Infrastructure: Donovia

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While the region’s five countries have a significant number of rural residents, the majority of each country’s population lives in urban areas. About two-thirds of the Arianian (68%), Donovian (67%), and Limarian populace (64%) and just over half of the Gorgan (53%) and Atropian (52%) populace  live in urban areas. All five countries contain a mixture of modern urban cities and almost pre- modern rural villages. Modern utilities can be found in most major cities but not in the rural villages and countryside.

While Donovia contains the second-highest urban population rate among the five countries, it also faced an urbanization rate of -0.2% over the last decade with no change in the foreseeable future.

The North Caucasus region contains three of Donovia’s largest cities—Makhachkala, Grozny, and Nalchik. Due to policies enacted at the national level that limit social services to current distribution models, many Donovians moved from smaller cities to larger cities to obtain desired social services while others returned to their rural roots to create the negative urbanization rate. While most of the Donovian people who inhabit the urban areas can obtain basic modern utilities, they operate with infrastructure built between World War II to 20 years ago and suffering from a lack of preventive maintenance. As such, many Donovians experience power outages, intermittent water flow, and sewage backup. Many Donovian buildings, especially the governmental ones, attempt to express greatness by their sheer size. Many buildings use block architecture that appears immense, but usually perform their functions without much appeal to the eye.

Block-Style Apartment Building

As previously mentioned, the majority of residents in all five countries live in urban areas. Most urban cities contain a mixture of old neighborhoods with roughshod construction, while buildings in newer neighborhoods are made with modern construction methods. In rural villages and areas, residents use whatever materials they can obtain to build their houses.

Donovia remains a land of contrast, with large modern cities and rural areas largely unaffected by the modern world. Most of the large Donovian cities contain an old city with dense, random construction completed without any plan. In areas built from the 1950s to the late 1980s, the buildings come in closed orderly block construction,  usually with large high-rises for use as multi-family dwellings. Most older Donovian cities feature a strip area, usually along the river or sea where the city began. For the most part, shantytowns remain limited to rural areas or only the outskirts of any large Donovian urban center. The Caucasus, however, may possess more shantytowns than cities farther north and closer to Moscow.

Major Cities and Urban Zones

Donovia’s largest two cities lie outside the Caucasus region. These large metropolitan areas provide the population necessary to support the large Donovian military.

Moscow

Moscow is a megacity with over 10 million inhabitants within the city limits and almost 14 million in the metropolitan area. It is Europe’s largest city and the world’s sixth most populous urban center, and serves as the political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation center for Donovia. Moscow continues to grow steadily while many other smaller Donovian cities continue to shrink.  Moscow’s history  dates back to the  12th  century and owes its prominence to its strategic location on the Moscow River. Due to its position as the country’s capital city, Moscow contains all the urban zones—city core, core periphery, high-rise residential areas, low- rise residential areas, commerical areas, industrial areas, and strictly military areas. The Donovian central government, however, razed many of the older buildings in the oldest parts of town and replaced them with more modern structures. While some small areas with dense random  construction do occur in older parts of the city, most of Moscow features closed, orderly block construction that may not always conform to square blocks. Strip areas occur along the Moscow  River with limited shantytowns, as the Donovian government attempts to make Moscow appear attractive to the outside visitor. Even though Moscow serves as Donovia’s largest urban area, residents and visitors can partake in the city’s 170 square miles of green space. Moscow contains four botanical gardens, 18 smaller gardens, and 96 parks along with 39 square miles of forest in the metropolitan area. While Moscow could provide ample support to any military with its large number of resources, control of the city by the military may prove impossible through force alone.

Donovia's Largest Cities

Mizhny Novgorod

At 1,251,000 people and located in the extreme north central Donovia, Nizhny Novgorod serves as the economic, transportation, and cultural center for its region. The city feels much more rural than other European cities of similar size due to is construction on the hills and abundant green spaces. Nizhny Novgorod’s history dates back to the late 14th century, and its strategic location on the  Oka

River always made it an important location to hold against any raiders to the east. The city contains more dense, random construction than closed, orderly block construction due to the city’s age and the necessity to build around the river and hills. Strip areas exist along the Oka River, where considerable industry occurs with limited shantytown construction, but more than that located in Moscow. Nizhny Novgorod contains six of the seven types of urban zones—city core, core periphery, high-rise residential areas, low-rise residential areas, commercial areas, and industrial areas. The city does not contain any major military-only areas. For its size, however, Nizhny Novgorod contains more industrial area due to a history of aircraft, shipyard, and automobile production over the last century. If large materials and workers remain available to continue production, Nizhny Novgorod could assist in the support of any military that operates in the general area.

Makhachkala

Makhachkala, with a population of approximately 578,000 people, ranks as Donovia’s third-largest city and serves as the capital city of the Badgir republic. Due to the city’s occupation by outside  forces in World War I and an earthquake in 1970, Makhachkala features a large amount of relatively new construction when compared to other Donovian cities. While a small number of areas with dense, random construction do occur, the city primarily features closed, orderly block construction built between 1970 and 1990. Some strip areas occur along the Caspian Sea, with a large number of shantytowns scattered throughout the city. Makhachkala’s city core features large skyscrapers and planned construction built after 1970. The city also contains a core periphery with a mixture of  newer buildings and older buildings that survived the earthquake. High- and low-rise residential areas spring up in a helter-skelter manner throughout the city without any apparent reasoning. Makhachkala contains limited commercial and industrial areas, as much of the area relies upon agriculture for its livelihood instead of industrial pursuits.

