Social: Gabal

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Social Overview

The Republic of Gabal has a strong, complex cultural identity that is consistent among the broader Pacific archipelago. The Gabalian indigenous population consists of numerous separate communities, most with only a few hundred people, divided by language, customs, and tradition. Very small minorities live on some of the outlying islands and atolls, and these people have political structures headed by chiefs. Some of these communities have engaged in low-scale tribal conflict with their neighbors for millennia. The advent of modern weapons and modern migrants into urban areas has magnified the impact of this lawlessness. The use of multiple dialects across Gabal compounds this dynamic environment, as well as compliance and adherence to a tribal-based society where everything revolves around the relative welfare of the tribe and clan members as a whole. The threat of climate change and its impact on island life as a whole, however, has been a unifying event for Gabalian tribes.

Brief History

Gabal was populated by unaffiliated and often hostile indigenous tribes who date from prehistory. Gabal was first discovered by Europeans in 1750 by a South Seas expedition. After it was discovered in 1750 by a European expedition, a trading post was established on the main island. It was an independent island populated by unaffiliated tribes, featuring a robust multinational European trading presence, existed peacefully for over a century. 

In 1862, with the supply of cotton from the American South cut off by the embargoes and blockades of the American Civil War, Europe looked abroad for colonies that could support cotton plantations. Cotton did not end up becoming a significant cash-crop for the new colony, however, coffee and fruit plantations were established with some success. By the turn of the 20th century, coffee and fruit had been replaced almost entirely by native hardwood logging as the chief export of the island. Native Gabalians had few legal rights and no representation in government. 

The Gabal independence movement began in earnest during WWII. Gabal was strategically located to support Allied operations in the South Pacific, and soon after hostilities began, Allied soldiers arrived in large numbers to defend the island and build facilities to support air and naval operations. By the end of the war, native Gabalians had established a full scale independence movement and Gabal began negotiations for self-rule in 1956. 

Negotiations dragged on for many years, complicated by the discovery of large chromium deposits. European colonizers were hesitant to leave the island prior to establishing mining operations to extract the chromium, but as time passed pressure increased as natives established local political parties and began to formally organize an anti-colonial movement. An incident in 1974 brought the tension to a head, when a small group of tribesmen conducted an armed takeover of the country’s main airport, demanding immediate independence and self-rule. European governments both refused to send troops to the island to put down the insurrection, so borrowed police forces from a nearby neighbor were used. This incident caused local Gabalian political leaders to demand either proper support from the exiting colonial powers, or self-rule. Both traditional colonial powers immediately rescinded colonial claims to the islands. Gabal gained its independence in 1977; the first Gabalian elections were held that same year. 

Early independent Gabalian politics were dominated by friction between factions descended from different European colonial occupiers. Climate change was the first issue that created true national unity in Gabal. Starting in the late 1990s, a series of devastating storms coupled with rising sea levels and the effects of total deforestation of the nation’s valuable tropical timber created a groundswell of ecology-focused political parties.

Demographics

Languages

While English is the official language of business and government, only an estimated 2% of the population uses it as their primary language. What is commonly referred to as “official” Gabalian is a trade language predominantly spoken around the capitol that originated on the Gabalian east coast. Across the country, almost 90 local dialect variations are spoken. Many of these dialects in Gabal, however, have fewer than 100 speakers.

Ethnicities

The Gabalians have more than 100 different ethnic groups, although some consider many of the groups to be the same ethnicity but different tribe. While some groups number in the thousands, many have less than a hundred members and depending on their location they may have limited interaction with other human population. For example, a relatively recently discovered tribe had no recorded contact between them and the western world up until the 1970s. Indigenous Gabalians, who make up the vast majority of the population, are of Melanesian descent and will vary considerably in ethnic origins, physical appearance, and spoken language. Gabalians of other ethnicities (Belesian, Olvanese, and European) are largely recent emigres.

Religions

Christianity is the predominant religion comprising the following breakdown: Roman Catholic 24.1%, Protestant 68.0%, Buddhist 4.7%, indigenous beliefs and other 3.2%. Gabalians do not see a contradiction between their Christian beliefs (introduced by missionaries in the 19th and 20th centuries) and traditions based on older, indigenous belief systems; they practice both side by side. 

