3,500m, concrete. Runway: 3,060m, concrete
	Ostafyevo International Business Airport / Moscow	UUMO / OSF	55°30′42″N 37°30′26″E	"B" class international airport. Runway: 2,050m, concrete
	Bykovo Airport / Moscow	UUBB / BKA	55°37′20″N 38°03′50″E	Small regional airport. Runway: 2,210m
Moscow Oblast	Moscow Domodedovo Airport / Domodedovo	UUDD / DME	55°24′31″N 37°54′22″E	International airport. Runway 14L/32R: 3,793m, reinforced concrete. Runway 14R/32L: 3,500m, cement-concrete.
	Sheremetyevo International Airport / Khimki	UUEE / SVO	55°58′22″N 37°24′53″E	International airport. Runway 06R/24L: 3,700m, concrete. Runway 06C/24C: 3,550m, concrete.
	Zhukovsky (Ramenskoye) International Airport / Zhukovsky	UUBW / ZIA	55°33′12″N 38°9′6″E	International airport. Runway: 4,600m, concrete
	Tretyakovo Airport / Lukhovitsy	UUMT / None	54°54′18″N 39°1′36″E	Airport for testing aircraft. Runway: 3,024m, concrete
	Kubinka air base / Kubinka	UUMB / None	55°36′42″N 36°39′0″E	Military air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete.
	Chkalovsky Airport / Shchyolkovo	UUMU / CKL	55°52′42″N 38°03′42″E	Military airport base. Runway: 3,300m, concrete
Murmansk Oblast	Kirovsk-Apatity Airport / Apatity	ULMK / KVK	67°27′47″N 33°35′17″E	Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Murmansk Airport / Murmansk	ULMM / MMK	68°47′01.68″N 32°45′21.41″E	Runway: 2,500m, paved
	Alakurtti air base / Alakurtti	None / None	66°58′24″N 30°20′42″E	Naval air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Severomorsk-1 (Vayenga-1)	ULAK / None	69°1′54″N 33°25′6″E	Naval air base. 40 bombers and a small number of fighters. Runway: 3,000m, concrete
	Severomorsk-2 / Kola Peninsula	None / None	69°0′54″N 33°17′30″E	Naval air base. Runway: 1,900m, asphalt
	Severomorsk-3 / Kola Peninsula	None / None	68°52′0″N 33°43′0″E	Naval air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Olenya (Olenegorsk) air base / Kola Peninsula	XLMO / None	68°09′06″N 33°28′12″E	Naval reconnaissance base. Runway: 3,500m, concrete
	Lovozero air base / Lovozero	ULML / None	68°1′18″N 35°0′0″E	Military air base. Runway: 1,100m, concrete
	Ponoy airfield / Ponoy	ULMO / None	67°6'36N 41°6'22E	Military airfield
	Afrikanda air base / Afrikanda	None / None	67°27′24″N 32°47′12″E	Military air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
Nenets Autonomous Okrug	Amderma Airport / Amderma	ULDD / AMV	69°45′48″N 61°33′48″E	Runway: 2,600m, reinforced concrete
	Naryan-Mar Airport / Naryan-Mar	ULAM / NNM	67°38′24″N 53°07′30″E	Mixed civilian-military field. Only major facility airfield on the Barents Sea. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Varandey Airport / Varandey	ULDW / VRI	68°50′52″N 58°11′55″E	Runway: 1,700m, concrete
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast	Strigino International Airport / Nizhny Novgorod	UWGG / GOJ	56°13′48″N 43°47′12″E	International airport. Runway 06/24: 500m, asphalt Runway 15/33: 600m, asphalt Runway 18R/36L: 2,805m, concrete Runway 18L/36R: 2,509m, Asphalt
Novgorod Oblast	Sarov (Mius) Airport / Sarov	XUDM / None	54°95’38”N 43°30’96”E	Small civilian airfield. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Staraya Russa Airport / Staraya Russa	ULNR / None	57°57′42″N 31°23′12″E	Runway: 2,000m, concrete