Grozny

Grozny, located on the Sunsha River, serves as the capital of Gamrun Republic and ranks as Donovia’s fourth-largest city. While about 272,000 people currently live in Grozny, an increase from 211,000 nine years ago, this does not compare to the almost 400,000 people that lived in the city in 1989. Internal conflict in the area over the last two decades accounts for Grozny’s population fluctuation in the same time span. While Grozny contains all four construction patterns in the seven urban zones, a series of wars with the national government over the last 20 years ruined many buildings and made them uninhabitable. Rectangular block-style buildings dot the newer high-rise residential areas while single-family dwellings dominate the older residential areas. Grozny also contains an old city core, and a core periphery surrounds the old city. The industrial area is concentrated along the Sunsha River, while commercial areas appear in many parts of the city. Due to the years of warfare, many people now live in shantytowns without basic utilities.

Nalchik

Nalchik, located in the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains, contains approximately 235,00 residents to make it Donovia’s fifth-largest city and the capital of the North Ostremek Repubic. Modern Nalchik’s history dates back to 1818 when Donovia built a fort there to defend the country from outside invaders as it expanded to the south. Nalchik is positioned on its namesake river, where a potable spring also provided ample water to the early settlers. Only small boats can navigate the Nalchik River. In World War II, the city received so much damage that much of the architecture dates to the second half of the 20th century. The area’s natural springs made it a place where many rich Donovians would go to “take the waters,” and a resort economy sprung up along with several sanatoriums. The city contains four institutes of higher learning including liberal arts, business, arts, and agricultural schools. Nalchik contains all four construction patterns—with closed, orderly block construction built after World War II to replace the destroyed buildings and dense, random construction in small isolated pockets because the city features large number of parks to create green spaces for the city’s residents. A strip area occurs along the river, but Nalchik has few shantytown areas due to its history as a place for the wealthy to visit. Nalchik also contains six of the urban  zones and is only missing major military bases. Due to the construction boom after World War II, the city core features high-rise residential and business buildings. Farther from the city core, Nalchik has core periphery and low-rise residential areas. Commercial areas flourish throughout the city, while the industrial area confines itself to areas along the river primarily focused on non-ferrous metallurgy, light industry, construction materials manufacturing, and machine building.

Population Density

Moscow: 25,080 people per square mile

Nizhny Novgorod: 7,890 people per square mile

Makhachkala: 3,200 people per square mile

Grozny: 2,500 people per square mile

Nalchik: 2,234 people per square mile

Utilities

The Caucasus area faces a dichotomy when it comes to utilities such as electricity, water, and  sewage treatment. Most urban households can access modern utilities, but rural areas cannot. Many rural residents who cannot access modern utilities live similarly to their ancestors generations ago.

Power

Another dichotomy in the Caucasus region is that countries like Ariana, Atropia, and Donovia export hydrocarbons, coal, or electrical power to other countries while Gorgas and Limaria must import the same resources to meet their requirements. The countries that can export hydrocarbon products or electricity become richer while those that must import significant quantities of power become poorer. At least 75% of all structures in the five countries can access power because they are located  in urban areas.

Even within Donovia, a dichotomy exists in regard to power. Donovia contains some of the world’s largest natural coal, gas, and oil reserves, but most natural resources occur in the southern half of the country. Approximately 60% of Donovia’s oil, or 4.9 million bbl/day, comes from the country’s Caucasus area.

Donovia operates four regional electrical grids that connect the entire country. The “South Grid” provides power to the North Caucasus region. Thermal power (oil, natural gas, and coal) provides 68% of all Donovian electricity while hydropower and nuclear power evenly split the other 32%. Donovia operates 31 nuclear power reactors in 10 locations. A reactor normally last 30 years, and half of Donovia’s nuclear reactors have already passed their halfway mark. Donovia currently has 10 additional nuclear reactors under construction. Due to the relative lack of industrialization compared to other parts of Donovia, the North Caucasus region through the South Grid comes close to electrical power self-sufficiency. Five hydroelectric power plants on the Sulak River provide the majority of the electricity for the region. What electricity the North Caucasus area lacks, the republics receive from other parts of Donovia. (See chart on next page for locations of Donovian nuclear reactors.)

