Infrastructure: Donovia-West

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INFRASTRUCTURE OVERVIEW

The capital of Donovia is Moscow, which is located in western Donovia (sometimes referred to as “European Donovia”). The Federal entities in western Donovia tend to be more densely populated and with more developed infrastructure than the rest of Donovia. Each of these have varying levels of villages, towns, and cities with associated infrastructure. Current Donovian practice is to award city status to settlements of at least 12,000 inhabitants with at least 85% of the working age population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits. The Arctic regions are hampered by accessibility issues, compounded by the severe climate. The Federal entities of western Donovia are Oblasts, Krais, Republics, Autonomous Okrugs, and Federal Cities.

Oblasts in Western Donovia
Name	Population	Main cities	Transportation assets
Arkhangelsk	1,130,240	Arkhangelsk, Severodvinsk	Railways (narrow gauge), rivers, highways, airports, space port
Belgorod	1,532,526	Belgorod	Railways, highways (M2), airport
Bryansk	1,278,217	Bryansk	Electric railways, highways (M3, M13), airport
Chelyabinsk	3,476,217	Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk	Roads, airport
Ivanovo	1,061,651	Ivanovo	Volga river, highways, and railways
Kaliningrad	941,873	Kaliningrad	Seaport, railway and roads
Kaluga	1,010,930	Kaluga, Obninsk, and Sukhinichi	Highways (M3), railways, airfields, river, city trolleybus system
Kirov	1,341,312	Kirov	Narrow gauge railways for transporting peat and felled logs; Trans-Siberian Railway hub; roads; airport
Kostroma	667,562	Kostroma	Two rivers, roads, railroad, and airport
Kursk	1,127,081	Kursk	Railways, roads, airport
Leningrad	1,669,205	Leningrad	Four rivers; major railway hub; canals and water systems; highways; seaports and airfields
Moscow	7,095,120	Balashikha, Khimki, and Podolsk	Dense transport network, including roads, railways, airports, and waterways along the largest rivers, lakes and reservoirs
Murmansk	892,534	Murmansk	Strategic railway, local one-way railways, seaport, sea routes to smaller towns, airports, roads
Nizhny Novgorod	3,310,597	Nizhny Novgorod and Arzamas	Narrow gauge railways for transporting peat and factory products; 3 rivers
Novgorod	694,355	Veliky Novgorod	Waterways, railway, narrow gauge railways, roads, airport
Orel (Oryol)	786,935	Oryol	Railways, roads, airport
Orenburg	2,033,072	Orenburg	Roads
Penza	1,386,186	Penza	Rivers, roads
Pskov	760,810	Pskov	Railway, , dense road network, airports, river
Ryazan	1,154,114	Ryazan	Narrow gauge railways, roads
Samara	3,215,532	Samara, Tolyatti and Syzran	Highways, railways, river transport, airport
Saratov	2,521,892	Saratov	River, railway, roads, airport
Smolensk	985,537	Smolensk	Dnieper river, M1 highway, and railway
Tambov	1,091,994	Tambov	Railway, roads, airport
Tula	1,553,925	Tula and Novomoskovsk	Three rivers; railways (diesel and electric) including an express train from Tula to Moscow; buses; highly developed road system
Tver	1,353,392	Ozyorny, Solnechny	Railways, rivers, highways (M9 and M10), airports, and pipeline transportation systems
Ulyanovsk	1,292,799	Ulyanovsk	River, roads, airport
Vladimir	1,443,693	Vladimir	Roads, narrow gauge railway, airport
Voronezh	2,335,380	Voronezh	Rivers, roads, airport
Vologda	1,202,444	Vologda and Cherepovets	Vologda river, Northern Dvina Canal, highways (M8 and A114), improved and unimproved roads, railway, airport, oil transport system
Yaroslavl	1,272,468	Yaroslavl	Major highways, railroads, and waterways

Table INFR-1. Oblasts in Western Donovia

Krais in Western Donovia
Name	Population	Main cities	Transportation assets
Perm	2,635,276	Perm	Trans-Siberian Railway hub (2 stations), River ports, airport

Table INFR-2. Krais in Western Donovia

Republics in Western Donovia
Name	Population	Main cities	Transportation assets
Bashkortostan	4,072,292	Ufa and Sterlitamak	13,000 rivers providing deepwater transportation throughout western Donovia; roadways; cargo railways
Chuvash (also known as Chuvashia)	1,251,619	Cheboksary	Transport network is one of the most developed in Donovia. Roads (4 major highways), railroads, waterways (closed in winter), and airport
Karelia	716,281	Petrozavodsk	Murmansk Railway, water transport infrastructure (rivers, lakes, canals), highway (M18)
Komi	1,018,674	Syktyvkar, Inta, Pechora	Railway, two rivers, airports, automobile roads (R176), natural gas transport system
Mari El	696,459	Yoshkar-Ola	Dense rail and road network, buses, airport, river ports
Mordovia	834,755	Saransk	Bus, railway, airport, 14 rivers
Tatarstan	3,786,488	Kazan	Highly developed transport network of highways, railways, four rivers, oil pipelines and airports
Udmurtia	1,521,420	Izhevsk	Well-developed transport system, including air, land and water

Table INFR-3. Republics in Western Donovia

Autonomous Okrugs in Western Donovia
Name	Population	Main cities	Transportation assets
Nenets	41,546	Naryan-Mar	Limited road system. Pechora River is navigable in summer only. Railway and oil transport system are being planned.

Table INFR-4. Autonomous Okrugs in Western Donovia

Federal Cities in Western Donovia
Name	Population	Transportation assets
Moscow	19.5 million	Airport, river, railways, metro (subway), bus, monorail, cable car, tram, taxis, roads
St. Petersburg	5,323,300	Rail, seaports, roads and freeways (links GBCC countries to Donovia and eastern Europe), railway, metro, river, airport

Table INFR-5. Federal Cities in Western Donovia

CONSTRUCTION PATTERNS

During the Warsaw Pact era, Donovia used centralized planning to plan and build cities in inhospitable areas with no consideration of economic advantages. Under the current leadership, the land misuse of the past is being addressed. Populations are flowing towards economically viable cities, and away from those that are not. Ease of access to the GBCC countries, the Baltic States, and eastern Europe have encouraged economic growth, followed by more investment in infrastructure. The government has also recognized the possibility of an ice-free Arctic, and begun many infrastructure projects there in anticipation of future access to natural resources.

Tricky climate patterns and often unpredictable government regulations are but two of many challenges that construction firms face in western Donovia. That said, future improvements will continue to be focused on the areas around the Federal Cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg.

FEDERAL CITIES

Equal in status to Oblasts, Krais, Republics, and Autonomous Okrugs are the Federal Cities in western Donovia: Moscow and Saint Petersburg. These two cities are recognized in the Constitution of Donovia as Federal Entities. Moscow and Saint Petersburg have a status of both city and separate Federal Entity which comprises other cities and towns within each Federal city. This arrangement makes for some confusing situations. According to Article 13 of the Charter of Leningrad Oblast, the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city of St. Petersburg. However, St. Petersburg is not officially named to be the administrative center of the oblast. According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not officially named to be the administrative center of the oblast.

Moscow

Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Donovia and eastern Europe, as well as the largest city (both by population and by area) entirely on the European continent. It is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth. Moscow is the capital and seat of power of Donovia. The Moscow Federal City government pays significant attention to infrastructure as one of the key pillars of urban development—with a current focus on projects that create livable and comfortable urban spaces for both citizens and tourists.

The city is served by a transit network, which includes four international airports, nine railway terminals, three tram networks, extensive bus network, a monorail system, and one of the deepest underground rapid transit systems in the world, the Moscow Metro. It is the fourth-largest in the world and largest outside Asia in terms of passenger numbers, and the busiest in Europe.