	Krechevitsy Airport / Krechevitsy	None / None	58°37′30″N 31°24′0″E	Former military base being constructed as an international airport. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Novgorod Yurievo Airport / Velikiy Novgorod	ULNN / NVR	58°29′36″N 31°14′30″E	Closed, but hosts a meteorological facility. Runway: 1,320m, asphalt
Oryol Oblast	Oryol Yuzhny Airport (Oryol South Airport, Orel Yuzhny Airport, Orel South Airport) / Orel	UUOR / OEL	52°56′04″N 36°00′07″E
Orenburg Oblast	Orenburg Tsentralny Airport / Orenburg	UWOO / REN	51°47′44.83″N 55°27′24.28″E	Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Orsk Airport / Orsk	UWOR / OSW	51°4′18″N 58°35′48″E	International airport. Runway: 2,911m, concrete
Penza Oblast	Penza Airport (Tenovka Airport or Penza South Airport)	UWPP / PEZ	53°06′44.4″N 45°00′56.7″E	Runway: 2,800m, concrete
Perm Krai	Perm International Airport / Bolshoye Savino	USPP / PEE	57°54′52″N 56°01′16″E	Joint civil-military international airfield. Runway: 3,206m, asphalt concrete.
	Krasnovishersk Airport / Krasnovishersk	None / None	60°24′36″N 57°8′18″E	Small civilian airstrip. Runway: 1,100m, asphalt
	Berezniki Airport / Solikamsk	USPT / None	59°34′0″N 56°51′48″E	Runway: 1,500m, asphalt
	Bakharevka Airport / Perm City	USPB / None	57°57′6″N 56°11′42″E	Military air base. Runway: 750m, concrete
Pskov Oblast	Pskov Airport / Pskov	ULOO / PKV	57°47′6″N 28°23′54″E	Medium mixed civilian-military field. Runway: 2,514m, concrete. No instrument landing capability.
	Ostrov air base / Ostrov	None / None	57°18′0″N 28°26′0″E	Naval air base. Runway: 3,500m, concrete
Ryazan Oblast	Dyagilevo air base / Ryazan	None / None	54°38′30″N 39°34′18″E	Military air base Runway: 3,000m, concrete
	Turlatovo Airport / Ryazab			Small airport for training and skydiving
Samara Oblast	Kurumoch International Airport / Samara	UWWW / KUF	53°30′6″N 50°9′18″E	International airport. Runway 05/23: 2,548m, asphalt Runway: 3,001m, concrete
	Bezymyanka Airport / Samara	UWWG / None	53°13′N 50°20′E	Experimental aerodrome. Runway: 3,600m, concrete
	Smyshlyaevka airport
Saratov Oblast	Saratov Tsentralny Airport / Saratov	UWSS / RTW	51°33′54.00″N 46°02′48.00″E	International airport. Runway: 2,220m, asphalt
Smolensk Oblast	Smolensk North Airport / Smolensk	UUBS / LNX	54°49′30″N 32°1′30″E	Mixed civilian-military field. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Vyazma Airport / Vyazma	None / None	55°8′54″N 34°23′0″E	General aviation airport. Runway: 2,000m, concrete
St. Petersburg Federal City	Pulkovo Airport / St Petersburg	ULLI / LED	59°48′01″N 30°15′45″E	International airport. Runway 10R/28L: 3,780m, cement-concrete. Runway 10L/28R: 3,397m, cement-concrete.
	Levashovo air base / Levashovo	None / None	60°5′12″N 30°11′36″E	Military air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
Tambov Oblast	Tambov Donskoye Airport / Donskoye	UUOT / TBW	52°48′21″N 41°28′58″E	Runway: 2,100m, concrete
	Zherdevka air base / Zherdevka	None / None	51°50′0″N 41°33′0″E	Interceptor air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
Tatarstan Republic	Kazan International Airport / Kazan	UWKD / KZN	55°36′24″N 49°16′54″E	International airport. Runway: 3,724m, concrete
	Begishevo Airport / Nizhnekamsk	UWKE / NBC	55°33′48″N 52°5′42″E	International airport. Runway: 2,489m, asphalt
