Infrastructure: South Torbia

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Infrastructure Overview

While the region’s five major countries have a significant number of rural residents, South Torbia breaks this trend with having roughly 88% of its population living in urban areas. The quality and condition of urban areas can be quite diverse, with some neighborhoods being quite modern while in other areas the infrastructure is clearly outdated and struggling to meet the needs of the dense population. Most rural villages would be considered primitive in comparison to the cities. That said, even Torbians living in austere conditions will find ways to access and engage with modern technology. Modern utilities are found predominantly in the major cities and at reasonable levels throughout the rural countryside. 95% of the nation has access to electricity with 98% of urban areas and 80% of rural areas respectively. 98% of South Torbia has access to potable water, while only 90% of the nation has access to a sanitation systems (predominantly in the developed urban areas).

South Torbia experienced rapid urbanization throughout the country in the decades following the Torbian War. While its growing economy initially enabled urban spaces to keep pace with the development required by the growing population, they quickly began running out of open land to develop. As a result of this lack of open land, South Torbian cities began to expand up creating densely populated residential buildings that often exceed 20 floors. While the infrastructure system is certainly stressed, South Torbias’ economy has enabled it to adapt and update its infrastructure, and its overall quality is still among the best in the world in regard to services provided. Significant emphasis has been placed on the modernizing of the infrastructure in recent years but it continues to be stressed by the rapid urbanization. While most of the population approves of the government’s efforts to modernize existing outdated infrastructure, local governments often experience pushback from communities when updates require the demolition of existing structures.

 South Torbia’s mass transit system is robust. The density of urban environments has made traffic congestion a large problem, and the lack of urban space forces inordinate prices on parking. As a result, South Torbia’s mass transit system is robust. In theory, the public transit system is able to connect almost every part of the country. Currently the public transit system is centered upon a bus model, in which several bus companies provide transportation in major cities and to rural areas. While this bus model has been able to meet demand thus far, it can still take an entire day to travel distances that more modern transit forms might cover in a fraction of the time. In recognition of this challenge, the government has begun investing in rail systems that will eventually integrate into the bus structure. Airports range from large international airports that can handle almost any aircraft currently in operation, to small, unimproved dirt strips. Seaports are modern and can handle any modern cargo vessel; most have several platforms for the offloading of petroleum. The country suffers from high levels of pollution in the urban areas and the government has made policies to combat pollution in urban environments and water supplies.

Urban areas contain skyscraper buildings over 100 meters tall, large apartment complexes, and residential suburbs. There is a shortage of available housing that meets the minimum standards causing some of the poorest residents to construct makeshift dwellings. This is predominately in the outskirts of the major urban areas. The local governments are actively creating new low income housing areas. Typical rural construction is low quality wooden houses with corrugated roofs. Antiquated infrastructure is unable to meet the demands of the new urban landscape, and the South Torbian government is investing heavily in modernizing. They are expected to take decades before completion.

Construction patterns in South Torbia’s urban areas are similar, with the high-rise construction and low cost public housing (requiring modernization due to being constructed over 50 years ago). City planners, however, have extensive knowledge of strategic and sustainable city planning. In lieu of being able to expand urban areas outwards, planners have begun looking at innovative ways to expand city space vertically, both above ground and below. Building materials typically consist of concrete, steel, and rebar. In areas prone to flooding, houses are built on pilings to prevent flooding.

Military operations in urban areas will initially benefit from modern electricity, water, sewage, and other utility services. As the size of the force increases, it will further stress the grid and could cause catastrophic failure. Due to ongoing modernization projects, much of the electrical infrastructure has been centralized, creating situations where there are not redundant systems to address power failures, and “down-stream” neighborhoods will be effected by events that occur closer to the power source. Urban areas provide additional networks of subterranean and vertical construction that will provide hiding places for the enemy and possible refuge to civilians in times of conflict. Because of its expansive metropolitan population, any military operation in South Torbia will involve intensive urban operations.

Major Cities and Urban Zones

There are four cities with a population of over 570,000 people. The greater Manila metropolitan area is composed of Manila itself and many suburbs. This area will be treated as a single city.