Donovian Nuclear Power Plants
Name	Location* (Latitude/Longitude)	Current Operational Reactors	Reactors Under Construction
Nizhny Novgorod	N 56˚ 11’ 02” / E 44˚ 11’ 03”	3	1
Kazan	N 55˚ 47’ 42” / E 48˚ 54” 01”	3	1
Samara	N 53˚ 24’ 40” / E 50˚ 07’ 01”	3	1
Saratov	N 51˚ 24’ 40” / E 50˚ 07’ 50”	3	1
Volgograd	N 48˚ 50’ 09” / E 44˚ 39’ 24”	3	1
Rostov	N 47˚ 01’ 27” / E 39˚ 17’ 43”	4	1
Kaspiysk	N 42˚ 53’ 39” / E 47˚ 38’ 32”	3	1
Solchi	N 43˚ 34’ 06” / E 39˚ 44’ 15”	3	1
Volgonsk	N 47˚ 33’ 55” / E 42˚ 14’ 13”	3	1
Yeysk	N 46˚ 42’ 21” / E 38˚ 17’ 54”	3	1
*Estimated Location Only

Water

The majority of the Caucasus region’s urban population has access to potable water. As areas become more rural, people must rely on local sources—rivers, streams, and wells—to obtain water for cooking, drinking, and washing.

Reports claim 100% of urban and 88% of rural Donovians can access safe drinking water. While 97% of Donovians may access potable water, those who live in the Caucasus more closely resemble their neighbors to the south than the rest of their own country. Donovian households use about 20% of all water in the country and agriculture uses about 14%, but the lion’s share of over 60% goes for industrial purposes. Even though most Donovian towns possess a water system, only 38% of the systems produce drinking water that meets international sanitary requirements. In rural areas, 59% of Donovians draw water from common wells affected by polluted groundwater. While both the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea abut the Caucasus region, pollution limits the ability to use either one to provide fresh water for the republics in the area.

Sanitation

The vast majority of Ariana, Atropia, Gorgas, and Donovia urban residents use modern sewage disposal methods to get rid of waste, but most Limarians do not. Urban residents have greater access to modern sewage treatment than rural residents. The more remote a person, the less likely he/she will use modern sewage treatment techniques. Poor disposal methods in rural areas contaminate ground water that other residents rely on for drinking and cooking.

The Donovian Caucasus region does not possess the same modern sewage disposal access as those in the northern part of the country—Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod. The exception is Nalchik, where rich Donovians continue to take advantage of the local spas. While the overall Donovian percentage for improved sanitation facilities surpasses 93% in urban areas and 70% in rural areas, the numbers for the Donovian republics in the Caucasus remain significantly less. Only 75% of Donovians who live in urban Caucasian cities can access modern sewage systems compared to about 60% of rural Donovians in the region. Even with “modern” sewage systems used in Donovia, only 8% of all waste water receives treatment before it reenters the country’s waterways.

Transportation Architecture

Roads are the primary transportation method throughout the Caucasus region. Train and especially air travel remain too expensive for many residents of Ariana, Atropia, Gorgas, and Limaria. Most roads, especially the unpaved ones, suffer from a lack of maintenance. Ariana and Donovia maintain a complex transportation architectural system while the other three countries operate a moderate one due to railway system limitations.

Road Systems

Donovia's Major Roads

Overall, roads in this part of the world do not meet US or Western Europe standards. Driving is hazardous, especially in the winter months or in bad weather. Generally, drivers do not obey all traffic laws, and vehicle owners often fail to maintain their vehicles properly.

For a country its size, Donovia does not possess a large number of roads. In the past, the government did not emphasize privately owned vehicles, so the requirement for roads remained relatively low. The Donovians did not design most of their roads for heavy trucks, and extensive travel by semi- trailers  or other large trucks has significantly damaged the road system. The entire country contains approximately 510,186 miles of road broken down into 462,184 miles of paved roads and 108,002 miles of unpaved road. The paved roads include approximately 18,641 miles of expressways. Donovia built few expressways or paved roads in the Caucasus region, as most roads supported the large number of people who always lived in the northern part of the country. Donovia, for the most part, fails to maintain the roads in the Caucasus area, and vehicles travel at their own risk. Experts estimate that roads will gain importance in the Donovian economy from their 13% share of goods transported 10 years ago to 41% a decade into the future. To meet these requirements, the Donovian government allotted $10 billion for road construction, repair, and preventive maintenance last year, with subsequent annual increases. To pay for the roads, Donovia uses a combination of automobile taxes, a tariff on foreign-made car sales, and a charge for advertising alongside the roads.

Bus

All five countries maintain some sort of bus system, but its quality depends on the country and location. The larger the city, the more likely it will operate a public bus system. Usually, intercity buses run between the larger cities, and “private” buses may also operate in some areas. Due to the relatively cheap cost of public transportation, buses remain a favorite method for local civilians to travel long distances within their country.

Donovia's Major Railroads and Ports

Buses operate in almost every Donovian city of any size and provide means for poor people to travel to other cities and towns outside the large cities. In large cities, the vehicles may include buses, trolleybuses, or Marshrutkas. Marshrutkas, or private buses, operate in many parts of Donovia, especially the Caucasus area. Most buses operate above normal capacity, especially during morning or afternoon rush hours. Sometimes a rider needs to purchase a ticket before boarding the bus while other times the rider purchases the ticket directly from the driver. If purchased from a driver, make sure to use the correct change or the driver may feign that he cannot make change or does not possess the proper change for the transaction. Do not purchase return tickets, because it does not save any money and a misunderstanding due to the language barrier may result in the purchase of the wrong return ticket.