	Bugulma Airport / Bugulma	UWKB / UUA	54°38′24″N 52°48′6″E	Small civilian airport. Runway: 2,000m, asphalt
	Chistopol Airport / Chistopol	UWKI / None	55°18′18″N 50°37′0″E	Small airport, with a single tarmac with one building.
	Menzelinsk Airport / Menzelinsk	UWKP / None	55°43′12″N 53°3′36″E	Small civilian airport. Runway: 1,250m, asphalt
	Sarmany Airport / Sarman	None / None	55°15′30″N 52°34′24″E	Small civilian airfield. Runway: 1,350m, asphalt
	Borisoglebskoye Airfield / Kazan	UWKG / None	55°52′0″N 49°8′0″E	Military experimental aviation airfield. Runway: 3,200m, concrete
	Yelabuga North Airport / Yelabuga	None / None	55°47′30″N 52°8′0″E	Small airfield. Runway: 1,500m, asphalt
Tula Oblast	Klokovo Airfield	UUBT / TYA	54°14′20″N 37°36′00″E	Private jet airport
	Rydoma Airfield		54°26′5″N 37°25′0″E
	Pakhomovo Airfield		54°62′5″N 37°57′5″E
	Myasnovo Airfield		54°21′3′′N 37°55′1′′E
Tver Oblast	Rzhev air base / Rzhev	None / None	56°15′36″N 34°24′30″E	Military air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Borisovsky Khotilovo air base / Bologoye	None / None	57°39′18″N 34°6′0″E	Military air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Migalovo air base	UUEM / KLD	56°49′30″N 35°45′36″E	Large military airlift base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Kimry (Borki or Kletino) Airport	UUEI / None	56°47′54″N 37°19′48″E	Small utility airfield. Runway: 1,415m, asphalt
Udmurtia Republic	Izhevsk Airport / Izhevsk	USII / IJK	56°50′0″N 53°27′24″E	Runway: 2,500m, concrete.
Ulyanovsk Oblast	Soldatskaya Tashla Airport / Novoulyanovsk	UWLS / None	54°01'10"N 48°18'53"E	Three runways. Longest is 3,281m
	Ulyanovsk Baratayevka Airport / Ulyanovsk	UWLL / ULV	54°16′32″N 48°14′35″E	Runway: 3,820m, concrete
	Ulyanovsk Vostochny Airport / Ulyanovsk	UWLW / ULY	54°23′58″N 48°48′04″E	Runway: 5,000m, reinforced concrete
Vladimir Oblast	Semyazino Airport / Vladimir	UUBL / VLI	56°7′36″N 40°18′54″E	Forestry commission airport Runway: 1,950m, asphalt
Vologda Oblast	Cherepovets Airport / Botovo	ULWC / CEE	59°16′36″N 38°1′42″E	Runway: 2,523m, asphalt
	Veliky Ustyug Airport / Velikiy Ustyug	ULWU / VUS	60°47′18″N 46°15′36″E	Runway: 1,280m, concrete.
	Vologda Airport / Vologda	ULWW / VGD	59°16′54″N 39°56′48″E	Runway: 1,500m, concrete.
	Nikolsk Airport / Nikolsk	None / None	59°29′48″N 45°31′6″E	Small civilian airfield. Runway: 1,250m, asphalt
	Tarnogsky Gorodok Airport / Tarnogsky Gorodok	None / None	60°30′12″N 43°36′6″E	Small civilian airfield. Runway: 1,400m, asphalt
	Fedotovo air base / Kipelovo	XLWF / None	59°11′18″N 39°7′24″E	Naval air base. Runway: 3,500m, concrete.
Voronezh Oblast	Voronezh International Airport (Chertovitskoye Airport)	UUOO / VOZ	51°48′54″N 39°13′48″E	International airport. Runway: 2,600m, concrete.
	Pridacha Airport	UUOD / None	51°39′0″N 39°15′0″E	Aircraft test airport. Runway: 2,424m, asphalt.
Yaroslavl Oblast	Tunoshna Airport / Yaroslavl	UUDL / IAR	57°33′38.40″N 40°9′26.53″E	International airport. Runway: 3,010m, asphalt concrete.
	Staroselye Airport / Rybinsk	UUBK / RYB	58°6′6″N 38°55′30″E	Small civilian airport. Runway: 2,000m, asphalt
	Yaroslavl Levtsovo air base / Yaroslavl	None / None	57°43′52″N 40°3′18″E	Military air base. Runway: 1,700m, dirt