Figure INFR-1. Moscow Federal City Rapid Transit System

Downloaded from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moscow_metro_ring_railway_map_en_sb_future.svg

Moscow Metro is the rapid transit system for the Federal City of Moscow and the Moscow Oblast cities of Krasnogorsk, Reutov, Lyubertsy and Kotelniki. As of 2018, the Moscow Metro, excluding the Moscow Central Circle and Moscow Monorail, has 223 stations and its route length is 379.1 km (235.6 mi). It uses broad gauge tracks (1,520 mm or 60 inches) and is completely electrified. A new light-rail system has been integrated into the Moscow Metro. It was completed in a record four-year period by repurposing existing brownfield networks which allowed the installation of modern technology on existing rail transport routes. As of 2017 the system had an average daily ridership of 6.99 million passengers.

Roads. There are over 2.6 million cars in the city daily. Recent years have seen growth in the number of cars, which have caused traffic jams and lack of parking space to become major problems. The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD), along with the Third Transport Ring and yet-to-be-completed Fourth Transport Ring, is one of only three freeways that run within Moscow city limits. There are several other roadway systems that form concentric circles around the city.

Bus system. A bus network radiates from each Metro station to the surrounding residential zones. Moscow has a bus terminal for long-range and intercity passenger buses with daily turnover of about 25 thousand passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in Moscow. Every major street in the city is served by at least one bus route. Many of these routes are doubled by a trolleybus route and have trolley wires over them. With the total line length of almost 600 kilometers (370 miles) of single wire, eight depots, 104 routes and 1740 vehicles, the Moscow trolleybus system was the largest in the world.

Future infrastructure projects.

1. Construction of an international business center, expected to be completed by 2030.

2. Expansion of the fourth ring highway has been slowed due to economic downturns. It also is expected to be completed by 2030.

3. There has been much talk about replacing the trolleybuses with electric buses, but no action has yet been taken.

4. Development of 300,000+ square meters of hotels, 250,000+ square meters of retail, and 200,000+ square meters of offices along the new light-rail portion of the Metro.

5. Development of “citizen-centric spaces” such as full service parks. These parks will include concert venues, restaurants, parking garages, an entertainment complex, and education centers.

Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg is Donovia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015). An important Donovian port on the Baltic Sea, it has the status of a Federal City. The city is famous as the cultural capital of Donovia with its unique historical monuments and museums. The whole central part of the city is protected by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, and there are numerous historical parks and gardens. Green areas cover 7,209 hectares.

Saint Petersburg is a major transport hub. The first railway was built there in 1837, and since then the city's transport infrastructure has continued to develop. St. Petersburg has an extensive system of local roads and railway services. It maintains a large public transport system that includes trams, buses, trolleybuses, the Saint Petersburg Metro, and riverine services.

The city is connected to the rest of Donovia and the wider world by a number of federal highways and national and international rail routes. Pulkovo Airport serves the majority of air passengers departing from or arriving to the city.

The Saint Petersburg Metro is a rapid transit system in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast. It has six lines and 63 stations. It uses broad gauge tracks (1,520 mm or 60 inches) and is completely electrified. Future plans call for the addition of 17 new stations and one new depot by 2025.

Roads. Saint Petersburg has a clogged road system caused by traffic volumes, intercity traffic, and excessive winter snow. The Saint Petersburg Ring Road and the Western High-Speed Diameter have reduced much of the congestion. Construction on M-11 (Moscow-Saint Petersburg Highway) has begun but been plagued with delays from corruption. Saint Petersburg is an important transport corridor linking the GBCC countries to Donovia and Eastern Europe. The city is a node of the international European routes E18 towards Otavia, Otso; E20 towards Tallinn, Estonia; E95 towards Pskov, Kiev and Odessa and E105 towards Petrozavodsk, Murmansk and Kirkenes (north) and towards Moscow and Kharkiv (south).

Waterways. The city is served by both passenger and cargo seaports which tie into the river ports on the Neva River. Hydrofoils link the city center to the coastal towns of Kronstadt, Lomonosov, Petergof, Sestroretsk and Zelenogorsk from May through October. In the warmer months many smaller boats and water-taxis maneuver the canals throughout the city.

Rail. The city is the final destination for a web of intercity and suburban railways, served by five different railway terminals and dozens of non-terminal railway stations. There is a high-speed railway linking Saint Petersburg to Moscow.

Saint Petersburg has international rail connections through Otavia, Otso to Brahea, Bothnia. A high-speed railway paralleling this routes is under construction.

Future infrastructure projects. Future growth of the city is challenging with the Gulf of Finland on one side and a forest greenbelt on the other. Future works are focused on improvements in existing infrastructure.

1. Many industrial factories in the central districts have closed and vacated areas are waiting for reuse. City government is actively seeking outside investment to revitalize these areas.

2. Planning of green infrastructure is now an important and integrated part of the overall architectural and urban planning development strategy (master plan) of the city. As such, principal St. Petersburg axes (along main streets) started in the central cities will be extended into suburban areas.

3. Parks are being planned in existing residential areas and newly built up areas.

4. In the city center, plans are being made to incorporate vertical and container gardening, "green roofs" and "green walls" without affecting historical sites.

TRANSPORTATION ARCHITECTURE

The transport architecture of the United Republics of Donovia is one of the world’s most extensive. The network of roads, highways, railways, waterways, pipelines, and airways stretches almost 7,700 km (4,800 mi) from Kaliningrad in the west to the Kamchatka Peninsula in the east. Major cities such as Moscow and Saint Petersburg are served by extensive rapid transit systems. The most extensive portion of Donovia’s transportation architecture is in western Donovia as it serves the mature markets of Europe, the Baltic States, and the GBCC countries.

The Donovians learned long ago the importance of transport services as a major component of the GDP. The current modernization program is scheduled to be complete around 2030. The expectation is to increase exports sevenfold and foreign cargo weight to increase fourfold.

Road System

The Donovian Highway System is vast and poorly maintained outside major urban areas. Donovia is ranked 136 of 144 countries due to poor road safety, an accident rate significantly higher than Europe or the U.S., and lack of maintenance. Several UD leaders have blamed this on corruption, the lack of oversight, and the failure to update standards set 30 years ago. Meanwhile, automobile ownership rises with no significant changes to the roads or laws. One result is that most drivers now use dashcams as the courts prefer video evidence over eyewitnesses. It also is a guard against police corruption and insurance fraud.

The Donovian Highway System is made up of federal highways and regional roads. Outside the major urban areas, these are two lane highways. The most modern portion of are the major federal highways originating from Moscow. Some of these are international with links into the Baltic States, Pirtuni, and the GBCC countries.