Infrastructure Matrix

Infrastructure Sub-Variables
City	Pop	Pop Dens/km2	UBD	Roads	Air	Rail	Sea	Power	Water	Sewage/ Sanitation
Greater Manila	12,950,000	20,785	C	C	C	C	C	Dv	Dv	Dv
Dasmarinas	650,019	7,300	M	C	M	NE	NE	Dv	Dv	Dv
Bacoor City	600,609	13,000	M	M	NE	NE	NE	Dv	Dv	Dv
San Jose del Monte	574,089	5,400	M	M	NE	C	M	Dv	Dv	Dv
Legend: Population (Pop); Density (Dens); kilometer (km) Per TC-7-101: UBD = Urban Building Density; low (L); medium (M); high (H); primitive (P); moderate (M); complex (C); non-existent (NE); degraded (Dg); developed (Dv)

Manila

Manila, South Torbia’s capital city, serves as South Torbia’s major port on the South China Sea and sits at the mouth of the Pasig River. The areas north of the Pasig River tend to be the centers of trade and commerce. The city center is the home of the presidential palace and numerous universities. The buildings in the main urban areas consist of high-rise buildings, single family and duplex dwellings, and high-rise apartment buildings. On the periphery of Manila are the government tenement housing and makeshift shantytowns. In the majority of cases, shantytowns are either using makeshift ways to access critical infrastructure like electricity, or they are not tapped in at all. When shantytowns lack access to the electric grid, they are dependent upon gas and diesel generators. Ninoy Aquino International Airport serves as the major international airport for the residents of Manila and the surrounding areas. The Metro-Manilla area is one of the fastest growing areas in the world.  The expansion and urbanization has created one of the largest cities in the world and will continue to expand for at least the next 20 years. Manila is made up of 896 barangays (administrative divisions formerly known as barrios). There have been a number of political efforts to reduce this number, but each has met with stiff resistance.

Dasmarinas

Dasmariñas is located 35 kilometers south of Manila, and is the second largest city in South Torbia outside of metro Manila. The recent expansion in Metro Manila created an economic and construction boom in both economy and construction in Dasmariñas. The population grew from 52,000 to over 379,000 in 20 years. Modest economic growth over the past 20 years has brought several industries and universities to the area and increased the population significantly. Tourism plays a significant role in the economy of the city. Construction in the city is modern multi-story buildings in the urban areas and apartments. In the suburbs, the construction is typically single-family homes or duplexes made of wood and earthen material. Dasmariñas is divided into 75 barangays.

San Jose del Monte

San Jose del Monte is located 48 km northeast of Manila. The city was used as a resettlement area for some of the poorest people in the country, which caused its rapid expansion the last several decades and rather poor city planning. The city is divided into 59 barangays and was historically an agriculture center, with swine being the major income for the residents. As the city grew, agricultural land was repurposed for housing and industry. The Sierra Madre mountain range lies to the east of the town. The city has a robust road network and bus system to move the inhabitants around the city and to other major metropolitan areas. Of note, the police force consists of only 65 officers, and must be augmented by neighboring police forces and private security companies. San Jose del Monte’s fire department is inadequately supplied, with only five available fire trucks to serve the entire city. Military operations around San Jose del Monte must be cognizant of the local terrain, as it has hills and mountainous areas that have been historically able to provide criminal elements and bad actors to conceal their presence.

Bacoor City

Bacoor City is located 25 km south of Manila. Its population increased from just over 90,000 residents to over 520,000 in in 30 years. Bacoor City serves as one of the major suburban areas surrounding Manila and consists of 73 barangays. Commuter infrastructure, including roads and mass transit, has not kept pace with the rapid population growth; massive gridlock is a daily occurrence. The rapid influx of residents caused the city to go from an agricultural and fishing based economy to a residential and commercial based economy. The construction patterns for residential areas is modern construction with multistory houses and apartment buildings standard and made of cement and rebar. There are few high-rise buildings in the area.

Energy Sector

Nuclear Power

South Torbia current has no active nuclear power plants and none are currently planned.

Renewable Power

In the last two decades, South Torbia has built a number of renewable power plants in order to help the environment. These include geothermal, wind, and biomass power plants. The issue primarily is that while these are greener than hydrocarbon plants, except for geothermal they do not produce large amounts of power. The cost/benefit ratio is still not up to those of hydrocarbon plants.

Hydrocarbon Power

Coal power plants are the primary source for energy in South Torbia. Efforts are being made to phase out the coal plants in favor of other types of plants. There are also a small number of natural gas and diesel power plants in the country.