Rail

All five Caucasus countries operate a railroad system, but they suffer many problems due to maintenance issues, non-standard equipment, criminal activity, and high cost.

Unlike many other European countries, Donovia uses its railroad system primarily to haul cargo and not passengers. Approximately 45,562 miles of broad-gauge track (5 foot) railroads cover Donovia from its western border east to Magnitogorsk and south through the Caucasus. Electricity runs 47% or 21,014 miles of this track. Donovian industries operate an additional 18,641 miles of non-common carrier tracks to support their businesses, but this represents a 45% decline from a high of 41,632 miles 20 years ago due to reduced economic activity. While the most famous railway line remains the Trans-Donovian Railroad that links western Donovia with eastern Donovia, railroad lines also spread to the Donovian ports on the Caspian and Black Seas.

Donovian Railways serves as the primary operator of the railroads in the country. Donovian Railways’ 950,000 employees operate 19,700 locomotives, 24,200 passenger cars, and 526,900 freight cars. Other private companies own an additional 270,000 freight cars. Five years ago, Donovian Railways bought 1,250 new locomotives while it phased out old train engines. Starting a decade ago, the Donovian government subsidized travel so that passengers only paid 15% of the actual cost. Only five years later, the government began a multi-year plan to phase out passenger subsidies that concluded earlier this year, much to the consternation of the people.

Air Transportation Systems

All five countries maintain both paved and unpaved runways of varying distances. Many of the unpaved runways resemble nothing more than a cleared dirt path only suitable for the sturdiest of planes.

Donovia enjoys 330 paved runways, with 17 over 10,000 feet in length. Of the 391 unpaved runways, only one reaches 10,000 feet in length.

Paved Runways

• Over 10,000 feet: 17
• 8,000 to 10,000 feet: 86
• 5,000 to 8,000 feet: 113
• 3,000 to 5,000 feet: 39
• Under 3,000 feet: 75

Unpaved Runways

• Over 10,000 feet: 1
• 8,000 to 10,000 feet: 6
• 5,000 to 8,000 feet: 61
• 3,000 to 5,000 feet: 34
• Under 3,000 feet: 289

Major Runways

• GRE= Graded Rolled Earth

• GRS=Non-graded Rolled Earth
• PEM=Porous European Mix

Map #	Elevation (Feet)	Latitude (D, M, S)	Longitude (D, M, S)	Length (Feet)	Width (Feet)	Surface Type
501	174	45 00 07.55 N	37 20 50.18 E	8202	138	Concrete
502	-6	46 17 00.00 N	48 00 22.60 E	8202	138	Concrete
503	735	50 38 37.55 N	36 35 24.45 E	7546	138	Asphalt
504	663	53 12 51.10 N	34 10 35.21 E	7874	138	Concrete
505-1	558	56 05 24.97 N	47 20 50.10 E	8241	161	Asphalt
505-2	558	56 05 24.97 N	47 20 50.10 E	4950	270	GRE
506	742	55 18 21.01 N	61 30 12.00 E	10440	215	Concrete
507-1	499	46 22 26.16 N	44 19 51.14 E	7555	280	GRE
507-2	499	46 22 26.16 N	44 19 51.14 E	6930	148	Asphalt
507-3	499	46 22 26.16 N	44 19 51.14 E	6930	148	Asphalt
508-1	118	45 02 04.88 N	39 10 13.94 E	9835	145	Concrete
508-2	118	45 02 04.88 N	39 10 13.94 E	7218	160	Asphalt
509	686	51 45 02.21 N	31 17 44.11 E	8202	131	Concrete
510-1	13	42 49 00.56 N	47 39 08.26 E	8688	230	GRS
510-2	13	42 49 00.56 N	47 39 08.26 E	8661	138	Concrete
511	UNK	44 39 12.00 N	40 05 24.00 E	8579	UNK	Dirt
512	1054	44 13 30.26 N	43 04 54.80 E	12795	197	Concrete
513-1	587	55 24 31.63 N	37 54 22.73 E	12447	197	Concrete
513-2	587	55 24 31.63 N	37 54 22.73 E	11483	230	Concrete
514-1	630	55 58 21.51 N	37 24 52.52 E	12139	197	Concrete
514-2	630	55 58 21.51 N	37 24 52.52 E	11647	197	Concrete
515-1	686	55 35 45.09 N	37 16 03.49 E	10039	197	Concrete
515-2	686	55 35 45.09 N	37 16 03.49 E	9842	197	Concrete
516	1461	43 30 46.28 N	43 38 11.70 E	7218	138	Asphalt
517-1	643	55 33 52.87 N	52 05 33.04 E	8165	148	Asphalt
517-2	643	55 33 52.87 N	52 05 33.04 E	5620	190	GRS
518-1	256	56 13 48.43 N	43 47 02.55 E	9203	148	Asphalt
518-2	256	56 13 48.43 N	43 47 02.55 E	8232	148	Asphalt
518-3	256	56 13 48.43 N	43 47 02.55 E	1969	72	Asphalt
518-4	256	56 13 48.43 N	43 47 02.55 E	1640	72	Asphalt
519	387	51 47 44.83 N	55 27 24.28 E	8212	138	Concrete
520-1	909	51 04 22.13 N	58 35 45.71 E	9514	138	Asphalt
520-2	909	51 04 22.13 N	58 35 45.71 E	5813	345	GRS
520-3	909	51 04 22.13 N	58 35 45.71 E	2311	172	GRS
520-4	909	51 04 22.13 N	58 35 45.71 E	2018	195	GRS
522	250	62 09 30.86 N	77 19 44.05 E	8925	195	PEM
523-1	280	47 15 29.51 N	39 49 04.79 E	8202	148	Concrete
523-2	280	47 15 29.51 N	39 49 04.79 E	6381	205	GRS
523-3	280	47 15 29.51 N	39 49 04.79 E	4321	300	GRS
524-1	477	53 30 17.49 N	50 09 51.61 E	9846	148	Concrete
524-2	477	53 30 17.49 N	50 09 51.61 E	8505	197	Asphalt
525	499	51 33 54.00 N	46 02 48.00 E	7485	138	Asphalt
526-1	89	43 26 59.74 N	39 57 23.72 E	9482	164	Concrete
526-2	89	43 26 59.74 N	39 57 23.72 E	7218	161	Concrete
528	1486	45 06 32.99 N	42 06 46.00 E	8645	157	Asphalt
529	469	54 49 29.05 N	35 45 27.64 E	8202	160	Concrete
530-1	449	54 33 27.04 N	55 52 27.90 E	12339	197	Concrete
530-2	449	54 33 27.04 N	55 52 27.90 E	8245	164	Concrete
530-3	449	54 33 27.04 N	55 52 27.90 E	2360	325	GRE
530-4	449	54 33 27.04 N	55 52 27.90 E	2150	350	GRE
531	246	54 24 03.66 N	48 48 09.56 E	16490	310	Concrete
532	1673	43 12 18.41 N	44 36 23.91 E	9828	148	Concrete
533-1	482	48 46 56.57 N	44 20 41.04 E	8202	161	Asphalt
533-2	482	48 46 56.57 N	44 20 41.04 E	5575	295	GRS
534	514	51 48 51.16 N	39 13 46.52 E	7546	161	Concrete
535	287	57 33 38.40 N	40 09 26.53 E	9870	135	Concrete