Figure INFR-2. Donovian Federal Highways. Downloaded from

Major Federal Highways in Western Donovia
Designation	Name	Route	Notes
M-1	Belarus	Moscow - Smolensk to the border with Belarus	on to Minsk, Brest, Warsaw
M-2	Crimea	Moscow to the border with Pirtuni	on to Kharkov, Zaporozhye, Simferopol, Sevastopol
M-3	Pirtuni	Moscow - Kaluga - Bryansk - Sevsk to the border with Pirtuni	on to Kiev
M-4	Don	Moscow - Bogoroditsk - Yefremov - Yelets - Zadonsk - Rostov-on-Don - Krasnodar - Novorossiysk	Opened June 2013
M-5	N/A	Moscow - Ryazan - Penza - Samara - Ufa - Chelyabinsk	Moscow to the Ural Mountains
M-6	Caspian	Moscow - Tambov - Volgograd - Astrakhan	Also designated as “P22”
M-7	Volga	Moscow - Vladimir - Nizhny Novgorod - Kazan - Ufa
M-8	Cholomgory	Moscow - Yaroslavl - Vologda - Arkhangelsk, Entrance to the city of Kostroma
M-9	Baltia	Moscow - Volokolamsk to the border with Latvia
M-10	Donovia	Moscow - Tver - Velikiy Novgorod - Saint Petersburg to the border with Otso.	St. Pete to Otso is also designated as “A180”.
M-11	N/A	Moscow – Saint Petersburg	Under construction
M-18	Kola	Saint Petersburg - Petrozavodsk - Murmansk - Pechenga to the border with Norway	Also designated as “P21”
M-20	N/A	Saint Petersburg - Pskov - Pustoshka - Nevel to the border with Belarus	Also designated as “R23”
M-32	N/A	Samara - Bol Chernigovka to the border with Kazakhstan	On to Oral, Aktobe, Kyzylorda, Shymkent). Also designated as “A300”
M-36	N/A	Chelyabinsk - Troitsk to the border with Kazakhstan	on to Kostanay, Karaganda, Balqash, Almaty. Also designated as “A310”
M-51	Irtysh	Chelyabinsk - Novosibirsk	Also designated as “R254”

Table INFR-6. Major Federal Highways in Western Donovia

Bus and Taxi

Despite being affordable and efficient, overground transport can be daunting in western Donovia. In recent years the competition between public and private companies running the domestic bus services have made it more efficient and cheaper. Bus service in the cities tends to be comprehensive. Travel by bus between the cities in western Donovia is sporadic due to lack of centralized scheduling and sketchy road conditions from lack of maintenance or adverse weather. International bus service is available to reach Donovia from the Baltic States and the GBCC countries.

Taxi service is available in the cities, but not between cities. However, they must be scheduled in advance and cannot be hailed off the street. Fares are not measured on a meter so riders must agree to a price when booking or before departing. Foreigners will often incur a higher rate.

Rail

Donovia Rail is the state-owned rail carrier and monopolizes all rail traffic. Donovia uses a broad rail gauge of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 in). The rail system in western Donovia centers on Moscow. Eleven major radial lines originate in Moscow and run through the Oblast; the total length of the railways reaches 2,700 km. Most railroads are electrified.

Figure INFR-3. Rail Lines in Western Donoovia.

Internationally, western Donovia is connected to the following countries by rail:

Belarus
Bothnia
Estonia
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Otso

Poland (via Kaliningrad Oblast). This includes a gauge change.

The Trans-Siberian Railroad is the longest railroad in the world. It connects Moscow to eastern Donovia. It is 9,289 kilometers (5771.91 miles) long.

Air Transportation System

Western Donovia is highly dependent on air transportation given the huge distances involved. Airports range from grass strip airfields with minimal services to 24-hour international airports. Additionally there naval air stations and air bases which may also provide civilian airport support.