Hydroelectric Power

There are only two major hydroelectric power plants in South Torbia. The primary reason is the lack of major rivers that would make hydroelectric economically feasible.

Power Plant Data Matrix

The following chart provides the major power plants in South Torbia.

Power Plants
Name or Location	Fuel Type	Capacity (MW)	Latitude	Longitude	MGRS
Angat Hydro Electric Power Plant	Hydro	11256	14.9071	121.1608	5APUS0215748867
Bataan Nuclear Power Plant	Nuclear	0	14.6292	120.3136	5APTS1060719028
Calumpit Coal Plant	Coal	1300	14.8952	10.7715	32PPB9056847492
Globally Green Power Corporation	Biomass	21	14.5783	121.0577	51PTS9074912577
Kalayaan Pumped-Storage Hydroelectric Project	Hydro	186685	14.3172	121.4742	51PUR3543883349
Limay Power Plant	Coal	1300	14.5247	120.5964	51PTS4096607120
Luzon Wind Farm	Wind	148	18.5278	120.7139	51QTA5866650111
Maibarara Geothermal Power Plant	Geothermal	3123	14.1382	121.1655	51PUR0197963785
Makiling-Banahaw Geothermal Power Plant	Geothermal	34893	14.0881	121.2264	51PUR0851358191
Malampaya Onshore Gas Glant	Natural Gas	3200	13.7179	121.0655	51PTR9080417365
Mariveles Coa-Fired Power Plant	Coal	1652	14.4225	120.5375	51PTR3449395875
Pacific Energy Corporation Plant	Coal	1500	15.2356	120.6103	51PTS4330885791
Quezon Power Plant	Coal	2500	14.2296	121.7558	51PUR6576373477
STEP Power Corporation Plant	Coal	2600	13.9303	120.7886	51PTR6106441128
South Luzon Thermal Energy Combine	Geothermal	33875	13.9201	120.8265	51PTR6515139961
Sual Power Station	Coal	2294	16.1241	120.1005	51QST8985784843
Subic Diesel Power Plant	Diesel	2160	14.7673	120.1944	51PSS9794734474
TES Corporation Plant	Coal	1600	15.5672	119.9228	50PRC1349623209
TNOC Combined Cycle Power Plant	Natural Gas	2011	13.7713	121.0261	51PTR8659023308
TNOC Diesel Power Plant	Diesel	2650	15.4984	120.9804	51PTT8335014473
TTT Consolidated Power Corporation Plant	Coal	1600	14.5198	120.5984	51PTS4117606575
Legend: megawatt (MW)        MGRS: Military Grid Reference System

Home Heating

Houses in South Torbia are often quite small, especially those in the rural communities. Due to the climate, heating is not needed for most months. In the cities, most houses use heat produced by electricity. In rural areas, houses are normally heated by burning wood. 

Water and Sanitation

There is a dichotomy in South Torbia between the urban and the rural people when it comes to water and sanitation. The majority of the people that live in the urban areas have modern water and sanitation facilities. The exceptions are the squatters that live on the outskirts of the cities in shantytowns. In rural areas, access to modern water and sanitation is often troublesome as the people must find inventive ways to cope with the lack of resources.

Water

Nearly all of the urban population in South Torbia has access to potable water through indoor plumbing, though some of the plumbing is aging. In rural areas, access becomes more limited, with people relying on rivers, lakes, or community wells. Rapid urbanization caused significant strain on water delivery systems and has led the government to initiate a number of projects to improve the water quality and access. In many of the rural areas, the water infrastructure is obsolete. South Torbians have three tiers of water accessibility - levels I, II, and III. Level I – standalone (e.g. hand pumps, shallow wells, rainwater collectors) serving an average of 15 households within a 250-meter distance. Level II - piped water with a communal water point (e.g. bore well, spring system) serving an average of 4-6 households within a 25-meter distance. Level III - piped water supply with a private water point (e.g. house connection) based on a daily water demand of more than 100 liters per person. The South Torbian climate creates issues with the water system. During the rainy season when the major urban area floods, especially the slums, much of the debris, trash, silt and general refuse (to include sewage) is washed into rivers and stream. The silt and debris also clogs the drainage systems and the treatment plants causing problems with the production of fresh water. This challenge has caused the government to invest in upgrades to the underground viaduct system and the installation of a subterranean wastewater treatment plant. Military personnel should find potable water in the major urban areas but will see shortages in rural areas. Local water should be tested and treated for contamination if necessary.