Most Gabalians also practice some form of animism, believing that both animals and plants have spirits (like human souls) and that these need to be appeased or respected. Rituals are often required to communicate with the spirit or to dispel or pacify it. Animists may also attribute spirits to geographical features or manufactured objects. Belief in spirits tends to support respect for the natural environment, and therefore helps ensure sustainable communities. 

Totemic practices are common in Gabalian culture. Totemic animals and plants are revered and given a special place within communities. This practice may stem from an early form of religion, typical of spiritual beliefs before the major world religions emerged. A clan’s totem, however, is not worshiped like a god; rather, the spirit of the totem is thought to bond all members of the clan into a kind of family. The original animal or plant spirit is usually thought of as an ancestor whose spirit is still protective and so often carved in wood or painted onto objects such as shields. Villagers often dress up as their totem in clan celebrations, imitating its behavior and appearance. There is usually a taboo against eating or harming the species associated with the totem.  

Education

The Gabalian education system has expanded rapidly over the past 10 years, with deliberate education reforms in efforts aligned to international development and modernization initiatives provided through neighboring countries. Education reform has also traditionally been a key part of the Gabalian culture, predominantly through the role of missionaries establishing the first school teaching scripture back in 1873.

Literacy Rate

Literacy levels are relatively low in Gabal compared to the rest of the region. The overall literacy rate is only 64.2%. Males have a higher literacy rate at 65.3% compared to the female literacy rate of 59.4%. While those of a younger age are normally more literate than the older population, it still is not significantly different. 

Educational System

Education is provided as three levels—primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary and secondary are conducted over 12 years, comprising six years of primary and six of secondary, with cycles of four (grades 7 – 10) and two years (grades 11 – 12). The school year runs between January and December. Most instruction is in English; however, two decades ago, the National Department of Education adopted a language and literacy program designed to encourage communities to start local language preschools and non-core subjects taught in local dialects.

Educational Attainment

Of the 70% whom receive some formal education in the first grade, only two-thirds will complete to the sixth, with a further 35% of those students then transiting to secondary school at the end of the tenth grade. There is one public university: the University of Gabal in Coron, which primarily trains teachers and agriculture and natural resource management. Males will likely receive more schooling than females, who tend to marry young and the take care of the household along with their family.

Population Density

An estimated 70 percent of the 1.1 Million people living in Gabal live inin small villages and rural outposts, the other 22 percent is concentrated in three urban areas where most of the non-Gabalian population also resides.

Urban Areas

The urban centers were largely established due to their access to a good harbor. Despite the greatly diminished importance of plantations and the relocation of mining, those origins helped determine the existing urban layout. Rural settlement patterns are varied; the highland valleys are densely settled through a combination of villages and scattered hamlets. The north and northeastern areas are generally well populated, although subject to frequent volcanic eruptions, earth tremors, and occasional tsunami. The following locations are some of the more important urban areas located on the larger islands:

• Puerto Princesa: 255,116
• Coron: 51,803
• Busuanga: 22,046
• Culion: 20,139

Rural Areas

Within Gabal, the village–town distinction affects many everyday experiences. The majority of the population live in villages, deriving their livelihood from subsistence farming and localized economies. In these communities, division of labor is often determined based on gender and age. Meanwhile, labor in towns and cities is typically divided in accordance with education and specialization. The common perception associated with the village–town distinction is a division between the ‘elites’ and the ‘grassroots’. The ‘elites’ are considered to be those who are educated and higher-income earners. Conversely, the ‘grassroots’ are thought to be villagers and the lower-income earners in town. Social interaction between these two ‘groups’ can be tense. However, distinctions of wealth based on place are deceptive since those living in villages are not necessarily poor. This village-town division is becoming less prominent with the emergence of a middle class.

Population Movement

The tribal social construct of Gabal has largely limited the amount of population movement common elsewhere in either the region or the world. Both immigration and emigration were extremely minimal and even moving from one tribal area to another was uncommon. The terrain of the islands also contributed a barrier to settlement and communication.

Internal Migration

Urbanization

A lack of economic opportunities, in particular in those communities most affected or impacted by shrinking mining operations, has led many of the younger generation out of the villages and into the towns seeking employment. The increase in internal migration of many rural migrants towards towns has overwhelmed the original infrastructure in many towns, and has sparked the creation of unsanctioned shantytowns. While less than 20% of the population lives in urban environments, this number has been increasing at 2.8% per year. The urbanization process is adding social stress to Gabal as people are increasingly coming into contact with a wider variety of social groups, making socioeconomic inequalities more readily apparent.