Federal entity	Airport/City	ICAO/IATA	Location	Remarks
Arkhangelsk Oblast	Talagi Airport / Arkhangelsk	ULAA / ARH	64°36′0″N 40°43′0″E	Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Vaskovo Airport / Arkhangelsk	ULAH / None	64°26′30″N 40°25′18″E	Runway: 2,441m, concrete
	Semenovskoye Shidrovo Airport / Bereznik	None / None	62°49′24″N 42°47′48″E	Runway: 1,750m, concrete
	Kotlas Airport / Kotlas	ULKK / KSZ	61°14′12″N 46°41′48″E	Runway: 1,450m, asphalt
	Leshukonskoye Airport / Leshukonskoye	ULAL / LDG	64°53′45″N 45°43′22″E	Runway 03/21: 650m turf Runway 11/29: 1,596 concrete
	Mezen Airport / Mezen	ULAE / None	65°52′42″N 044°12′54″E	Runway: 1,550m, concrete
	Plestsy (Pero) Airport / Plesetsk	None / None	62°43′0″N 40°29′18″E	Private airport. Runway: 2,600m, concrete
	Solovki Airport / Solovetsky Islands	ULAS / CSH	65°01′48″N 35°44′00″E	Runway: 1,500m, steel
	Verkhnyaya Toyma Airport / Verkhnyaya Toyma	None /None	62°14′18″N 045°1′12″E	Runway: 1,600m, asphalt
	Lakhta air base	None / None	64°23′0″N 40°43′0″E	Naval air base. Runway: 2,900m, concrete
Bashkortostan Republic	Ufa International Airport / Ufa	UWUU / UFA	54°33′49″N 55°52′49″E	International airport. Runway 14R/32L: 3,761m, concrete. Runway 14L/32R: 2,513m, concrete.
	Magnitogorsk International Airport / Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast.	USCM / MQF	53°23′36″N 58°45′24″E	Runway: 3,200m, concrete
	Oktyabrsky Airport / Oktyabrsky	UWUK / OKT	54°26′24″N 53°23′18″E	Runway: 1,500m, asphalt
	Sibay Airport / Sibay	UWUA / None	52°41′0″N 58°43′0″E	Runway: 1,925m, asphalt
Belgorod Oblast	Belgorod International Airport / Belgorod	UUOB / EGO	50°38′36″N 36°35′24″E	International airport. Runway 11/29: 2,500m, asphalt-concrete. Runway 12/30: 2,417m, grass.
Belgorod Oblast	Stary Oskol Airport / Stary Oskol	UUOS / None	51°19′48″N 37°46′6″E	Runway: 1,798m
Bryansk Oblast	Bryansk International Airport / Bryansk	UUBP / BZK	53°12′51″N 34°10′35″E	International airport. Runway: 2,400m, concrete.
Chelyabinsk Oblast	Chelyabinsk Airport (Balandino Airport)/ Chelyabinsk	USCC / CEK	55°18′18″N 61°30′18″E	Runway: 3,200m, concrete.
	Kurgan Airport / Kurgan	USUU / KRO	55°28′30″N 65°25′0″E	Runway: 2,601m, asphalt
	Chelyabinsk Shagol Airport / Chelyabinsk	USCG / none	55°15′36″N 61°18′0″E	Military airfield Runway: 2,500m, concrete.
Chuvash Republic	Cheboksary International Airport / Chuvashia	UWKS / CSY	56°05′24″N 47°20′50″E	International airport. Runway: 2,512m, asphalt
Ivanovo Oblast	Ivanovo Yuzhny Airport / Ivanovo	UUBI / IWA	56°56′30″N 40°56′00″E	Runway: 2,504m, asphalt
Ivanovo Oblast	Ivanovo Severny airlift base / Ivanovo	None / None	57°3′30″N 40°58′54″E	Large military airlift base. Runway: 2,300m, concrete
Kaliningrad Oblast	Empress Elizabeth Airport (Khrabrovo Airport) - Kaliningrad	UMKK / KGD	54°53′24″N 20°35′33″E	Mixed civilian-military international airport. Runway: 3,350m, concrete
	Kaliningrad Chkalovsk (also Chkalovskoye, Tchalov, or Proveren) / Chkalovsk	None / None	54°46′0″N 20°23′48″E	Naval air base. Runway: 3,100m, concrete
	Kaliningrad Devau Airport / Kaliningrad	None / None	54°43′30″N 20°34′24″E	Small general aviation airfield and sport airport. Runway: 1,400m gravel
	Chernyakhovsk air base / Chernyakhovsk	None / None	54°36′6″N 21°46′54″E	Naval air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Donskoye air base	None / None	54°56′12″N 19°59′6″E	Naval air base. Runway: 500m, concrete
Kaluga Oblast	Kaluga (Grabtsevo) Airport / Kaluga	UUBC / KLF	54°32′48″N 36°22′8″E	Runway: 2,200m, asphalt
	Yermolino Airport / Balabanovo	UUWE / None	55°13′42″N 36°36′30″E	Runway: 3,000m, concrete
	Shaykovka air base / Kiriv	XUBQ / None	54°13′36″N 34°22′18″E	Military air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
Karelia Republic	Petrozavodsk Airport / Besovets	ULPB / PES	61°53′6″N 34°9′24″E	Mixed civilian-military field. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
Kirov Oblast	Pobedilovo Airport / Kirov	USKK / KVX	58°30′12″N 49°20′54″E	Small airliner airport. Runway 03/21: 2,703m, asphalt. Runway 06/24: 675m, asphalt.
Komi Republic	Pechora Airport / Komi	UUYP / PEX	65°7′18″N 57°7′48″E	Runway: 1,800m, asphalt
	Syktyvkar Airport / Syktyvkar	UUYY / SCW	61°38′30″N 50°50′18″E	Runway: 2,500m, asphalt
	Ukhta Airport / Ukhta	UUYH / UCT	63°34′0″N 53°48′12″E	Runway: 2,650m, asphalt
	Usinsk Airport / Usinsk	UUYS / USK	66°0′0″N 57°22′0″E	Runway: 2,502m, asphalt
	Vorkuta Airport / Vorkuta	UUYW / VKT	67°29′18″N 63°59′24″E	Runway: 1,900m, asphalt
	Inta Airport	UUYI / INA	66°3′20″N 60°6′41″E	Runway: 1,450m, concrete
	Ust-Tsilma Airport / Ust-Tsilma	UUYX / UTS	65°26′0″N 52°11′56″E	Runway: 1,332m, concrete
	Vuktyl Airport / Vuktyl	UUYK / None	63°49′24″N 57°16′48″E	Small civilian airport. Runway: 1,500m, asphalt
	Izhma Heliport / Izhma	UUYV / None	65°01′54″N 53°58′12″E	Closed to fixed wing aircraft. Runway: 1,325m, concrete
	Pechora Kamenka air base / Pechora	None / None	65°3′18″N 056°40′24″E	Medium size bomber base. Runway: 3,050m, concrete
	Syktyvkar Southwest Airport / Komi	None / None	61°35′12″N 50°31′12″E	Unfinished and abandoned airport. Runway: 2,950m, concrete
Kostroma Republic	Kostroma Airport / Kostroma	UUBA / KMW	57°47′48″N 41°1′12″E	Runway: 1,640m, asphalt
Kursk Oblast	Kursk Vostochny Airport / Kursk	UUOK / URS	51°45′6″N 36°17′48″E	Military – Civilian airport Runway: 2,500m, concrete
Leningrad Oblast	Pushkin Airport	ULLP / None	59°41′6″N 30°20′18″E	Mixed civilian-military field. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
Leningrad Oblast	Veshchevo air base / Vyborgsky	None / None	60°40′24″N 29°10′0″E	Abandoned naval air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
Mari El Republic	Yoshkar-Ola Airport / Yoshkar-Ola	UWKJ / JOK	56°42′18″N 47°53′42″E	Category 2 airport. Runway: 2,400m, asphalt
Mordovia Republic	Saransk Airport / Saransk	UWPS / SKX	UWPS / SKX	International airport. Runway: 2,802m, concrete
Moscow Federal City	Vnukovo International Airport / Moscow	UUWW / VKO	55°35′46″N 37°16′03″E	International airport. Runway: 3,500m, concrete. Runway: 3,060m, concrete
	Ostafyevo International Business Airport / Moscow	UUMO / OSF	55°30′42″N 37°30′26″E	"B" class international airport. Runway: 2,050m, concrete
	Bykovo Airport / Moscow	UUBB / BKA	55°37′20″N 38°03′50″E	Small regional airport. Runway: 2,210m
Moscow Oblast	Moscow Domodedovo Airport / Domodedovo	UUDD / DME	55°24′31″N 37°54′22″E	International airport. Runway 14L/32R: 3,793m, reinforced concrete. Runway 14R/32L: 3,500m, cement-concrete.
	Sheremetyevo International Airport / Khimki	UUEE / SVO	55°58′22″N 37°24′53″E	International airport. Runway 06R/24L: 3,700m, concrete. Runway 06C/24C: 3,550m, concrete.
	Zhukovsky (Ramenskoye) International Airport / Zhukovsky	UUBW / ZIA	55°33′12″N 38°9′6″E	International airport. Runway: 4,600m, concrete
	Tretyakovo Airport / Lukhovitsy	UUMT / None	54°54′18″N 39°1′36″E	Airport for testing aircraft. Runway: 3,024m, concrete
	Kubinka air base / Kubinka	UUMB / None	55°36′42″N 36°39′0″E	Military air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete.
	Chkalovsky Airport / Shchyolkovo	UUMU / CKL	55°52′42″N 38°03′42″E	Military airport base. Runway: 3,300m, concrete
Murmansk Oblast	Kirovsk-Apatity Airport / Apatity	ULMK / KVK	67°27′47″N 33°35′17″E	Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Murmansk Airport / Murmansk	ULMM / MMK	68°47′01.68″N 32°45′21.41″E	Runway: 2,500m, paved
	Alakurtti air base / Alakurtti	None / None	66°58′24″N 30°20′42″E	Naval air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Severomorsk-1 (Vayenga-1)	ULAK / None	69°1′54″N 33°25′6″E	Naval air base. 40 bombers and a small number of fighters. Runway: 3,000m, concrete
	Severomorsk-2 / Kola Peninsula	None / None	69°0′54″N 33°17′30″E	Naval air base. Runway: 1,900m, asphalt
	Severomorsk-3 / Kola Peninsula	None / None	68°52′0″N 33°43′0″E	Naval air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Olenya (Olenegorsk) air base / Kola Peninsula	XLMO / None	68°09′06″N 33°28′12″E	Naval reconnaissance base. Runway: 3,500m, concrete