Table INFR- 6. Airports, Airfields, and Heliports in Western Donovia

Ports/Sea/River Transportation System

Western Donovia is crisscrossed by thousands of rivers providing a navigable waterway system. Last year, 136.6 million tons of cargo were carried over Donovia's inland waterways. 53 companies carried 22.8 million passengers.

Seaports are critical to western Donovia’s economic viability. These are located on the Baltic Sea, White Sea, Barents Sea, and Arctic Ocean.

Ports in Western Donovia
Federal entity	Port	Location	Details
Arkhangelsk Oblast	Port of Arkhangelsk	64°32′N 40°30′E	3 cargo areas, container terminal, sea-river station Wharfage: 3.3km Draft: 9.2m Length: 175–200m Warehousing: 292K m² Closed storage: 40K m² Open tarmac: 250K m² Customs warehouses: 2K m² Space area for 5762 TEUs 75K TEUs annually
	Port of Amderma	69°45'22"N 61°33'52"E	Small seaport
	Port of Mezen	65°53'36"N 44°7'38"E	Small harbor
Kaliningrad Oblast	Port of Kaliningrad	54°42'0"N 20°27'31"E	Sea Commercial Port handles general, bulk, containerized, and roll-on/roll-off cargoes. Shed space: 44K m² Refrigerated sheds: 4K m² State Fishery Port handles general cargoes, bagged cargoes, roll-on/roll-off cargoes, bulk fertilizer exports, liquid fertilizer, and oil. Container space: 10K m² All berths have two rail tracks
	Port of Svetly	In the middle of the Port of Kaliningrad Sea Channel	Handles fuel oil, coal, and frozen products. Small ship repair yard. Maximum draft of from 4.5 to 5.5 meters.
Kaluga Oblast	Port of Kaluga	54°29'49"N 36°18'34"E	Small river port
Leningrad Oblast	Port of Vyborg	60°42′18”N 28°43′55”E	Sea port with access to Lake Saimaa. 1 bulk terminal w/4 berths Oil terminal with 3 berths Open storage: 35K m² Closed storage: 170K m² Capacity: 3M tons annually
	Port of Vysotsk	60°37′60.00″N 28°34′0.00″E	Sea port Oil and LNG terminal
	Port of Primorsk	60°22′0.00″N 28°37′60.00″E	Sea port Anchorage depth: 17.1m-18.2m Oil terminal depth: 17.1m-18.2m Max size: Up to 500 feet in length
Mari El Republic	Volga and Vetluga rivers with piers in Zvenigovo, Volzhsk, Kozmodemyansk, Yurino, Kokshaysk		River ports
Moscow Federal City	Port of Moscow	55°50'41"N 37°27'57"E	River port. Consists of the North River Terminal and South River Terminal.
Murmansk Oblast	Port of Murmansk	68°58′21″N 33°2′46″E	Medium seaport with a fishing port, commercial port, and passenger port. 13 berths. Handling facilities: 52 gantry cranes, 1 shiploader, 113 fork trucks. Capacity: 15.69M tons annually
	Port of Kandalaksha	67°8'6"N 32°24'28"E	Kandalaksha, Murmansk Small seaport
	Port of Vitino	67°4'43"N 32°20'6"E	Oil port with a small wharf
	Severomorsk naval base	69°04′N 33°25′E	Homeport  of the Donovian Northern Fleet
Nenets Autonomous Okrug	Naryan-Mar	67°38′33”N 53°1′16”E	Very small river port (Pechora River)
	Novy Port	67°41′0″N 72°53′0″E	Kara Sea port
Novgorod Oblast	Port of Novgorod	56°17’33”N 44°7’17”E
Perm Krai	Port of Perm	58°0’56”N 56°11’46”E	Small river port
Pskov Oblast	Pskova river port		River port
St. Petersburg Federal City	Port of St. Petersburg	59°55′38″N 30°13′48″E	First Terminal 1.25M TEUs annually Second Terminal 1M TEUs annually
	Port of Lomonosov	59°55'29"N 29°46'27"E	Lomonosov, St Petersburg Small seaport
	Port of Ust-Luga	59°39′59″N 28°17′37″E	Sea-river port Deep draft Ships: 150K tons Container terminal
Tver Oblast	Port of Tver	56°49’32”N 35°59’48”E	River port
Yaroslavl Oblast	Port of Yaroslavl	57°38’1”N 39°53’47”E	Small river port

Table INFR- 7. Ports of Western Donovia

Pipelines

Western Donovia is home to the world's longest oil pipeline, the Druzhba pipeline and in fact one of the biggest oil pipeline networks in the world. It carries oil some 4,000 kilometers (2,500 mi) from the eastern part of western Donovia to points in Pirtuni, Belarus, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Germany. The network also branches out into numerous pipelines to deliver its product throughout the Eastern Europe and beyond. The name "Druzhba" means "friendship", alluding to the fact that the pipeline supplies oil to energy-hungry countries in western Europe and to its "fraternal socialist allies" in the former Warsaw Pact countries. Today, it is the largest principal artery for the transportation of Donovian oil across Europe.