Displacement

Internally Displaced Persons

Gabalians typically try to reintegrate people into populations as quickly as possible. Given Gabal’s primarily rural population, reintegration of displaced persons in the past has occurred with relative ease, causing little to no economic or social stress within an area. With the rise of urbanization, however, Gabal’s ability to reintegrate displaced populations may become more difficult.

Evacuees

There are evacuees when a typhoon or other major storm hits Gabal. Both rural and urban populations will typically attempt to seek shelter with a distant relative or someone they know outside the path of the storm. After the storm is over, the evacuated family returns to continue to live their life. This process typically occurs quickly, and produces little economic or social strain within the communities that host evacuees.

Stateless Personnel

There are no stateless personnel in Gabal. However, some of the more isolated indigenous populations may not recognize state authority, and in extreme cases may not understand the concept.

Migration Cycles and Transhumance

There are no migration cycles within Gabal itself. The fisherman have traditional fishing grounds that they cast their nets in based on the time of the year and the type of fish that may pass through on a seasonal basis.

External Migration

There is still very little immigration or emigration in Gabal. Very few Gabalians work or are permanently resident abroad, and the islands do not offer much of a draw to potential expats. In 1964, when heavy chromite mining began in earnest, Western governments offered a plan to resettle the entire Gabal nation to an uninhabited island elsewhere in the Pacific, but abandoned the plan due to Gabalian resistance.

Inbound

There is little inbound immigration to Gabal as the country has few economic resources to bring in people. Tourism may lead to some ex-patriots from western nations residing in Gabal, however this population is minimal.

Economic Migration

Some eco-tourism is taking place, but this is still not a major factor in the economy. It is normally people who want to get back to nature and do not have many financial means themselves. While some people from outside Gabal may come to conduct business, it is only temporary and very few want to stick around on a permanent basis. Gabal’s government has recognized the potential of creating a tourism-based economy, but have not yet been able to attract many investments.

Forced Migration (Refugees)

There are few, if any, refugees from other countries that come to Gabal. The country just does not have the resources to support them so the refugees end up in Belesia or South Torbia.

Outbound

There is also little outbound immigration by Gabal natives as most would not do well in the competitive market place in other countries.

Economic Migration

Most Gabalians enjoy the traditional, laid back, life associated with island living. While the living may be tough at times, the family traditions keep the people from seeking work elsewhere. The lack of education would make most of the Gabalians inadequate to work in the bustling economy of South Torbia or the increasing opportunities within Belesia.

Forced Migration

There are no Gabalians that are being forced to leave the country due to war or political reasons.

Culture

Dimensions of National Culture

There are studies that show that there are six basic cultural traits, or dimensions, that can be used to better understand a national culture. While these studies are not encompassing they can provide a foundational understanding of how populations may differ. Power distance is whether the society accepts unequal distribution of power or they seek to more evenly distribute the power. Individualism is whether the society desires each person to be a separate entity or if the individual is just a cog in the societal wheel. Uncertainty avoidance is whether the society tolerates ambiguity in life or wants life to be more certain. Some societies look long-term and save while others do not see the need because the future planned may never arrive.. Restrained societies live to work while indulgent societies work to live. Some societies encourage individuals to be competitive and do their best while other societies value cooperation over individual success.

Power Distance

Gabal has a fairly high degree of power distance, creating a relatively strict hierarchical society. Gabalians typically accept the power structure as it exists without requiring explanation or justification. In Gabal, some inherent inequalities occur without complaint and power is traditionally centralized. In rural communities social authority is primarily derived from ones tribal hierarchy. Tribal lineage is still a significant factor within urban environments, however socio-economic status has become increasingly important in determining power and influence. As exposure to the outside world increases with access to digital technology, there have been some rumblings among the younger generation for greater equality. The political and economic systems have not yet adapted to the information age.

Individualism vs. Collectivism

Gabal is a highly collectivistic society placing group considerations above individual considerations. The Gabal people will place a higher priority on creating strong relationships and loyalty over individual success.