	Lovozero air base / Lovozero	ULML / None	68°1′18″N 35°0′0″E	Military air base. Runway: 1,100m, concrete
	Ponoy airfield / Ponoy	ULMO / None	67°6'36N 41°6'22E	Military airfield
	Afrikanda air base / Afrikanda	None / None	67°27′24″N 32°47′12″E	Military air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
Nenets Autonomous Okrug	Amderma Airport / Amderma	ULDD / AMV	69°45′48″N 61°33′48″E	Runway: 2,600m, reinforced concrete
	Naryan-Mar Airport / Naryan-Mar	ULAM / NNM	67°38′24″N 53°07′30″E	Mixed civilian-military field. Only major facility airfield on the Barents Sea. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Varandey Airport / Varandey	ULDW / VRI	68°50′52″N 58°11′55″E	Runway: 1,700m, concrete
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast	Strigino International Airport / Nizhny Novgorod	UWGG / GOJ	56°13′48″N 43°47′12″E	International airport. Runway 06/24: 500m, asphalt Runway 15/33: 600m, asphalt Runway 18R/36L: 2,805m, concrete Runway 18L/36R: 2,509m, Asphalt
Novgorod Oblast	Sarov (Mius) Airport / Sarov	XUDM / None	54°95’38”N 43°30’96”E	Small civilian airfield. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Staraya Russa Airport / Staraya Russa	ULNR / None	57°57′42″N 31°23′12″E	Runway: 2,000m, concrete
	Krechevitsy Airport / Krechevitsy	None / None	58°37′30″N 31°24′0″E	Former military base being constructed as an international airport. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Novgorod Yurievo Airport / Velikiy Novgorod	ULNN / NVR	58°29′36″N 31°14′30″E	Closed, but hosts a meteorological facility. Runway: 1,320m, asphalt
Oryol Oblast	Oryol Yuzhny Airport (Oryol South Airport, Orel Yuzhny Airport, Orel South Airport) / Orel	UUOR / OEL	52°56′04″N 36°00′07″E
Orenburg Oblast	Orenburg Tsentralny Airport / Orenburg	UWOO / REN	51°47′44.83″N 55°27′24.28″E	Runway: 2,500m, concrete
Orenburg Oblast	Orsk Airport / Orsk	UWOR / OSW	51°4′18″N 58°35′48″E	International airport. Runway: 2,911m, concrete
Penza Oblast	Penza Airport (Tenovka Airport or Penza South Airport)	UWPP / PEZ	53°06′44.4″N 45°00′56.7″E	Runway: 2,800m, concrete
Perm Krai	Perm International Airport / Bolshoye Savino	USPP / PEE	57°54′52″N 56°01′16″E	Joint civil-military international airfield. Runway: 3,206m, asphalt concrete.
	Krasnovishersk Airport / Krasnovishersk	None / None	60°24′36″N 57°8′18″E	Small civilian airstrip. Runway: 1,100m, asphalt
	Berezniki Airport / Solikamsk	USPT / None	59°34′0″N 56°51′48″E	Runway: 1,500m, asphalt
	Bakharevka Airport / Perm City	USPB / None	57°57′6″N 56°11′42″E	Military air base. Runway: 750m, concrete
Pskov Oblast	Pskov Airport / Pskov	ULOO / PKV	57°47′6″N 28°23′54″E	Medium mixed civilian-military field. Runway: 2,514m, concrete. No instrument landing capability.
Pskov Oblast	Ostrov air base / Ostrov	None / None	57°18′0″N 28°26′0″E	Naval air base. Runway: 3,500m, concrete
Ryazan Oblast	Dyagilevo air base / Ryazan	None / None	54°38′30″N 39°34′18″E	Military air base Runway: 3,000m, concrete
Ryazan Oblast	Turlatovo Airport / Ryazab			Small airport for training and skydiving
Samara Oblast	Kurumoch International Airport / Samara	UWWW / KUF	53°30′6″N 50°9′18″E	International airport. Runway 05/23: 2,548m, asphalt Runway: 3,001m, concrete
	Bezymyanka Airport / Samara	UWWG / None	53°13′N 50°20′E	Experimental aerodrome. Runway: 3,600m, concrete
	Smyshlyaevka airport
Saratov Oblast	Saratov Tsentralny Airport / Saratov	UWSS / RTW	51°33′54.00″N 46°02′48.00″E	International airport. Runway: 2,220m, asphalt
Smolensk Oblast	Smolensk North Airport / Smolensk	UUBS / LNX	54°49′30″N 32°1′30″E	Mixed civilian-military field. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
Smolensk Oblast	Vyazma Airport / Vyazma	None / None	55°8′54″N 34°23′0″E	General aviation airport. Runway: 2,000m, concrete
St. Petersburg Federal City	Pulkovo Airport / St Petersburg	ULLI / LED	59°48′01″N 30°15′45″E	International airport. Runway 10R/28L: 3,780m, cement-concrete. Runway 10L/28R: 3,397m, cement-concrete.
St. Petersburg Federal City	Levashovo air base / Levashovo	None / None	60°5′12″N 30°11′36″E	Military air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
Tambov Oblast	Tambov Donskoye Airport / Donskoye	UUOT / TBW	52°48′21″N 41°28′58″E	Runway: 2,100m, concrete
Tambov Oblast	Zherdevka air base / Zherdevka	None / None	51°50′0″N 41°33′0″E	Interceptor air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
Tatarstan Republic	Kazan International Airport / Kazan	UWKD / KZN	55°36′24″N 49°16′54″E	International airport. Runway: 3,724m, concrete
	Begishevo Airport / Nizhnekamsk	UWKE / NBC	55°33′48″N 52°5′42″E	International airport. Runway: 2,489m, asphalt
	Bugulma Airport / Bugulma	UWKB / UUA	54°38′24″N 52°48′6″E	Small civilian airport. Runway: 2,000m, asphalt
	Chistopol Airport / Chistopol	UWKI / None	55°18′18″N 50°37′0″E	Small airport, with a single tarmac with one building.
	Menzelinsk Airport / Menzelinsk	UWKP / None	55°43′12″N 53°3′36″E	Small civilian airport. Runway: 1,250m, asphalt
	Sarmany Airport / Sarman	None / None	55°15′30″N 52°34′24″E	Small civilian airfield. Runway: 1,350m, asphalt
	Borisoglebskoye Airfield / Kazan	UWKG / None	55°52′0″N 49°8′0″E	Military experimental aviation airfield. Runway: 3,200m, concrete
	Yelabuga North Airport / Yelabuga	None / None	55°47′30″N 52°8′0″E	Small airfield. Runway: 1,500m, asphalt
Tula Oblast	Klokovo Airfield	UUBT / TYA	54°14′20″N 37°36′00″E	Private jet airport
	Rydoma Airfield		54°26′5″N 37°25′0″E
	Pakhomovo Airfield		54°62′5″N 37°57′5″E
	Myasnovo Airfield		54°21′3′′N 37°55′1′′E
Tver Oblast	Rzhev air base / Rzhev	None / None	56°15′36″N 34°24′30″E	Military air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Borisovsky Khotilovo air base / Bologoye	None / None	57°39′18″N 34°6′0″E	Military air base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Migalovo air base	UUEM / KLD	56°49′30″N 35°45′36″E	Large military airlift base. Runway: 2,500m, concrete
	Kimry (Borki or Kletino) Airport	UUEI / None	56°47′54″N 37°19′48″E	Small utility airfield. Runway: 1,415m, asphalt
Udmurtia Republic	Izhevsk Airport / Izhevsk	USII / IJK	56°50′0″N 53°27′24″E	Runway: 2,500m, concrete.
Ulyanovsk Oblast	Soldatskaya Tashla Airport / Novoulyanovsk	UWLS / None	54°01'10"N 48°18'53"E	Three runways. Longest is 3,281m
	Ulyanovsk Baratayevka Airport / Ulyanovsk	UWLL / ULV	54°16′32″N 48°14′35″E	Runway: 3,820m, concrete
	Ulyanovsk Vostochny Airport / Ulyanovsk	UWLW / ULY	54°23′58″N 48°48′04″E	Runway: 5,000m, reinforced concrete
Vladimir Oblast	Semyazino Airport / Vladimir	UUBL / VLI	56°7′36″N 40°18′54″E	Forestry commission airport Runway: 1,950m, asphalt
Vologda Oblast	Cherepovets Airport / Botovo	ULWC / CEE	59°16′36″N 38°1′42″E	Runway: 2,523m, asphalt
	Veliky Ustyug Airport / Velikiy Ustyug	ULWU / VUS	60°47′18″N 46°15′36″E	Runway: 1,280m, concrete.
	Vologda Airport / Vologda	ULWW / VGD	59°16′54″N 39°56′48″E	Runway: 1,500m, concrete.
	Nikolsk Airport / Nikolsk	None / None	59°29′48″N 45°31′6″E	Small civilian airfield. Runway: 1,250m, asphalt
	Tarnogsky Gorodok Airport / Tarnogsky Gorodok	None / None	60°30′12″N 43°36′6″E	Small civilian airfield. Runway: 1,400m, asphalt
	Fedotovo air base / Kipelovo	XLWF / None	59°11′18″N 39°7′24″E	Naval air base. Runway: 3,500m, concrete.
Voronezh Oblast	Voronezh International Airport (Chertovitskoye Airport)	UUOO / VOZ	51°48′54″N 39°13′48″E	International airport. Runway: 2,600m, concrete.
Voronezh Oblast	Pridacha Airport	UUOD / None	51°39′0″N 39°15′0″E	Aircraft test airport. Runway: 2,424m, asphalt.
Yaroslavl Oblast	Tunoshna Airport / Yaroslavl	UUDL / IAR	57°33′38.40″N 40°9′26.53″E	International airport. Runway: 3,010m, asphalt concrete.
	Staroselye Airport / Rybinsk	UUBK / RYB	58°6′6″N 38°55′30″E	Small civilian airport. Runway: 2,000m, asphalt
	Yaroslavl Levtsovo air base / Yaroslavl	None / None	57°43′52″N 40°3′18″E	Military air base. Runway: 1,700m, dirt