Sanitation

South Torbians that reside in the metropolitan areas, in apartments or single-family homes, have access to sewage disposal. 90% of residents have access to sanitation services. 85% of residents have access to a sewer system with the remaining using septic systems. Only approximately 10% of the wastewater is treated which has led to contamination of 58% of groundwater. Over the past forty years, the government has invested in wastewater treatment facilities, and most domestic wastewater is discharged with treatment. With the recent completion of an underground treatment facility in Quezon City, this has made strides to limit the contamination entering the Marikina River. The government has several projects approved for modernizing the sewage system in both urban and rural areas.

While marginally capable sewage systems exist in major metropolitan areas, sewage systems in rural areas are either antiquated or non-existent. 85% of rural South Torbians have access to a sewage system that are predominantly in form of septic systems. In the past 20 years, the South Torbian government subsidized and privatized sludge removal and septic system cleaning, substantially reducing ground water contamination.

Transportation Architecture

The transportation architecture in South Torbia ranges from the most modern (some airports) to dirt roads that are barely passable to only four-wheeled drive vehicles forcing most people to walk.

Road System

Other than interstates, roads in South Torbia are below US or Western European standards. Driving can be hazardous and becomes more hazardous at night and during the rainy season due to lack of drivers skills. 

The South Torbian government is responsible for 1,873 bridges spanning over 91,888 linear meters across the country. There are 1,864 permanent bridges covering 91,207 linear meters. 1,758 bridges covering 83,482 linear meters are constructed of concrete.  106 bridges spanning 7,725 linear meters are constructed of steel. There are nine temporary Bailey bridges spanning 682 linear meters throughout the country.

Military traffic on road networks will be stressed due to large amounts of traffic. When South Torbians begin a road construction project they typically work on one section (direction) causing it to go to a single lane for travel with traffic moving both directions. These construction projects often take several months to complete. Densely populated urban areas are also known for having extremely narrow streets that limit the size of vehicles that are capable of using the street. Military traffic, particular for mechanized units, may be unable to gain access to some urban areas unless they are willing to dismount.

Paved Roads

South Torbia has a vast national road network of 6,753 km that includes 6,495 km of paved roads. The road network consists mainly of three types of national roads: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary interstates connect three or more major population centers with 100k or more populace. Secondary interstates connect major population centers to smaller cities. Tertiary interstates are any other road that is maintained by the national government. The South Torbian government maintains a total of 6,752 km of road networks. The break out of paving material is 3,001 km (44%) paved with concrete, 3,494 km (52%) paved with asphalt for a total of 6,495 km (96%) of national roads are paved.

Unpaved Roads:

The unpaved portion of national roads consists of 254 km (4%) gravel and 35 km (0.005%) earthen roads for a total of 289 km (4%) of unpaved roads. Most roads have heavy traffic and are viewed as dangerous because of a constant state of maintenance and reckless driving habits.

Local Driving Habits

South Torbians are known for being aggressive and unpredictable when driving in traffic.  Military convoys will need to be cognizant of the situation, deciding when to allow local traffic to mingle with the convoy versus forcing local traffic to wait until the entire convoy passes. The following list includes a number of the issues associated with reckless driving on South Torbian roads.

Continuously honking their horn

This does nothing to speed up the flow of traffic in the urban areas, but South Torbians are always honking their horns at pedestrians that jaywalk drivers that cut them off in traffic.

Texting while driving

There are no laws against texting while driving and so many South Torbians try to dual task while driving causing an inordinate number of accidents.

Beating the red light

In metropolitan areas, South Torbian drivers always attempt to beat the red light when turning from amber.

Changing lanes too often

Urban South Torbian drivers will change lanes because they think the other lane is moving slightly faster. Drivers will switch back and forth between lanes within a block thinking it will help them reach their destination faster.

Tailgating

Tailgating occurs throughout South Torbia, not just in the urban areas. Not having the safety distance between cars increases the number of rear end collisions.

Lax seatbelt use

South Torbians, especially in the city, are known not to wear their seatbelts. When traffic is going 10 kph or less, this may not be an issue. The habit developed, however, continues when the drivers are on the open roads throughout the country.