Uncertainty Avoidance (Tolerance for Ambiguity)

With a mid-range score, Gabal does not take things to an extreme either way. While most Gabalians do make plans to avoid ambiguous situations, these plans can be altered quickly. For the most part, Gabalians are fairly relaxed people and not averse to taking risks. Thus, there is an acceptance to trying something new, testing out new products, and not living in the past.

Long-Term Orientation vs. Short-Term Orientation

The people want to enjoy life now, but they do so at their own slow pace making their time orientation more long term. The people believe there is always tomorrow so why rush things today. This orientation perhaps most apparent when observing how rural Gabalians decide to earn a living. Many view their role within their community as being an extension of the role that their families have held for generations. This often leads to rural Gabalians preferring career paths with lower-economic potential, an individual who comes from a family of fisherman may prioritize continuing that tradition over learning a new trade.

Indulgence vs. Restraint

Gabal scores high on the indulgence side exhibiting a willingness to follow their impulses to enjoy life and live in the moment. The tendency of the average Gabalian to live in the moment often comes at the expense of investing in their future. This trait is perhaps most evident when looking at the population’s approach toward higher education. Most Gabalian’s prioritize immediate -- but lower-- compensation today over the potential of higher compensation that an investment in education might bring.

Competitiveness vs. Consensus

Gabal falls in the mid-range in this dimension, and can be described as taking a pragmatic approach. The tribal culture within Gabal lends itself to instilling a nurturing mentality among social groups. That said, it is not uncommon for individuals in urban communities to seek personal achievement at the expense of communal practices.

Cultural Norms and Values

Typical customs and traditions are based on ancient principles that promote living an honorable and noble lifestyle. Embedded deeply into the culture are traditional music, dance, and food. Cultural storytelling, music, and dance are ancient ways of passing down history from one generation to another.

Relationships are paramount in the Gabalian culture. These relationships relate directly to virtually every part of life, including economics and religion. In the highlands, the main social unit is the clan. A clan is made up of people who perceive themselves as descending from a common ancestor. The clan is divided into sub-clans made up of people who are descendants of a known ancestor. The sub-clan is then divided into sub-lineages or families.

The people of Gabal are traditionally very cognizant of the importance of social interaction. This affects their cultural constructs. Gabalians tend to be emotional and outspoken, Gabalians tend to work on multiple tasks, often transitioning from one task to another with relative ease.

Centers of Social Power

Gabalians live a very social lifestyle, in which family members, both immediate and extended, work together in a solidified community. Family is the foundation of support with strong expectations of duty, respect, and reciprocity forming the interactions amongst family members. Extended kin commonly live in adjacent houses with an obligation to share income and possessions. 

In the family environment, village divisions revolve around horticulture with men clearing forests and tending the crops while women typically tend to gardens and cook. In towns, women complete domestic chores and care for children while men generate income. In both towns and villages, men who participate in what is generally referred to as ‘women’s work’ can be stigmatized as ‘rubbish men’. Historically this approach was supported through the segregation of men and women to assist in the transition of boys into manhood. 

Extending the family dynamic is the tribal culture. In Gabal, the tribe is a binding social apparatus where people depend, care, and help each other in almost all of the societal affairs of the society based off the language of the tribe or clan. Those with the same language, i.e., the same dialect, are of the same tribe. This system evolved around the traditional welfare system of that tribe. Therefore face-to-face relationships, inter-marriage, kinship, and reciprocal exchange are paramount in creating strong ties to keep the tribe together. Within the microcosm of the clan, each member can expect basic provisions and sustenance such as housing, food, folk medicine, security, and a general sense of inclusion and belonging. The reward in return is the same benefits that everyone enjoys, particularly the privilege of being part of the clan and the protection and security offered to all its members. Locals will view this as an egalitarian way for the community to share its resources. 

The values of this system are protection and allegiance that outweighs all other social connections. Revenge is common and prevailing among the society, as retribution is sought against any misdeed undertaken against your own tribe. There is no imperative to working—if you are hungry, you will be provided food and later reciprocate that for your tribe. In business, the tribe is also prominent—a business owner will recruit a fellow tribesman rather than based on qualifications. In western societies, this method is nepotism; however, in Gabal, the underlying value, to protect and pledge allegiance to the tribe prevails higher than corporate ethics. 

Communication

Traditional Methods and Symbolism

Gabal’s tribal traditions have placed an emphasis on the role that relationships play in communication. Two-way verbal communication is often prioritized over one-way written forms of communication (e.g., word of mouth vs printed media).