Table INFR- 6. Airports, Airfields, and Heliports in Western Donovia

Ports/Sea/River Transportation System

Western Donovia is crisscrossed by thousands of rivers providing a navigable waterway system. Last year, 136.6 million tons of cargo were carried over Donovia's inland waterways. 53 companies carried 22.8 million passengers.

Seaports are critical to western Donovia’s economic viability. These are located on the Baltic Sea, White Sea, Barents Sea, and Arctic Ocean.

Ports in Western Donovia
Federal entity	Port	Location	Details
Arkhangelsk Oblast	Port of Arkhangelsk	64°32′N 40°30′E	3 cargo areas, container terminal, sea-river station Wharfage: 3.3km Draft: 9.2m Length: 175–200m Warehousing: 292K m² Closed storage: 40K m² Open tarmac: 250K m² Customs warehouses: 2K m² Space area for 5762 TEUs 75K TEUs annually
	Port of Amderma	69°45'22"N 61°33'52"E	Small seaport
	Port of Mezen	65°53'36"N 44°7'38"E	Small harbor
Kaliningrad Oblast	Port of Kaliningrad	54°42'0"N 20°27'31"E	Sea Commercial Port handles general, bulk, containerized, and roll-on/roll-off cargoes. Shed space: 44K m² Refrigerated sheds: 4K m² State Fishery Port handles general cargoes, bagged cargoes, roll-on/roll-off cargoes, bulk fertilizer exports, liquid fertilizer, and oil. Container space: 10K m² All berths have two rail tracks
Kaliningrad Oblast	Port of Svetly	In the middle of the Port of Kaliningrad Sea Channel	Handles fuel oil, coal, and frozen products. Small ship repair yard. Maximum draft of from 4.5 to 5.5 meters.
Kaluga Oblast	Port of Kaluga	54°29'49"N 36°18'34"E	Small river port
Leningrad Oblast	Port of Vyborg	60°42′18”N 28°43′55”E	Sea port with access to Lake Saimaa. 1 bulk terminal w/4 berths Oil terminal with 3 berths Open storage: 35K m² Closed storage: 170K m² Capacity: 3M tons annually
	Port of Vysotsk	60°37′60.00″N 28°34′0.00″E	Sea port Oil and LNG terminal
	Port of Primorsk	60°22′0.00″N 28°37′60.00″E	Sea port Anchorage depth: 17.1m-18.2m Oil terminal depth: 17.1m-18.2m Max size: Up to 500 feet in length
Mari El Republic	Volga and Vetluga rivers with piers in Zvenigovo, Volzhsk, Kozmodemyansk, Yurino, Kokshaysk		River ports
Moscow Federal City	Port of Moscow	55°50'41"N 37°27'57"E	River port. Consists of the North River Terminal and South River Terminal.
Murmansk Oblast	Port of Murmansk	68°58′21″N 33°2′46″E	Medium seaport with a fishing port, commercial port, and passenger port. 13 berths. Handling facilities: 52 gantry cranes, 1 shiploader, 113 fork trucks. Capacity: 15.69M tons annually
	Port of Kandalaksha	67°8'6"N 32°24'28"E	Kandalaksha, Murmansk Small seaport
	Port of Vitino	67°4'43"N 32°20'6"E	Oil port with a small wharf
	Severomorsk naval base	69°04′N 33°25′E	Homeport of the Donovian Northern Fleet
Nenets Autonomous Okrug	Naryan-Mar	67°38′33”N 53°1′16”E	Very small river port (Pechora River)
Nenets Autonomous Okrug	Novy Port	67°41′0″N 72°53′0″E	Kara Sea port
Novgorod Oblast	Port of Novgorod	56°17’33”N 44°7’17”E
Perm Krai	Port of Perm	58°0’56”N 56°11’46”E	Small river port
Pskov Oblast	Pskova river port		River port
St. Petersburg Federal City	Port of St. Petersburg	59°55′38″N 30°13′48″E	First Terminal 1.25M TEUs annually Second Terminal 1M TEUs annually
	Port of Lomonosov	59°55'29"N 29°46'27"E	Lomonosov, St Petersburg Small seaport
	Port of Ust-Luga	59°39′59″N 28°17′37″E	Sea-river port Deep draft Ships: 150K tons Container terminal
Tver Oblast	Port of Tver	56°49’32”N 35°59’48”E	River port
Yaroslavl Oblast	Port of Yaroslavl	57°38’1”N 39°53’47”E	Small river port

Table INFR- 7. Ports of Western Donovia

Pipelines

Western Donovia is home to the world's longest oil pipeline, the Druzhba pipeline and in fact one of the biggest oil pipeline networks in the world. It carries oil some 4,000 kilometers (2,500 mi) from the eastern part of western Donovia to points in Pirtuni, Belarus, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Germany. The network also branches out into numerous pipelines to deliver its product throughout the Eastern Europe and beyond. The name "Druzhba" means "friendship", alluding to the fact that the pipeline supplies oil to energy-hungry countries in western Europe and to its "fraternal socialist allies" in the former Warsaw Pact countries. Today, it is the largest principal artery for the transportation of Donovian oil across Europe.

The Baltic Pipeline System runs through Vologda Oblast, with three oil-pumping stations located at Nyuksenitsa, Pogorelovo, and Gryazovets.

The Kharyaga-Indiga pipeline is in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The Naryan-Mar-Telviska-Velikovisochnoye pipeline in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is being constructed. These pipelines are expected to provide additional access to future oil finds as the Arctic ice continues to retreat.

Red: gas pipelines

Green: oil pipelines

Dashed: planned pipelines

Brown: prospective region

Figure INFR-4. Pipelines in Eastern Europe.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS ARCHITECTURE

Donovia is served by an extensive system of automatic telephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domestic satellite system. Cellular telephone service is widely available, expanding rapidly, and includes roaming service to foreign countries. Fiber-to-the-x infrastructure has been expanded rapidly in recent years, principally by regional private companies. Collectively, these companies are having a significant impact of fiber broadband in regional areas, and are enabling operators to take advantage of consumer demand for faster access and bundled services.

Six years ago, the President directed the provision of modern communication services to rural settlements throughout Donovia with a population of 250 to 500 people. The intention is to connect villages to the wired internet. The budget comes among others, from the Universal Service Fund.

Landlines. Donovia has 32.277 million landlines in use. The telephone system employs an extensive system of modern network elements such as digital telephone exchanges, mobile switching centers, media gateways and signaling gateways at the core, interconnected by a wide variety of transmission systems using fiber-optics or microwave radio relay networks. The access network, which connects the subscriber to the core, is highly diversified with different copper-pair, optic-fiber and wireless technologies; cellular services, both analog and digital, are available in many areas. In the rural areas, the telephone services are still outdated, inadequate, and low density. Cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Vladivostok, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk.