Using hazard lights to park anywhere

When an urban South Torbian driver wants to make a quick stop like getting cash from an ATM, they will double park, turn on their hazard lights, get out, do their transaction, and then get back in their vehicle. This backs up the traffic for blocks, if not longer.

Unloading passengers anywhere

South Torbians will stop just about anywhere to let out their passengers instead of looking for a parking spot.

Public Transportation

Urban areas have a number of public transportation methods, while rural public transportation is normally limited to the bus. The larger the city the more likely it is to be a hub for bus traffic. The bus companies are independently owned and operated. The bus system connects and operates in both in the major metropolitan areas and to the rural areas. Due to relatively low cost of other methods of public transportation buses are typically used for longer distance travel between major urban areas and rural towns and villages.

Buses operate throughout South Torbia, providing mainly long distance travel to the civilian population. Very few South Torbians use them for travel within urban areas, as there are other more efficient and reliable ways to navigate the congestion often found in the major metropolitan areas. The buses used by the private companies do not come from any predominant company. For the smaller companies that cannot afford to purchase new buses many are refurbished and updated. Many of the major bus companies originate their lines from the major metropolitan areas and then run to the more rural areas. Typically, the routes traveled are limited to only a few companies to each area.

Any military operations in the country that affect the bus system may cause strain on the transportation system and cause extended delays resulting in a decreased perception of military forces by the civilian population. Military operations in South Torbia would involve inspecting buses for contraband and illegal weapons.

In metropolitan areas, other public transportation options may include a subway system (Manila) or a light rail system. There are also other private transportation options for city dwellers that include taxi cabs, car rental, and even ride-hailing applications such as Uber.

Rail System

South Torbia has 400 km of rail lines. Several projects to modernize the rail system and improve commuter travel are underway. The main project is a high-speed rail line from Angeles to Manila with two branch lines extending to San Pablo and Batangas respectively. The purpose is to help decrease pollution and congestion throughout the country. The major terminal and railyard is in Manila. South Torbia rail is standard gauge, which is in incompatible with the gauge used by North Torbia. All of the locomotives used in South Torbia are diesel electric, and the fleet was modernized approximately five years ago.

Air Transportation System

South Torbia maintains both paved and unpaved runways of varying distances. Many of the unpaved runways are little more than cleared dirt strips and are only suitable for aircraft with extreme short take-off and landing capability (STOL) or aircraft that are capable of vertical take-off and landing (VTOL).

South Torbia Airlines is the flagship carrier for South Torbia. South Torbia Airlines flies internationally with destinations in 23 countries across the world. Three international airports operate in South Torbia at Subic Bay, Clark, and Manila. Assuming all runways are in serviceable condition, South Torbia’s airport infrastructure can support major military operations.

South Torbia contains 34 airports with 16 known to have paved runways. The chart below shows the details for each runway. South Torbia’s known runways by length include the following:

Paved Runways

There are 16 paved runways in South Torbia. Most are civilian, but are useable by the military.

• Over 10,000 feet: 3
• 8,000 to 10,000 feet: 1
• 5,000 to 8,000 feet: 4
• 3,000 to 5,000 feet: 4
• Under 3,000 feet: 4

Unpaved Runways

There are 18 unpaved runways in South Torbia. All are civilian-operated, but some military planes may be able to use them as well as all rotary-winged aircraft.

• Over 10,000 feet: 0
• 8,000 to 10,000 feet: 0
• 5,000 to 8,000 feet: 1
• 3,000 to 5,000 feet: 3
• Under 3,000 feet: 14

Airfield Data Chart

The following are the major runways located in South Torbia.