Roles of Technology and Media

Most Gabalians have not entered digital age due to the lack of access. The cost of cellular telephone is too expensive for the average citizen. Less than 20% of the people own a cell phone, but that number continues to rise each year. The family groups remains strong and since most people live near their relatives, there is a lesser need to communicate with the outside world. 

While more people can access the Internet in Gabal each year, the television remains the primary means of mass communication and entertainment in the country. Most of the shows come from South Torbia and Belesia and are accessed via satellite dishes. The government owns the one local radio station and one of the two newspapers. As is seen in other nations, as exposure to information technology grows, the importance of traditional forms of communication is diminishing. Each year, fewer people are using these traditional sources for information and are instead turning to alternative sources such as television, telephone, or the Internet. The more exposure Gabalians have to the outside world, the more likely that the family will become less important in each generation.

Social Impact of OE Hazards

Disease

There are six major diseases in Gabal: Bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, typhoid fever, dengue fever, malaria, and the Zika virus (see Physical Environment variable for more information on these diseases).  These diseases are normally related to poor water purification methods and are found more in the rural communities than in the places with modern water facility. Since much of Gabal is rural, however, these diseases often occur. For many of these diseases there are no known vaccines or cures. And if there is modern medicine, the people often cannot afford the drugs, doctor, or hospital costs. Much of the rural community is treated for these diseases by experience older women using traditional treatment methods. Gabalians are typically wary of modern vaccines offered by foreigners.

Bacterial Diarrhea

There are many different types of bacteria that can cause diarrhea and most enter the body through contaminated food or water. This disease is more prevalent in the rural areas of the country, but that is a vast majority of the Gabal population. While the Gabal government and various volunteers from outside the country try to teach the people to not drink untreated water, many Gabalians still will drink rainwater directly from the barrels that catch the rain outside their homes. Most Gabalians cannot afford all the foods required for the BRAT (bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast), most families treat the victim with traditional remedies. These are based around rice and for a time, the family will likely treat the water they drink and be more careful with the food they eat.

Hepatitis A

Most Gabalians pick up hepatitis A from eating contaminated shellfish, a primary food for many of the country’s poorest population. Those that have the virus do not know it until two to seven weeks later, which gives them time to infect other people—usually family members. Once an adult shows the symptoms of hepatitis A, they are quarantined by their family for two weeks until they are no longer contagious. Children can be contagious up to six months, but many people cannot afford a doctor or any laboratory tests. Thus, usually an older woman serves as the arbiter of when the child is no longer contagious and is allowed to return to normal activities.

Typhoid Fever

Poor water purification is the standard cause of typhoid fever as it normally enters the body from drinking water contaminated with the feces of an infected person. The death rate for typhoid fever without antibiotics is about 20% and many poor Gabalians cannot afford the cost of a doctor and the antibiotics. Luckily, the number of people afflicted with typhoid fever continues to drop each year as the government’s clean drinking water drive in the rural communities has at least got the people drinking fresh rainwater instead of standing water or other sources of water that could be contaminated.

Dengue Fever

This is one of the three mosquito borne diseases found in Gabal. People who have never been infected before and young children have milder cases than older children and adults who have been infected with dengue fever before. There is no treatment to cure dengue fever. Traditional practice to treat dengue fever includes rest and drinking plenty of fluids. If the family can afford it, fresh guava juice or the fruit itself may help.

Malaria

This is another mosquito-borne infectious disease, but it is not caused by a virus or bacteria. While there are a number of treatments that can prevent, interrupt, or treat a malarial infection, many Gabalians cannot afford them. Malaria can go into remission on its own and an infected person can build up some temporary immunity. If bitten again by an infected mosquito, the victim may only suffer mild symptoms or maybe none at all. 

Zika virus

Like dengue fever, this is another mosquito borne disease that has no cure. Treatment is the same with letting the patient rest, drinking plenty of fluid, and taking over-the-counter pain medicines that do not contain aspirin.  While the number of cases of Zika virus continues to drop from year to year due to the government’s attempt to eliminate stagnant water sources that are breeding grounds for mosquitoes, it is still up to the people to do what they can around their own homes to also prevent environments that facilitate the growth of mosquitoes.