Mobile phone. There are many mobile phone service brands in western Donovia. At the end of 2013 there were approximately 239 million SIM cards in use in the country. The access points are built in long-distance telephone exchanges (LDTE), Donovian fixed-line communication infrastructure which is present in every Federal entity. As a result, interconnecting mobile operator only needs to create "last kilometer" circuits to the regional LDTE, the requirement already imposed by its mobile license. By 2010, 3G networks covered most of Donovia. High definition voice service is available in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. 4G networks are the project of the future.

Radio. There are 62.5 million radio receivers in Donovia. There are 420 AM stations, 447 FM stations, and 56 shortwave radio stations. Radio Don is the primary public radio station.

AGRICULTURE

The main agricultural specializations of western Donovia are cattle breeding with meat and milk production, as well as poultry production.

The total of arable land in western Donovia is approximately 75 million hectares. Spring grain planting in western Donovia usually begins in April and progresses from south to north. The "summer" crops—chiefly corn and sunflowers—are last to be sown, and planting approaches completion by late May or early June. The harvest of small grains (chiefly wheat and barley) moves from south to north and begins in late June. Harvesting is in full operation by early July and largely finished by mid-to-late August. Corn and sunflower harvest begins in September and continues through October.

Employment in agriculture and forestry remained relatively constant in recent years. Agriculture and forestry employment accounted for about 14% of total employment last year, about the same level as a decade earlier. The business infrastructure for the agriculture sector is especially underdeveloped including support services, transportation, distribution networks, and financial services. For agriculture in Donovia to go through the transformation to a modern system, the key step will be establishing and enforcing farmers' rights to use land without interference by corrupt government officials. The first step in this process is to develop an efficient system of issuing and protecting title to land rights. This will also require a more reliable and enforceable framework for secured financial transactions so that farmers can buy and sell their land or use the land as collateral for obtaining loans.

INDUSTRY

Industrial production in western Donovia is primarily in the city of Moscow and the Moscow Oblast. Primary industries are metallurgy, oil refining, and mechanical engineering, food, energy, and chemical industries. There are plants for the thermal and nuclear power engineering, nuclear fuel, space and missile, solid rocket fuel, power plants for aircraft, locomotives, metro cars, electric trains, automobiles, buses, agricultural machines, excavators and cranes, stainless steel, cables, and optical devices.

The chemical industries of western Donovia produces acids, mineral fertilizers, synthetic fibers, varnishes and paints, and pharmaceuticals.

There is a well-developed industry of construction materials with production of cement in Voskresensk and Kolomna, earthenware, porcelain in the Likino-Dulyovo and Verbilki, and a dry mortar plant in Krasnogorsk.

Light industry provides products in cotton, wool, jerseys, crafts, and household appliances (TV sets, washing machines, refrigerators, etc.). One in three televisions manufactured in Donovia come from factories in Kaliningrad.

Much of western Donovia is involved in the forest and wood processing sector. For example, in the Republic of Karelia, timber logging is carried out by a large number of small enterprises whereas pulp and paper production is concentrated in five large enterprises, which produce about a quarter of Donovia’s total output of paper.

Energy

Electricity in western Donovia is supplied by thermal power plants, coal power plants, hydroelectric power plants, and nuclear power plants.

Hydroelectric Power Plants in Western Donovia
Name	Entity supplied	Capacity	Location
Upper Svir hydroelectric station	Leningrad Oblast	160MW installed 548GWh annual generation	60°55′08″N 34°11′28″E
Lower Svir hydroelectric station	Leningrad Oblast	99MW	60°48′18″N 33°42′18″E
Volkhov hydroelectric station	Leningrad Oblast	86MW installed 347GWh annual generation	59°54′38″N 32°20′35″E
Lesogorsk hydroelectric station	Leningrad Oblast	118MW installed	61°03′30.6″N 28°52′24.24″E
Narva hydroelectric station	Leningrad Oblast	125MW installed 640GWh annual generation	59°22′4″N 28°12′38″E
Svetogorsk hydroelectric station	Leningrad Oblast	122MW installed	61°06′15.84″N 28°50′21.84″E
Jäniskoski hydroelectric station	Petsamo		68°58′18″N 28°46′49″E
Rajakoski hydroelectric station	Murmansk Oblast		69°01′22″N 29°00′20″E
Hevoskoski hydroelectric station	Murmansk Oblast	47MW installed	69°7′3″N 29°14′31″E
Borisoglebsky hydroelectric station	Murmansk Oblast		69°38′37″N 30°8′15″E
Iova hydroelectric station	Murmansk Oblast	96MW installed	66°40′09″N 31°23′22″E
Cheboksary hydroelectric dam	Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic	Turbines 18 × 78MW 1,404MW installed 2,100GWh annual generation	56°08′17″N 47°27′56″E
Ivankovo hydroelectric station	Dubna, Tver Oblast	30MW installed	56°44′11″N 37°07′16.38″E
Uglich hydroelectric station	Yaroslavl Oblast	120MW installed	57.5275°N 38.297778°E
Rybinsk hydroelectric station	Yaroslavl Oblast	366.4 MW installed 935GWh annual generation	58.100017°N 38.709641°E
Nizhny Novgorod hydroelectric station	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast	520MW installed 1,510GWh annual generation	56.650187°N 43.428955°E
Kama hydroelectric station	Perm Krai	522MW installed	58°06′56″N 56°19′50″E
Votkinsk Hydroelectric station	Perm Krai	1,020MW installed 2.2 billion kWh annual generation	56°47′27″N 54°05′22″E
Nizhnekamsk hydroelectric station	Republic of Tatarstan	1,248MW installed 2.54 billion kWh annual generation	55°41′58″N 52°16′42″E
Pavlovka Hydroelectric Station	Republic of Bashkortostan	201.6MW installed 590GWh annual generation	55°25′4″N 56°32′1″E

Table INFR-8. Hydroelectric Power Plants in Western Donovia

Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Power Plants in Western Donovia
Name	Entity supplied	Capacity gen/pump (MW)	Location
Moscow Canal Scheme	Moscow Oblast	31.1/101.0	56°43′N 37°08′E
Zagorsk-1 Pumped Storage Station	Bogorodskoye	1200/1320	56°28′55″N 38°11′28″E
Zagorsk-2 Pumped Storage Station	Sergiev Posad	840	56°28′25″N 38°11′08″E

Table INFR-9. Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Power Plants in Western Donovia

Tidal Power Plants in Western Donovia
Name	Entity supplied	Nameplate Capacity	Location
Kislaya Guba tidal power station	Murmansk Oblast	1.7MW	69°22′37″N 33°04′33″E

Table INFR-10. Tidal Power Plants in Western Donovia

Wind Power Plants in Western Donovia
Name	Entity supplied	Capacity	Location
Kulikovskaya wind farm	Kaliningrad Oblast	5.1MW	54°56′02″N 20°21′0″E

Table INFR-11. Wind Power Plants in Western Donovia

	Nuclear Power Plants in Western Donovia
Name	Entity supplied	Capacity	Type	Location
Leningrad nuclear power plant	Leningrad Oblast	4,785MW nameplate capacity 21,208 GWh annual net output	RBMK-1000 VVER-1200/V491 (AES 2006)	59°50′50″N 29°02′37″E
Kola nuclear power plant	Murmansk Oblast	1,760MW nameplate capacity 9,846GWh annual net output	VVER-440/230k	67°28′N 32°28′E
Smolensk nuclear power plant	Smolensk Oblast	3,000MW nameplate capacity 5,093GWh annual net output	RBMK-1000	54°10′8.98″N 33°14′47.89″E
Kalinin nuclear power plant	Tver Oblast	4,000MW nameplate capacity 20,106GWh annual net output	VVER	57°54′20″N 35°03′37″E