Donovia's Major Runways (Not All Shown)

Airports/Airlines

Donovia possesses over 650 airports, with the runways spread throughout the country. Most of the runways in the Caucasus serve dual purposes, as both civilian and military airplanes operate from them. Donovia operates nine major airports within 200 miles of its borders with Gorgas and Atropia.

Donovian Airlines, the national airline, split up into a number of smaller airlines due to reforms enacted after the Four Traitors incident two decades ago. The Donovian government does not regulate the airlines, which leads to poor maintenance and some of the world’s worst airline safety records. Ground-based navigational aids remain limited and often inoperable due to maintenance issues. Airlines that fly to international designations, however, must meet specific safety regulations and remain the best travel option. When traveling within Donovia, the best choice remains an airplane headed afterward to an international destination. At least 163 different airlines operate in Donovia, and this includes Sophia Airlines and Anton Airlines, both headquartered in a Donovian Caucasus republic.

Maritime Seaports

With a population of over 150 million, international trade is a huge part of Donovia’s economy. Between January-August 2016, 468.6 million tons of cargo passed through Donovia’s ports – an increase of 5.7% compared with 2015’s volumes. In order to handle the sheer tonnage of trade turnover, Donovia’s Baltic, Arctic, Pacific and Black Sea coasts are dotted with world-class ports. Donovia’s (Caucasus coast) has 10 seaports located along the Black Sea and Sea of Azov. There are 8 Ariana ports that average more than 1 million tons of cargo throughput annually. The only port that can accommodate Military Sea Lift (MSC) Commands Large, Medium-Speed Roll-on/Roll-off (LMSR) is the Port of Novorossiysk. Donovia operates ports on the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, and the Azov Sea. Ships can also negotiate many of Donovia’s rivers, especially in the non-winter months. Major Donovian Black and Azov Sea ports. The Port of Novorossiyskt, located on the Black Sea, is Donovia’s leading center for exporting grain and its biggest port overall. To give a sense of the port’s scope, 85.5 million tons of freight passed through during January-August 2016. The Port of Novorossiysk boasts a total of 43 berths across its 959 thousand square meter site. Depths range from 4.5 meters to 24 meters. The Port offers 180 thousand square meters of open air storage space, with 62.2 thousand square meters of closed facilities and warehousing in order to keep cargo contained. 