Natural Disaster

As part of the “ring of fire,” Gabal faces several types of potential disasters including typhoons, flooding, earthquakes, and tsunamis (see the Physical Environment variable for more information on these natural disasters). All are regular occur, but not all are annual events. The result is that people often lose most everything they own and then must rebuild. The Gabal government may provide immediate help to get the affected people to safety, but the majority of aid needed for rebuilding comes from local communities and tribal networks.

Social Volatility/Fragility

Social Fault Lines and Friction Points

Most social fault lines are based on the poor economic situation within Gabal.

Urbanization

While urbanization is occurring at a relatively slow rate in Gabal, it is causing an increasingly problematic divide between urban and rural populations. When rural Gabalians move to urban towns in seek of economic opportunity, it often leads to not only geographic distancing, but also social distancing between their day to day lives and their tribal heritage. Urban Gabalians are more likely to view tribal practices as having less application in their day to day lives, and are more willing to take a pragmatic approach to problems that may have been previously resolved through tribal means.  This perceived abandonment of tradition has led to resentment among rural populations.

Lack of Economic Opportunity

There are few jobs available outside the fishing industry or those related to the fishing industry. With jobs in the manganese industry no longer available, there are less opportunities for the males to find quality jobs that can help them support a family. There is high unemployment throughout the country. There may be a future in eco-tourism available as Gabal is a fairly pristine country, but there is a need for major investors. While conflict between tribal communities is rare, when it occurs it is often the result of economic friction. Access to government positions is often viewed as being necessary for opening economic opportunities. If one tribe appears to be benefiting more than others, it can led to increasing resentment and in extreme cases, violence.

Criminal Activity

Major criminal activity is rare in Gabal. More crime occurs in the urban areas than the rural areas as those that live in rural villages are often related family members. In the larger villages, more theft occurs as the people are less connected to each other. The theft is normally a survival technique. Some thieves prey on the tourists that come to visit the country.

Cultural Approach to Punishment

In rural areas, most crime is taken care of internally by the family with the village elders making decisions. Only in the most extreme cases such as murder will the federal police investigate. The police, for the most part, leave the rural villages alone to mete out their own justice and the rural villagers are happy with the arrangement. 

In the larger villages, the police are more of a presence and will investigate major crimes. This is especially true in cases involving tourists. Corruption is an issue, however, as many police officers will look the other way for a bribe.

Human Rights

With a score of 60 out of 100, Gabal is considered partly free based on the Freedom House Civil Liberty criteria. This breaks down to a score of 24/40 for political rights and 36/60 for civil liberties. While Gabal is a nascent parliamentary democracy, the ruling party frequently interferes with opposition activities while trying to influence the judiciary branch. Sometimes, police brutality in the non-rural areas can be a problem. With Internet and cellular phone increasing every year, allowing for the Gabalians see how the rest of the world lives, the younger people are increasingly want more human rights. So far, the ones wanting major reforms have not reached the tipping point where the people’s agenda overrides those in power within the government.

Demographic Statistics Chart

Social Statistic	Gabal
Primary Languages (%)	Official Gabalian: 33.7% Local Gabalian variants: 61.2% English: 2.0% Olvanese: 2.0% Torbian: 1.1%
Ethnic Groups (%)	Indigenous Gabalian: 93.8% Belesian: 1.9% Olvanese: 1.5% European/Australian: 1.0% Other: 1.8%
Major Religions (%)	Protestant: 68.0% Catholic: 24.1% Buddhist: 4.7% Indigenous faiths: 1.7% Other: 1.5%
Literacy Rate (Older Than 15 in %)	Overall: 64.2% Males: 65.3% Females: 59.4%
Age Distribution (%)	Age 0-14 15-54 (Military Age) 55-64 65+	Male 27.2% 57.1% 9.2% 6.5%	Female 26.7% 56.0% 9.3% 8.0%
Median Age	Overall: 23.8 Males: 23.9 Females: 23.7
Population	849,469
Annual Growth Rate	2.21%
Birth Rate Per 1,000 People	23.9%
Death Rate Per 1,000 People	19.8%
Urban Population (%)	21.9%
Annual Urbanization Rate	2.8%
Infant Mortality Rate Per 1000 Live Births	48.1
Life Expectancy At Birth (Years)	Overall: 67.5 Male: 65.4 Female: 69.7
Major Diseases In OE	Bacterial diarrhea Hepatitis A Typhoid fever Dengue fever Malaria Zika virus