RBMK: graphite-moderated nuclear power reactor

VVER: a series of pressurized water reactor designs

Table INFR-12. Nuclear Power Plants in Western Donovia

	Thermal Power Plants in Western Donovia
Name	Entity supplied	Capacity	Fuel	Location
Kashira power plant (Kashirskaya)	Moscow Oblast	1,830MW (electrical) 80MWt (heating) 8,262GWh annual output	Coal and natural gas	54°51′29″N 38°15′35″E
Kirishi power station (Kirishkaya)	Leningrad Oblast	2,595MW	Natural gas	59°29′25.7″N 32°3′11″E
Konakovo power station (Konakovskaya)	Tver Oblast	2,520MW	Natural gas	56°44′35″N 36°46′13″E
Kostroma power station (Kostromskaya)	Kostroma Oblast	3,600MW	Natural gas	57°27′34″N 41°10′30″E
Perm power station (Permskaya)	Perm Krai	2,400MW	Natural gas	58°29′53″N 56°20′42″E
Pskov power station (Pskovskaya)	Pskov Oblast	440MW (electrical) 91Gcal/h (heating)	Natural gas	57.511N 29.97E
Shatura power station (Shaturskaya)	Moscow Oblast	1,500MW	Peat, coal, natural gas, oil	55°35′00″N 39°33′40″E
TEC-27 Moscow	Moscow City	1,060MW	Natural gas	55°54′56.69″N 37°41′19.46″E

Table INFR-13. Thermal Power Plants in Western Donovia

Oil and Gas Production

There are small oil reservoirs beneath the Baltic Sea not far from Kaliningrad's shore. Small-scale offshore exploration started in 2004. Poland, Lithuania, and some local NGOs, voiced concerns about possible environmental effects.

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug has large reserves of oil and gas. The Kharyaga-Indiga pipeline and a gas plant near Khumzha allow the transportation of oil and gas throughout the region and into the general Donovian pipeline network. There are currently more than 80 separate oil and gas sites of exploration. Industry experts estimate there is around 5 billion tons of oil and around 500 billion cubic meters of gas in the district.

The Republic of Tatarstan produces 32 million tons of crude oil per year and has estimated oil reserves of more than 1 billion tons.

Defense Industries

There are many defense enterprises, such as Donovian Center for Weapons Development, military equipment and technology in Krasnoarmeysk, Donovian Research Institute of Aviation Systems, the Defense Chemical Plant, National Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design, Western Donovia Research Institute, Great War Memorial Scientific Production Plant, and many others.

NUCLEAR

The Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant is located in the city of Sosnovy Bor. There is a nuclear power plant on the Kola Peninsula. As of 2018, two nuclear power reactors are currently under construction in the eastern part of Kaliningrad.

SPACE

There is one space port in western Donovia. The Plesetsk Cosmodrome located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk, dates from 1957. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits. It has 14 launchpads (of which 10 are still active) and two active launch silos.

Active Launchpad	Capability	Location
Pad 16/2	R-7, Molniya, Soyuz-U	62.960°N 40.683°E
Pad 35/1	Angara	62.927°N 40.575°E
Pad 43/3	R-7, Vostok-2M, Voskhod, Molniya-M, Soyuz-U	62.927°N 40.450°E
Pad 43/4	R-7, Vostok-2M, Voskhod, Molniya-M, Soyuz-U, Soyuz-M, Soyuz-2, Soyuz-2-1v	62.929°N 40.457°E
Pad 132/1	Kosmos-3, Kosmos-3M	62.883°N 40.869°E
Pad 132/2	Kosmos-3, Kosmos-3M	62.883°N 40.872°E
Pad 133/1	Kosmos-21	62.887°N 40.847°E
Pad 133/3	Kosmos-3M, Rockot	62.887°N 40.850°E
Pad 167	mobile ICBM: Topol/Topol-M/RS-24	63.008379°N 41.547953°E
Pad 168	mobile ICBM: Topol	63.008509°N 41.554723°E
Active Launch Silos	Capability	Location
Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site Yubileynaya	ICBM: Topol-M/RS-24	62.889450°N 41.759721°E
Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site Yuzhnaya	ICBM: Topol-M/RS-24	62.870510°N 41.780921°E

Table INFR-14.Active Launchpads and Launch Silos in Western Donovia

POLLUTION

Historical disregard for environmental issues has led to serious air and water pollution problems in western Donovia. 25% of the world’s fresh water is in Donovia. However, a large amount of that supply is polluted by industrial waste and heavy metals. This is especially a problem for Moscow city, which is 70% dependent on surface water. In the Murmansk region, past administrations used the area for ship breaking and as a nuclear waste storage. Kola Bay, a major source of fish, is under stress due to pollution.

One of the most polluted cities in western Donovia is Karabsh, Chelyabinsk. Karabsh is the home of a copper smelting plant which has been polluting both ground and air for over 50 years. In the mid-90s, the annual volume of plant emissions into the atmosphere was more than 118, 000 tons of sulfur dioxide; per person in the city - about 7 tons. The result is a shockingly high mortality rates from cancer and respiratory ailments. The Sak-Elga River was used for dumping wastes of iron, zinc, and sulphuric acid causes it to turn orange. Air emissions include toxic gases of lead, arsenic, sulphur, and mercury. Trees stopped growing around the plant. All fish and birds died out. In 1996 the Donovian environment ministry declared Karabash an environmental disaster zone. 60% of Karabsh is polluted by mercury, while ground and water pollution levels are horrific. The concentration of arsenic is 279 times the permitted level; for copper it’s 368 times and 300 times for lead, while the concentration of copper in the water is 600 times the permitted level. In 2014, Karabsh had the highest death rate for young people in Chelyabinsk Oblast. Investigations revealed, among other things, that a considerable number of children had a raised metal content (lead, arsenic, cadmium) in their hair, and a higher than average amount of cadmium in their blood.

Ground. The first generation nuclear reactors have reached their designed lifespan. The oldest existing RBMK-1000 unit of Leningrad Oblast and the oldest model of VVER-440 power unit of the Kola nuclear power plant reached their designed lifespan in 2003. By-products of nuclear weapons production caused permanent damage in Chelyabinsk Oblast. Fallout from the 1986 explosion at Chernobyl affected the Bryansk Oblast. Less well-known than the Chernobyl disaster were accidents at the Mayak nuclear weapons production plant near Chelyabinsk in 1949, 1957, and 1967, which together released significantly higher emissions than Chernobyl. Chemical fertilizers and airborne pollutants have contaminated some agricultural areas. Soil resources have also been adversely affected by mismanagement.

Water. In an effort of good faith, the Donovian government is putting USD452 million into a cleanup program, but water pollution is driven predominantly by industry. Corporations do not have much incentive to practice eco-friendly habits due to the ineffective, unenforced fines. All across the country, rivers and lakes have been flooded with waste runoff from factories. Donovia has the means to enforce its own environmental regulations, but Donovia’s environment ministry has neglected to collect on 132,075 instances of entire-river poisoning.

Air. Donovia produces a significant portion of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. Air pollution is a serious concern to people across the country. Recent research commissioned by NGOs highlighted that in Moscow Federal City, 82% of residents are dissatisfied with air quality. In St. Petersburg Federal City, it’s 77%. And in Kazan, Tatarstan Republic, it’s 60%. In Moscow, vehicles below the Euro-3 emissions standard are restricted from entering the city center. Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Samara Oblast, and Mordovia Republic refused to be included in the research. Airborne pollutants have caused damage to vegetation in many areas of western Donovia. Winds spread these contaminants across northern Europe, where the pollutants have caused widespread destruction of Scandinavian forests.