Port of Novorossiyskt

Novorossiysk’s location allows access to the Black Sea and beyond. Transit routes link the port to Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, Asia and even South America. Economically, this is one of Donovia’s most important ports, as Donovia is the world’s biggest exporter of grain. Without the Port of Novorossiysk, it is unlikely Donovia would enjoy such a high agricultural profile. Donovia operates the 15th-largest merchant marine fleet in the world, with almost 900 vessels. This includes 507 cargo ships, 189 petroleum tankers, and 62 refrigerated cargo ships. Foreign corporations own 116 of the ships. Donovia registers almost 360 ships in foreign countries, with over 20% flagged in Liberia. Donovia operates the largest icebreaker fleet in the world. This includes six nuclear powered ships (with three under construction and two being planned) with Brake Horse Power (BHP) greater than 45,000. It operates 25 ships with BHP between 20,000-45,000; and another nine under construction. There are 15 with BHP of 10,000-20,000. This fleet is both government and commercial. Crews may be military or civilian.

Donovia’s (European coast) has 13 seaports located along the Baltic Sea and Barents Sea. There are 9 Donovian ports that average more than 1 million tons of cargo throughput annually. The only port that can accommodate Military Sea Lift Commands (MSC) Large, Medium-Speed Roll-on/Roll-off (LMSR) ships is the Port of St. Petersburg. Donovia operates ports on the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, and the Azov Sea. Ships can also negotiate many of Donovia’s rivers, especially in the non-winter months. The two largest ports on Donovia’s European coast are the Port of Kaliningrad and the Port of St. Petersburg. Kaliningrad is the closest Russian port to Mainland Europe, sandwiched between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic coast. Comparative short distances between the Port of Kaliningrad and other major European ports, such as Copenhagen, Tallinn and Helsinki makes it unique amongst Russia’s Western sea ports. Even the drastically icy waters of the Barents Sea cannot slow down Donovia’s trade. The Port of Murmansk is an exemplar of Donovia’s ingenuity and tenacity. Located beyond the Arctic Circle, Murmansk sea port remains ice-free year round giving Northern Donovia’s a vital lifeline. The port itself is also one of Russia’s largest, in terms of cargo turnover 20 million tons passed through Murmansk over 2016’s first three quarters. 16 berths, the deepest of which holds maximum operative depth of 14.9 meters, serve the port.

Port of St. Petersburg

Facilities in the Port of St. Petersburg support commercial sea trade, an oil terminal, ship-building and repair, and passenger services. In addition to the Oktyabrskaya (October) Railway, the Port of St. Petersburg operates a fleet of more than 470 vessels that include 122 tugs, 13 ice breakers, and 66 tankers as well as pilotage boats, road boats, a fire vessel, and boats for oil garbage disposal, carrying water, and collecting bilge water. The Port of St. Petersburg accepts vessels to 320 meters (over one thousand feet) in length, to 42 (137.8 feet) meters in width, and with draft of up to 11 meters (36.1 feet). Even the drastically icy waters of the Barents Sea cannot slow down Donovia’s trade. The Port of Murmansk is an exemplar of Donovia’s ingenuity and tenacity. Located beyond the Arctic Circle, Murmansk sea port remains ice-free year round giving Northern Donovia’s a vital lifeline. The port itself is also one of Russia’s largest, in terms of cargo turnover 20 million tons passed through Murmansk over 2016’s first three quarters. 16 berths, the deepest of which holds maximum operative depth of 14.9 meters, serve the port.

Donovia operates the 15th-largest merchant marine fleet in the world, with almost 900 vessels. This includes 507 cargo ships, 189 petroleum tankers, and 62 refrigerated cargo ships. Foreign corporations own 116 of the ships. Donovia registers almost 360 ships in foreign countries, with over 20% flagged in Liberia. Donovia operates the largest icebreaker fleet in the world. This includes six nuclear powered ships (with three under construction and two being planned) with Brake Horse Power (BHP) greater than 45,000. It operates 25 ships with BHP between 20,000-45,000; and another nine under construction. There are 15 with BHP of 10,000-20,000. This fleet is both government and commercial. Crews may be military or civilian.

Sources:  World Port Index ; Sailing Directions Enroute ; Pub: 150 (World Port Index) PDF. ; SEARATES World Seaports ; World Port Source ; Logistics Capacity Assessments (LCAs) ; Lloyd's Maritime Intelligence

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Pipelines

The security of hydrocarbon pipelines will be paramount in any military operations in the Caucasus region. Any disruption to the flow of crude oil and natural gas to the Western world could cause economic problems, as many modern countries rely on hydrocarbons to fuel their industries. Donovia’s Major Pipelines and Hydrocarbon Fields Due to its great hydrocarbon resources, Donovia uses a large number of pipelines throughout the country to include some that pass through the Caucasus to ports on the Black Sea. Due to their past relationship, Atropia can export oil through a pipeline that connects Baku with the Donovian pipeline system. The vast network of pipelines means that the destruction of any one line would not likely damage Donovia’s ability to export hydrocarbon resources to Western nations. While the cost may go up because a tanker or natural gas ship may need to travel a different route, Donovia possesses the means to divert its hydrocarbon resources through its pipeline system to where it needs to go.

European consortiums are constructing new hydrocarbon pipelines that will allow the Central Asian countries to avoid Donovia; these could threaten Donovia financially with a massive loss of transit fees. New oil and gas pipelines will originate in Central Asia,cross the Caspian Sea, and then follow the current Trans-Caucasus petroleum (TC-P) and natural gas (TC-G) pipelines through Atropia and Gorgas before reaching the European market. These new pipelines, called TransCaucasus 2 (TC2-P and TC2-G), will double the export capacity of the original pipelines to help satisfy the increased demand for oil and natural gas by Western Europe.