The Baltic Pipeline System runs through Vologda Oblast, with three oil-pumping stations located at Nyuksenitsa, Pogorelovo, and Gryazovets.

The Kharyaga-Indiga pipeline is in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The Naryan-Mar-Telviska-Velikovisochnoye pipeline in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is being constructed. These pipelines are expected to provide additional access to future oil finds as the Arctic ice continues to retreat.

Red: gas pipelines

Green: oil pipelines

Dashed: planned pipelines

Brown: prospective region

Figure INFR-4. Pipelines in Eastern Europe.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS ARCHITECTURE

Donovia is served by an extensive system of automatic telephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domestic satellite system. Cellular telephone service is widely available, expanding rapidly, and includes roaming service to foreign countries. Fiber-to-the-x infrastructure has been expanded rapidly in recent years, principally by regional private companies. Collectively, these companies are having a significant impact of fiber broadband in regional areas, and are enabling operators to take advantage of consumer demand for faster access and bundled services.

Six years ago, the President directed the provision of modern communication services to rural settlements throughout Donovia with a population of 250 to 500 people. The intention is to connect villages to the wired internet. The budget comes among others, from the Universal Service Fund.

Landlines. Donovia has 32.277 million landlines in use. The telephone system employs an extensive system of modern network elements such as digital telephone exchanges, mobile switching centers, media gateways and signaling gateways at the core, interconnected by a wide variety of transmission systems using fiber-optics or microwave radio relay networks. The access network, which connects the subscriber to the core, is highly diversified with different copper-pair, optic-fiber and wireless technologies; cellular services, both analog and digital, are available in many areas. In the rural areas, the telephone services are still outdated, inadequate, and low density. Cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Vladivostok, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk.

Mobile phone. There are many mobile phone service brands in western Donovia. At the end of 2013 there were approximately 239 million SIM cards in use in the country. The access points are built in long-distance telephone exchanges (LDTE), Donovian fixed-line communication infrastructure which is present in every Federal entity. As a result, interconnecting mobile operator only needs to create "last kilometer" circuits to the regional LDTE, the requirement already imposed by its mobile license. By 2010, 3G networks covered most of Donovia. High definition voice service is available in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. 4G networks are the project of the future.

Radio. There are 62.5 million radio receivers in Donovia. There are 420 AM stations, 447 FM stations, and 56 shortwave radio stations. Radio Don is the primary public radio station.

AGRICULTURE

The main agricultural specializations of western Donovia are cattle breeding with meat and milk production, as well as poultry production.

The total of arable land in western Donovia is approximately 75 million hectares. Spring grain planting in western Donovia usually begins in April and progresses from south to north. The "summer" crops—chiefly corn and sunflowers—are last to be sown, and planting approaches completion by late May or early June. The harvest of small grains (chiefly wheat and barley) moves from south to north and begins in late June. Harvesting is in full operation by early July and largely finished by mid-to-late August. Corn and sunflower harvest begins in September and continues through October.

Employment in agriculture and forestry remained relatively constant in recent years. Agriculture and forestry employment accounted for about 14% of total employment last year, about the same level as a decade earlier. The business infrastructure for the agriculture sector is especially underdeveloped including support services, transportation, distribution networks, and financial services. For agriculture in Donovia to go through the transformation to a modern system, the key step will be establishing and enforcing farmers' rights to use land without interference by corrupt government officials. The first step in this process is to develop an efficient system of issuing and protecting title to land rights. This will also require a more reliable and enforceable framework for secured financial transactions so that farmers can buy and sell their land or use the land as collateral for obtaining loans.

INDUSTRY

Industrial production in western Donovia is primarily in the city of Moscow and the Moscow Oblast. Primary industries are metallurgy, oil refining, and mechanical engineering, food, energy, and chemical industries. There are plants for the thermal and nuclear power engineering, nuclear fuel, space and missile, solid rocket fuel, power plants for aircraft, locomotives, metro cars, electric trains, automobiles, buses, agricultural machines, excavators and cranes, stainless steel, cables, and optical devices.

The chemical industries of western Donovia produces acids, mineral fertilizers, synthetic fibers, varnishes and paints, and pharmaceuticals.