Airfields
City	Length (feet)	Width (feet)	Elv (Feet)	MGRS	Lat	Long	Surface Type	Lts
Alaminos	1368	50	417	51QST8281287103	16.1436	120.0344	D	No
Bamban	971	50	262	51PTS4135793031	15.3008	120.5914	D	No
Binalonan	2942	50	138	51QTT4131576008	16.0503	120.5822	C	No
Calatagan	2827	50	92	51PTR4421331660	13.8433	120.6336	D	No
Castillejos	1640	50	187	51PSS9775554343	14.9467	120.1903	D	No
Cavite City	2004	50	23	51PTR4197692353	14.3914	120.6072	G	No
Cavite City	7769	98	8	51PTS7300703107	14.4913	120.8939	A	No
Concepcion	1237	50	118	51PTT4500402279	15.3847	120.6244	D	No
Floridablanca	10390	148	11	51PTS2933958016	14.9833	120.4833	C	Yes
Iba	2953	50	11	50PRB1877096567	15.3260	119.9685	C	Yes
Jomalig	3991	50	37	51PVS2795625716	14.7042	122.3308	G	No
Lipa	4953	50	1220	51PTR9738043483	13.9544	121.1244	A	No
Lingayen	3422	50	7	51QTT0482874781	16.0351	120.2416	A	Yes
Lubang	3969	50	43	51PSR8739133857	13.8575	120.1081	A	Yes
Mabalcat	10499	200	484	51PTS3780880339	15.1858	120.5597	C	Yes
Magalang	1677	50	151	51PTS5055287772	15.2542	120.6775	D	No
Mangatarem	1876	50	105	51PTT1383936449	15.6900	120.3303	D	No
Mamburao	4265	50	13	51PTQ4046561388	13.2081	120.6053	A	No
Mansalay	2780	50	35	51PUQ0529684635	13.4231	121.2017	G	No
Masinioc	1840	50	75	51PST8554724729	15.5808	120.0681	D	No
Morong	9003	148	64	51PTS0621437351	14.7942	120.2708	A	Yes
Paniqui	5755	50	112	51PTT4294734373	15.6744	120.6019	D	No
Paranaque	12261	200	75	51pts8658604867	14.5083	121.0197	A	Yes
Pinamalayan	2424	50	64	51PUQ2926236158	12.9864	121.4258	A	No
Plaridel	2953	50	19	51PTS6898547349	14.8907	120.8527	A	Yes
Polillo	5010	50	25	51PUR9642994304	14.4192	122.0392	C	Yes
Rosales	2625	50	107	51PTT4321257619	15.8844	120.6019	D	No
San Jose	6024	98	14	51PTP8761567292	12.3614	121.0467	C	Yes
Santa Cruz	3261	50	0	50PQC9922946795	15.7819	119.7928	D	No
Santa Cruz	3581	50	0	50PRC0268741614	15.7347	119.8244	D	No
Santa Rosa	5249	50	249	51PTT9474707230	15.4339	121.0872	A	Yes
Tanauan	1919	50	505	51PTR9660959257	14.0969	121.1161	G	No
Tanay	1235	50	1775	51PUS2367907494	14.5347	121.3636	D	No
Tarlac City	2648	50	144	51PTT4571906732	15.4250	120.6306	G	No
Legend: Elv = Elevation    MGRS = Military Grid Location System Lat = Latitude   Long = Longitude                  Lts = Lights

Maritime

As an island nation, maritime commerce plays a major role in South Torbia’s economy. South Torbia operates several major seaports and there are other cities along the coast that are heavily involved in the commercial fishing industry. The local economies of many of the small coastal towns and villages often dependent upon their ability to trade with other communities along the coast.

Seaports

Major South Torbia Ports

Seaports

South Torbia has 6 seaports located along the South China Sea and the Toria Sea. There are 4 South Torbia ports that average more than 1 million tons of cargo throughput annually. The only ports that can accommodate Military Sea Lift (MSC) Commands Large, Medium-Speed Roll-on/Roll-off (LMSR) are the Port of Manila and the Port of Subic Bay. South Torbia’s largest and most productive port is the Port of Manila, which is the capital of South Torbia and lies on the mouth of the Pasig River in western Luzon Island and stretches along Manila Bay's eastern shores. The Port of Manila is about 645 nautical miles southeast of the Port of Hong Kong and about 880 nautical miles east-northeast of Saigon Port. The Port of Manila is also the country's main economic, cultural, and political center. Metropolitan Manila contains 17 cities and municipalities, including the Port of Manila. One of the world's most densely populated cities, the Port of Manila was home to almost 1.6 million people in 2000, but the metropolitan area had a populating of over 9.9 million. 