Donovia's Major Pipelines and Hydrocarbon Fields

Telecommunications Architecture

For the most part, Caucasus-region residents use cellular telephones to communicate with each other due to the lack of landline telephone infrastructure. Many residents never owned any type of telephone until they received their first cellular phone. Most can access news from either television or radio, but some rural residents have no information access via modern methods. (See Information variable for additional details.)

Donovians use over five times as many cellular telephones as landlines, and the number of cellular telephones continues to increase as it becomes the primary means of communication throughout the country. Donovians possess over 155 million cellular telephones, but only 30 million landlines. The Donovian government licenses over 700 companies to offer communications services. In the Caucasus area, like the rest of Donovia, cellular telephones provide the primary means for the residents to communicate with each other.

Approximately 32% or 26.5 million of the 82 million Donovians can access the Internet on a regular basis. The actual percent for Donovians in the Caucasus, however, hovers closer to 15%. Approximately 670,000 Internet hosts operate in Donovia, but most of them work out of Moscow and other Donovian cities north of the Caucasus.

Over 2,200 national, regional, and local television stations operate in Donovia, with approximately two-thirds under control or partial control by the government. Of the 12 national television stations, the federal government owns one and holds the majority of shares in a second while a bank owns two more, the major hydrocarbon company the fifth, and the Moscow city government the sixth. Within Donovia, around 1,400 public and commercial radio stations operate. Due to the number of television and radio stations under its control, the Donovian government still attempts to control what information the Donovian people receive. Despite these attempts, all Donovians to include those in the Caucasus now receive more information due to the inability of the government to control information via the Internet or telephone systems.

Industry

Because of their hydrocarbon resources, Ariana, Atropia, and Donovia are more industrialized than Gorgas and Limaria. Industry GDP ranges from a low of 27.1% in Gorgas to a high of 61.4% in Atropia. The protection of the hydrocarbon infrastructure remains paramount for any military operations in the area, and the military should refrain from unnecessary damage to the industrial sector to facilitate economic recovery after the end of hostilities.

While Donovia possesses a large industrial base—with 42% of the population generating 54% of the country’s GDP, this industrial production does not carry over the Caucasus. While some industrialization took place in the Caucasus after World War II, the area did not modernize as much as other parts of Donovia to the north. Because of this lack of industrialization, the Donovian Caucasus region has much more in common with its neighbors to the south than with its own country.

Each of the Donovian Caucasus republics relies on different industrial products. Gilan produces natural gas for domestic consumption, oil, chemicals, textiles, and some metalworking industries. Barbodrag relies on the timber industry, heavy engineering plants, and metalworking. Armavir’s primary products include chemicals, timber, and processed foods. North Ostremek relies mainly on timber, mining, and agricultural food processing. Before Gamrun began fighting a series of wars with the national government over local authority issues, oil had served as the republic’s primary industry. Badgir industry focuses on oil, gas, mining, and to a lesser extent on mineral water. Overall, Donovia produces a large amount of toxic industrial chemicals for multiple purposes, including hydrocarbon production activities, water purification, and fertilizer to increase agricultural output.

Donovia is a major producer of military equipment for its own military. It also produces military equipment for export and sells outdated and excess equipment no longer used by its own military. The Donovian military industrial complex produces naval ships, airplanes, and ground-based vehicles. The country also produces radar equipment, telecommunication devices, and electronic warfare systems, as well as arms and ammunition. Donovian companies can overhaul both their own military equipment and that of neighboring countries if needed. The country’s aerospace enterprises also produce missiles and rockets for both military and civilian use.

Agriculture

Agriculture production still dominates the labor forces of Gorgas (55.6%) and Limaria (46.2%), but not Ariana (25%), Atropia (38.3%), or Donovia (20%). Even in the Caucasus region’s predominately agricultural countries, farming creates less than one-fourth of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Except for Atropia, the region relies on food imports to feed its people. Any food import disruption may increase the military’s burden to feed civilians and prevent starvation.

Due primarily to its vast natural resources and poor climate in many parts of the vast country, agriculture plays a lesser role in Donovia. Approximately 20% of Donovians farm or work in farm- related occupations, but agriculture creates only 4% of the country’s GDP.

Only about 12% of Donovia’s land possesses topography, soil, and climate to make it suitable for cultivation. Donovian farmers use about 60% of their fields for crops with the remainder for pasture and meadows. Major Donovian agricultural crops include grains, soybeans, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, vegetables, fruits, beef, and milk. Wheat accounts for 50% of all Donovian grain production, while corn accounts for 20% and barley with just a slightly higher total. Donovia uses 70% of its wheat in products for people while 30% goes to feed animals. Almost all barley goes for animal feed or to make beer. The Donovian farmers use over 60% of their corn for animal feed. Due to its low production cost relative to wheat and a high demand, sunflowers to make into oil usually turn the highest profit for Donovian farmers. Flax is grown for both textiles and linseed oil. In the Caucasus, the most important agricultural products include grain, sunflowers, tea, dairy products, cattle, poultry, and wine production.