There is a well-developed industry of construction materials with production of cement in Voskresensk and Kolomna, earthenware, porcelain in the Likino-Dulyovo and Verbilki, and a dry mortar plant in Krasnogorsk.

Light industry provides products in cotton, wool, jerseys, crafts, and household appliances (TV sets, washing machines, refrigerators, etc.). One in three televisions manufactured in Donovia come from factories in Kaliningrad.

Much of western Donovia is involved in the forest and wood processing sector. For example, in the Republic of Karelia, timber logging is carried out by a large number of small enterprises whereas pulp and paper production is concentrated in five large enterprises, which produce about a quarter of Donovia’s total output of paper.

Energy

Electricity in western Donovia is supplied by thermal power plants, coal power plants, hydroelectric power plants, and nuclear power plants.

Hydroelectric Power Plants in Western Donovia
Name	Entity supplied	Capacity	Location
Upper Svir hydroelectric station	Leningrad Oblast	160MW installed 548GWh annual generation	60°55′08″N 34°11′28″E
Lower Svir hydroelectric station	Leningrad Oblast	99MW	60°48′18″N 33°42′18″E
Volkhov hydroelectric station	Leningrad Oblast	86MW installed 347GWh annual generation	59°54′38″N 32°20′35″E
Lesogorsk hydroelectric station	Leningrad Oblast	118MW installed	61°03′30.6″N 28°52′24.24″E
Narva hydroelectric station	Leningrad Oblast	125MW installed 640GWh annual generation	59°22′4″N 28°12′38″E
Svetogorsk hydroelectric station	Leningrad Oblast	122MW installed	61°06′15.84″N 28°50′21.84″E
Jäniskoski hydroelectric station	Petsamo		68°58′18″N 28°46′49″E
Rajakoski hydroelectric station	Murmansk Oblast		69°01′22″N 29°00′20″E
Hevoskoski hydroelectric station	Murmansk Oblast	47MW installed	69°7′3″N 29°14′31″E
Borisoglebsky hydroelectric station	Murmansk Oblast		69°38′37″N 30°8′15″E
Iova hydroelectric station	Murmansk Oblast	96MW installed	66°40′09″N 31°23′22″E
Cheboksary hydroelectric dam	Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic	Turbines 18 × 78MW 1,404MW installed 2,100GWh annual generation	56°08′17″N 47°27′56″E
Ivankovo hydroelectric station	Dubna, Tver Oblast	30MW installed	56°44′11″N 37°07′16.38″E
Uglich hydroelectric station	Yaroslavl Oblast	120MW installed	57.5275°N 38.297778°E
Rybinsk hydroelectric station	Yaroslavl Oblast	366.4 MW installed 935GWh annual generation	58.100017°N 38.709641°E
Nizhny Novgorod hydroelectric station	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast	520MW installed 1,510GWh annual generation	56.650187°N 43.428955°E
Kama hydroelectric station	Perm Krai	522MW installed	58°06′56″N 56°19′50″E
Votkinsk Hydroelectric station	Perm Krai	1,020MW installed 2.2 billion kWh annual generation	56°47′27″N 54°05′22″E
Nizhnekamsk hydroelectric station	Republic of Tatarstan	1,248MW installed 2.54 billion kWh annual generation	55°41′58″N 52°16′42″E
Pavlovka Hydroelectric Station	Republic of Bashkortostan	201.6MW installed 590GWh annual generation	55°25′4″N 56°32′1″E

Table INFR-8. Hydroelectric Power Plants in Western Donovia

Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Power Plants in Western Donovia
Name	Entity supplied	Capacity gen/pump (MW)	Location
Moscow Canal Scheme	Moscow Oblast	31.1/101.0	56°43′N 37°08′E
Zagorsk-1 Pumped Storage Station	Bogorodskoye	1200/1320	56°28′55″N 38°11′28″E
Zagorsk-2 Pumped Storage Station	Sergiev Posad	840	56°28′25″N 38°11′08″E

Table INFR-9. Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Power Plants in Western Donovia

Tidal Power Plants in Western Donovia
Name	Entity supplied	Nameplate Capacity	Location
Kislaya Guba tidal power station	Murmansk Oblast	1.7MW	69°22′37″N 33°04′33″E

Table INFR-10. Tidal Power Plants in Western Donovia

Wind Power Plants in Western Donovia
Name	Entity supplied	Capacity	Location
Kulikovskaya wind farm	Kaliningrad Oblast	5.1MW	54°56′02″N 20°21′0″E