The Port of Manila has a diverse economy. In addition to housing South Torbia’s major seaport, it is an important center for publishing and manufacturing. Products manufactured in the Port of Manila include textiles, chemicals, clothing, electronics, watches, leather goods, shoes, and iron and steel. Local businesses process commodities for export, including plywood, rope, refined sugar, coconut oil, and copra. The food, beverages, and tobacco sectors employ many of the city's residents. With more than a million visitors each year, tourism is a thriving and important economic sector in the Port of Manila. Except for the Port of Manila, every district in the city has its own public market where local commerce is busy, particularly in the early morning. The urban renewal program includes refurbishing some of these markets. The Port of Manila also has plenty of modern shopping malls and chain stores. The Port of Manila refers to the collective facilities and terminals that process maritime trade function in harbors that serve the Metro Manila Area. The South Torbia Ports Authority, a government-owned corporation, manages the Port of Manila and most of the public ports in the country. The Port of Manila is composed of 3 major facilities namely National Capital Region – North (NCR-N), National Capital Region – South (NCR-S), and the Manila International Container Terminal (MICT).The ports are open year round and handle cargo and passengers from around the world.

The NCR-N contains terminals for cargo, oil, and passengers. It handled over 6,861 vessels, 33,742,902 metric tons of cargo, and 1,292,508 passengers two years ago. The NCR-S contains terminals for cargo, oil, and passengers. NCR-S handled 5,025 vessels, 8,058,484 metric tons of cargo, and 43,508 passengers two years ago. The MICT serves as the largest and most important container port on the South China Sea, handling over 23,255,594 metric tons of cargo in the past two years from 2,082 vessels. NCR-N has seven piers and is accessible through Radial Road 10. Recent modernization efforts increased its capacity. It has been going through upgrades to the passenger terminal to increase efficiency.

NCR-S has five piers and two passenger terminals. It also operates two ferry terminals at pier 13 and 15. It is accessible by road on Bonafacio Drive. It is also undergoing modernization process to increase throughput

MICT is the main cargo terminal for South Torbia and can simultaneously service six vessels at a time. Its total length is 1,520 m, the entrance channel depth is 11.8 m with controlling depths of 10 – 12m. There are 14 cranes operating that have a max lift capacity of 200 metric tons. The container yard is 3.3 hectares and has a capacity of 4,836 twenty-foot equivalent units using an eight-tier stack. 

Navigable Rivers

South Torbia has approximately 1,500 km of navigable rivers. Many of the rivers are quite shallow and are only navigable by vessels that possess a draft of less than 1.5 meters.

Ice Breaking Ships

South Torbia has a historical fleet of four icebreakers with one still active for Antarctic use which could be repurposed for the Arctic. South Torbia has started building an advanced icebreaker specifically for the Arctic. It is a world class scientific research vessel that will carry a full range of equipment for studying the Arctic seafloor and biological resources, as well as for taking oceanic and atmospheric measurements. This new vessel was scheduled to set sail in 2026, but progress is moving rapidly and the timeline for its launch is expected to move up.

Pipelines

South Torbia has approximately 100 km of transmission pipelines and 130 km of distribution pipelines.  Most are natural gas pipelines that run from the western coast to the Manila metropolitan area. The Torbia-1 and Torbia-2 pipelines, owned by the Torbia National Oil Corporation, carry the natural gas from the coast to Manila and surrounding power plants. Twenty-four percent of the power in South Torbia comes from the fuels transported by these pipelines.   

Petroleum

There are roughly 40km of crude transmission pipelines within South Torbia, however most are no longer operational and have fallen into a state of disrepair. South Torbia closed most transmission petroleum pipelines over 20 years ago because the cost to extract the oil was greater than the profits. There are a small number of pipelines that are profitable and these have remained operational. There are refined petroleum pipelines that run from various seaports to the greater Manila area supplied by ships bringing the finished product form overseas.

Natural Gas

Like the petroleum transmission pipelines, there are no operational South Torbian natural gas pipelines as the extraction cost is currently too expensive with today’s technology. There are pipelines that bring natural gas from ships in the ports to the larger South Torbian cities.

Water

All water pipelines in South Torbia are local. Due to the heavy rain that falls in most of the country, South Torbia has an abundance of water. The local water purification plants in the urban areas transport the treated water to the homes throughout the metropolitan areas. These local water systems are not counted in the pipeline figures above. There are some water desalination plants in South Torbia, but the desalinated water is used to meet local needs in the immediate area around the desalination plant. While there have been studies conducted to use desalination as a method to provide Manila with additional water, the prohibitive cost has prevented the start of any such construction.