The Caucasus, like many other parts of Donovia, uses a winter-crop planting system. Farmers sow their crops beginning in August in the north and, moving southward, conclude in the Caucasus in late October. In April, farmers plant their summer crops such as corn and sunflowers, with completion not later than early June. Harvest for winter crops begins in late June in the Caucasus and moves northward to finish not later than the end of August. These farmers then harvest their corn and sunflower crops in September and finish by October. Many farmers in the Caucasus employ a six-year crop rotation with two years of winter wheat, one year of sunflowers, one year of spring barley, one year of corn, and a fallow year. Other farmers use a seven-year crop rotation plan with two years of winter wheat, four years of perennial forage such as alfalfa, and a fallow year. Farmers can usually get four cuttings of alfalfa in any given year and sometimes five in an irrigated field. Wheat always follows a fallow year due to the need for additional moisture for the crop. In some parts of the Caucasus, farmers omit the fallow year and use an eight-year crop rotation plan with winter wheat, winter barley, sugar beets, winter wheat, winter barley, sunflowers, corn, and finally sugar beets and/or sunflowers.

Donovia operates three different types of farms: large corporate farms, small household farms that provide subsistence to rural families, and cooperative farms. After the Four Traitors incident, peasant farms began to increase as economic conditions worsened. Donovian agricultural output declined annually by 5% in crops and 11% in livestock for four years, culminating in the worst grain harvest since 1963. Since then, farm production has begun to rise again under the free market system. Recent data concludes that household and cooperative farms produce 59% of all Donovian agricultural output, but only use 20% of all land under cultivation.

Nuclear

Donovia became the second country after the United States to produce a nuclear weapon in 1951, primarily through scientists kidnapped from Western Europe in the mid-1940s. Donovia is a signatory country to all the nuclear weapons treaties that attempt to reduce the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction to other countries.

While Donovia continues to maintain a nuclear weapon arsenal, most of its work is now devoted to nuclear power production. The country currently has 31 nuclear power plants that produce electricity for the country. With a 30-year life expectancy for most nuclear reactors, Donovia is in the process of building 10 additional reactors—all at current nuclear power plant sites. See the Power section in this variable for more details on the locations of the nuclear power plants.

Space

The Donovian government has an established national space program that exemplifies its technological superiority over other countries in the region. It maintains access to systems with dual- use technologies such as satellite-based communications, earth observation/remote sensing, and scientific experiments.

The Donovian Space Command, the government organization with primary responsibility for space operations, maintains a variety of current operational and developmental launchers and payloads. The Donovians have placed a variety of payloads into orbit, including systems with communications, photographic, and scientific missions. The facility Donovia uses to launch these satellite systems is located just east of Volgograd. The facility is referred to as the Satellite Research Center and has been a site for Donovian space launches and development for decades. The site covers a large area, four kilometers by one and a half kilometers, and contains approximately 19 different pads dedicated to satellite and missile launches.

Pollution

All five Caucasus-region countries face significant pollution problems stemming from poor industrial practices. The governments cared more about natural resource extraction and industrial production than the stewardship of the planet. This lack of concern for the environment occurred regardless of which government was in power. The region’s military operations will need to address pollution, with soldiers taking precautions due to high-level air pollution and units considering any local water source not potable until tested.

Donovia faces pollution issues throughout the entire country, and the Caucasus region does not differ from the country’s norm. Pollution contaminates over 75% of all Donovian surface water and 30% of all groundwater. Donovia’s worst problems include much of the Caucasus region. Because it lacks facilities, Donovia only treats 8% of its sewage before it rejoins the country’s streams and rivers. Poor industrial methods produce chemicals that contaminate many areas. Cases of cholera, salmonella, typhoid fever, dysentery, and viral hepatitis break out due to poor sanitation methods. Water runoff from fields and industrial plants continues to kill much of the aquatic life in Donovia. The pollution allows only five species of fish to survive in the Black Sea where once 26 different species thrived. Pollution has wiped out the fishing industry in the Black Sea, with fish yields dropping 93% in the first eight years after the Four Traitors incident. To clean up all of Donovia’s pollution from years of neglect is too expensive to even consider. Even if Donovia began to clean up the pollution, the Caucasus would likely receive a low priority compared to other parts of the country that the Donovian government deems most important.

Summary

Donovia and Ariana contain the best infrastructure of the five countries in this OEA. The modern infrastructure, however, exists in Donovia’s larger cities that mainly appear outside the Caucasus area. For the Donovian Caucasus area, the infrastructure resembles that of Atropia, Gorgas, and Limaria more than that of Donovia’s largest cities in the northern part of the country. Much of the infrastructure in the Donovian Caucasus area receives little maintenance or is neglected and subjects the people living there to intermittent interruptions of power, water, and sewage disposal. For all the wealth generated by Donovia’s natural resources, the Donovian government in Moscow continues to spend its resources in areas of the country other than the Caucasus.