Table INFR-11. Wind Power Plants in Western Donovia

	Nuclear Power Plants in Western Donovia
Name	Entity supplied	Capacity	Type	Location
Leningrad nuclear power plant	Leningrad Oblast	4,785MW nameplate capacity 21,208 GWh annual net output	RBMK-1000 VVER-1200/V491 (AES 2006)	59°50′50″N 29°02′37″E
Kola nuclear power plant	Murmansk Oblast	1,760MW nameplate capacity 9,846GWh annual net output	VVER-440/230k	67°28′N 32°28′E
Smolensk nuclear power plant	Smolensk Oblast	3,000MW nameplate capacity 5,093GWh annual net output	RBMK-1000	54°10′8.98″N 33°14′47.89″E
Kalinin nuclear power plant	Tver Oblast	4,000MW nameplate capacity 20,106GWh annual net output	VVER	57°54′20″N 35°03′37″E

RBMK: graphite-moderated nuclear power reactor

VVER: a series of pressurized water reactor designs

Table INFR-12. Nuclear Power Plants in Western Donovia

	Thermal Power Plants in Western Donovia
Name	Entity supplied	Capacity	Fuel	Location
Kashira power plant (Kashirskaya)	Moscow Oblast	1,830MW (electrical) 80MWt (heating) 8,262GWh annual output	Coal and natural gas	54°51′29″N 38°15′35″E
Kirishi power station (Kirishkaya)	Leningrad Oblast	2,595MW	Natural gas	59°29′25.7″N 32°3′11″E
Konakovo power station (Konakovskaya)	Tver Oblast	2,520MW	Natural gas	56°44′35″N 36°46′13″E
Kostroma power station (Kostromskaya)	Kostroma Oblast	3,600MW	Natural gas	57°27′34″N 41°10′30″E
Perm power station (Permskaya)	Perm Krai	2,400MW	Natural gas	58°29′53″N 56°20′42″E
Pskov power station (Pskovskaya)	Pskov Oblast	440MW (electrical) 91Gcal/h (heating)	Natural gas	57.511N 29.97E
Shatura power station (Shaturskaya)	Moscow Oblast	1,500MW	Peat, coal, natural gas, oil	55°35′00″N 39°33′40″E
TEC-27 Moscow	Moscow City	1,060MW	Natural gas	55°54′56.69″N 37°41′19.46″E

Table INFR-13. Thermal Power Plants in Western Donovia

Oil and Gas Production

There are small oil reservoirs beneath the Baltic Sea not far from Kaliningrad's shore. Small-scale offshore exploration started in 2004. Poland, Lithuania, and some local NGOs, voiced concerns about possible environmental effects.

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug has large reserves of oil and gas. The Kharyaga-Indiga pipeline and a gas plant near Khumzha allow the transportation of oil and gas throughout the region and into the general Donovian pipeline network. There are currently more than 80 separate oil and gas sites of exploration. Industry experts estimate there is around 5 billion tons of oil and around 500 billion cubic meters of gas in the district.

The Republic of Tatarstan produces 32 million tons of crude oil per year and has estimated oil reserves of more than 1 billion tons.

Defense Industries

There are many defense enterprises, such as Donovian Center for Weapons Development, military equipment and technology in Krasnoarmeysk, Donovian Research Institute of Aviation Systems, the Defense Chemical Plant, National Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design, Western Donovia Research Institute, Great War Memorial Scientific Production Plant, and many others.

NUCLEAR

The Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant is located in the city of Sosnovy Bor. There is a nuclear power plant on the Kola Peninsula. As of 2018, two nuclear power reactors are currently under construction in the eastern part of Kaliningrad.

SPACE

There is one space port in western Donovia. The Plesetsk Cosmodrome located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk, dates from 1957. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits.  It has 14 launchpads (of which 10 are still active) and two active launch silos.