Telecommunications Architecture

In South Torbia, most citizens have access to a telephone and listen to radio or watch television, and over 90% of the population has access to the internet. The deregulation of the telecommunications industry over 20 years ago led to major upgrades and increases of service providers for mobile, landline, internet, and other service providers. South Torbians operate approximately 30 million landlines and 60 million cell phones. The country has multiple radio stations that are both government owned and private, and broadcast religious, pop culture, and music. There are two national television network providers and approximately 50 local television providers with approximately 15 million subscribers (30% of the population.)

Industry

As a democracy that has embraced the free market system, almost all industry in South Torbia is privately owned. The only exception is that there are some public utilities that are owned by the local governments. There are some private utility companies in addition to the government-run facilities.

Food and Agriculture

South Torbia is a net food importer as the country cannot produce enough food to feed its people. South Torbia exports finished products while purchasing raw materials and food from abroad. Last year, South Torbian purchased $8 billion more food than they exported. Imports desired by the South Torbians include premium products, health food, beef, confectionery products (chocolate and snacks) as well as fresh and dried fruit.

 In some rural areas of South Torbia, the poor road system makes it difficult for farmers to get their crops to the market. This is especially true during the torrential rainstorms that often wash out the dirt roads. Additionally, the poor road network in rural areas can also restrict the flow of food and goods from urban centers to the villages.

Oil/Gas

South Torbia has a very small on shore oil infrastructure that only produces approximately 6,600 barrels of crude a day. The country must import oil to meet the demand in the country, which is equivalent to 215,800 barrels a day of oil to operate efficiently.  There has been exploration done in the contested South China Sea to locate more oil but there has been limited success. The country has a reserve of approximately 1 billion million barrels of oil.

The population’s dependence upon imported oil and petroleum products leaves it in a precarious situation if conflict were to impede imports. Oil will continued to be imported to support the economy and citizens of the country to ensure development during and post hostilities.

South Torbia has focused on the exploration of natural gas resources in the contested South China Sea. Currently 30 percent of the energy that the country consumes is created using natural gas. The city of Manila is working with private bus companies to install Compressed Natural Gas fuel stations in order to reduce cost and limit pollution.

Defense Infrastructure

South Torbia already had defense industries focused on improving self-defense and maintaining an economic exclusion zone around its island territories. Like much of the manufacturing within South Torbia, the defense industry’s focus is on high technology components to augment defense imports, such as high-performance sensors for US-manufactured surface-to-air missiles, both for the US military and allies in the Middle East. South Torbia’s defense sectors specialization has enabled a relationship in which conglomerates to access US and other defense-related technologies through licensing and collaborations on defense R&D. South Torbia does not currently possess a sufficiently developed industrial base to support a completely self-reliant defense sector, but seeks this as an eventual outcome. Military procurement is extensive and widespread to counter both the conventional and asymmetric threat from North Torbia.

Nuclear Facilities

South Torbia has one nuclear power plant that was decommissioned ten years ago. The plant is located 20 km south of San Antonio on the western coast of South Torbia and approximately 100 km west of Manila. The power plant consists of a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) and was intended to produce an estimated 621 MW of energy. The decision to decommission the nuclear power plant was made after it was realized that it was built near an active fault line and a dormant volcano. While the power plant no longer produces energy, it is still being maintained due to the fact that South Torbia does not possess the ability to safely dispose of the radioactive material. Therefore it still houses a significant amount of radioactive material in the form of both unused fuel and unprocessed spent fuel. It has been claimed that the plant could be brought back in service in several months if required, and while many oppose its use there are some who believe that Nuclear is a better alternative to fossil fuels. The original design and construction is from 40 years ago, and though it may be capable of operating, it lacks many of the safety and technological features often found in modern nuclear power plants.

Space

South Torbia has been has been actively pursuing a nascent space program.  Currently they use partner nations’ rockets as delivery vehicles for their satellites as they are still developing their own launch capabilities, though recent developments in privately launch capabilities could change their focus. It currently has a total of fourteen satellites in orbit; eight satellites for communications purposes, three for navigation purposes, and three for dedicated military imagery. They are also currently working on sending their first astronaut into space. Currently there are no testing facilities or launch facilities specifically for space purposes in South Torbia but the government is planning to construct them in the next twenty years south of Manila to launch satellites and possible manned space flight.

Arctic Satellite

The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) carrying satellite was launched by South Torbia in 2012. The AMSR2 provides data on Arctic precipitation, ocean wind speed, water vapor, sea ice concentration, and brightness temperature.