Active Launchpad	Capability	Location
Pad 16/2	R-7, Molniya, Soyuz-U	62.960°N 40.683°E
Pad 35/1	Angara	62.927°N 40.575°E
Pad 43/3	R-7, Vostok-2M, Voskhod, Molniya-M, Soyuz-U	62.927°N 40.450°E
Pad 43/4	R-7, Vostok-2M, Voskhod, Molniya-M, Soyuz-U, Soyuz-M, Soyuz-2, Soyuz-2-1v	62.929°N 40.457°E
Pad 132/1	Kosmos-3, Kosmos-3M	62.883°N 40.869°E
Pad 132/2	Kosmos-3, Kosmos-3M	62.883°N 40.872°E
Pad 133/1	Kosmos-21	62.887°N 40.847°E
Pad 133/3	Kosmos-3M, Rockot	62.887°N 40.850°E
Pad 167	mobile ICBM: Topol/Topol-M/RS-24	63.008379°N 41.547953°E
Pad 168	mobile ICBM: Topol	63.008509°N 41.554723°E
Active Launch Silos	Capability	Location
Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site Yubileynaya	ICBM: Topol-M/RS-24	62.889450°N 41.759721°E
Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site Yuzhnaya	ICBM: Topol-M/RS-24	62.870510°N 41.780921°E

Table INFR-14.Active Launchpads and Launch Silos in Western Donovia

POLLUTION

Historical disregard for environmental issues has led to serious air and water pollution problems in western Donovia. 25% of the world’s fresh water is in Donovia. However, a large amount of that supply is polluted by industrial waste and heavy metals. This is especially a problem for Moscow city, which is 70% dependent on surface water. In the Murmansk region, past administrations used the area for ship breaking and as a nuclear waste storage. Kola Bay, a major source of fish, is under stress due to pollution.

One of the most polluted cities in western Donovia is Karabsh, Chelyabinsk. Karabsh is the home of a copper smelting plant which has been polluting both ground and air for over 50 years. In the mid-90s, the annual volume of plant emissions into the atmosphere was more than 118, 000 tons of sulfur dioxide; per person in the city - about 7 tons. The result is a shockingly high mortality rates from cancer and respiratory ailments. The Sak-Elga River was used for dumping wastes of iron, zinc, and sulphuric acid causes it to turn orange. Air emissions include toxic gases of lead, arsenic, sulphur, and mercury. Trees stopped growing around the plant. All fish and birds died out. In 1996 the Donovian environment ministry declared Karabash an environmental disaster zone. 60% of Karabsh is polluted by mercury, while ground and water pollution levels are horrific. The concentration of arsenic is 279 times the permitted level; for copper it’s 368 times and 300 times for lead, while the concentration of copper in the water is 600 times the permitted level. In 2014, Karabsh had the highest death rate for young people in Chelyabinsk Oblast. Investigations revealed, among other things, that a considerable number of children had a raised metal content (lead, arsenic, cadmium) in their hair, and a higher than average amount of cadmium in their blood.

Ground. The first generation nuclear reactors have reached their designed lifespan. The oldest existing RBMK-1000 unit of Leningrad Oblast and the oldest model of VVER-440 power unit of the Kola nuclear power plant reached their designed lifespan in 2003. By-products of nuclear weapons production caused permanent damage in Chelyabinsk Oblast. Fallout from the 1986 explosion at Chernobyl affected the Bryansk Oblast. Less well-known than the Chernobyl disaster were accidents at the Mayak nuclear weapons production plant near Chelyabinsk in 1949, 1957, and 1967, which together released significantly higher emissions than Chernobyl. Chemical fertilizers and airborne pollutants have contaminated some agricultural areas. Soil resources have also been adversely affected by mismanagement.

Water. In an effort of good faith, the Donovian government is putting USD452 million into a cleanup program, but water pollution is driven predominantly by industry. Corporations do not have much incentive to practice eco-friendly habits due to the ineffective, unenforced fines. All across the country, rivers and lakes have been flooded with waste runoff from factories. Donovia has the means to enforce its own environmental regulations, but Donovia’s environment ministry has neglected to collect on 132,075 instances of entire-river poisoning.

Air. Donovia produces a significant portion of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. Air pollution is a serious concern to people across the country. Recent research commissioned by NGOs highlighted that in Moscow Federal City, 82% of residents are dissatisfied with air quality. In St. Petersburg Federal City, it’s 77%. And in Kazan, Tatarstan Republic, it’s 60%. In Moscow, vehicles below the Euro-3 emissions standard are restricted from entering the city center. Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Samara Oblast, and Mordovia Republic refused to be included in the research. Airborne pollutants have caused damage to vegetation in many areas of western Donovia. Winds spread these contaminants across northern Europe, where the pollutants have caused widespread destruction of Scandinavian forests.