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[[Africa|DATE Africa]] &gt; [[Nyumba]] &gt; '''{{PAGENAME}}''' &larr;You are here
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Two distinct regions characterize Ziwa’s population density and infrastructure development: the thickly populated band around the southern half of Lake Victoria, and the sparsely population Serengeti Plain. Though it has no megacity, Ziwa has the highest population density in the region. This insulated population benefits from plentiful water and good all-weather road access to both Amari and Kujenga. Ziwa depends on Kujenga for electricity, though Amari is eager to provide an alternative supply. Ziwa’s infrastructure development focuses around a new international airport complex—intended to compete with Amari and Kujenga—and capitalize on tourism interest at the Serengeti and the Olduvai National Parks. Additionally, private entities want to expand the current gold and diamond mining operations around Shinyanga.
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Nyumba is the least populated and least densely populated country in the region. The limited infrastructure is significantly degraded. Most of the population and development is concentrated along the Tana and Juba Rivers, and the Indian Ocean ports of Lamu and Kismaayo. Paved roads are limited to the main artery running from Moyale in the north to Isiolo on the Amari border, and a 150 km strip from Kismaayo running northeast to Jilib.
  
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Ziwa’s key infrastructure feature is the modest port of Mwanza, that links south Lake Victoria commerce with a north-south spur to the Dar Es Salaam – Kigoma ([[DARGOMA]]) road/rail corridor.  
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Nyumba has the least developed infrastructure in the region. It is only partially connected to regional infrastructure networks. The exception is the northern portion of a transcontinental road corridor that connects southern Africa with the Red Sea. It depends entirely on imported electricity and refined petroleum. Despite its poverty and lack of development, in most years Nyumbans have access to sustainable water resources.        
  
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== Major Cities and Urban Zones ==  
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== Major Cities and Urban Zones ==
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Nyumba is predominantly a rural country with most development along the Tana River and Juba Rivers. 
  
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Ziwa’s population is most dense in the greater Mwanza metropolitan area. Most Ziwans live within a 100 km radius of the capital. The rest of the country is sparsely populated, especially to the east.  
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See Also: [[DATE Africa Regional Infrastructure#Construction Patterns|Regional Construction Patterns]] for a comparative summary.
  
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'''Mwanza (population 811,782 - density 3,313/km<sup>2</sup>) '''
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{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+Nyumba's Major Cities
 +
!City
 +
!Est. Pop.
 +
(2017)
 +
!Pop. Dens.
 +
per km<sup>2</sup>
 +
!UBD
 +
!Rd
 +
!Air
 +
!Rail
 +
!Sea
 +
!Pwr.
 +
!Wtr.
 +
!Sew
 +
|-
 +
|Kismaayo
 +
|235,000
 +
|5,595
 +
|H-
 +
|P
 +
|Mo
 +
|NE
 +
|Mo-
 +
|Dg
 +
|Dg
 +
|Dg
 +
|-
 +
|Garissa
 +
|119,696
 +
|1,361
 +
|M+
 +
|Mo
 +
|Mo
 +
|NE
 +
|NE
 +
|Dv-
 +
|Dv-
 +
|Dv
 +
|-
 +
|Lodwar
 +
|55,006
 +
|3,039
 +
|L+
 +
|Mo-
 +
|Mo
 +
|NE
 +
|NE
 +
|NE
 +
|Dv-
 +
|Dv
 +
|-
 +
|Isiolo
 +
|40,153
 +
|1,940
 +
|M+
 +
|Mo
 +
|Mo
 +
|NE
 +
|NE
 +
|Dv-
 +
|Dv-
 +
|Dv
 +
|-
 +
|Lamu
 +
|21,736
 +
|3,105
 +
|M
 +
|P
 +
|Mo+
 +
|NE
 +
|P+
 +
|Dv-
 +
|Dv-
 +
|Dv
 +
|}
 +
<small>''Legend (per TC-7-101): (UBD) urbanized building density, (L) low, (M) medium, (H) high, (P) primitive, (M) moderate, (C) complex, (NE) non-existent, (Dg) degraded, (Dv) developed''</small>
  
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Ziwa’s capital city, Mwanza, is located on the southern shore of Lake Victoria. It is divided into two municipal councils: Ilemela in the north and Nyamagana in the south. It sits on the northeast side of a narrow bay on the southern shore of Lake Victoria. While the overall population density is just over 3,000 per km2, some city wards, such as Igogo and Pamba, are more than double that figure. Mwanza is known for its hilly terrain and rock formations. The city center has a high urban building density of modest mid-rise buildings, though this density dissipates quickly outside a 4 km radius from the center. Outer wards are lightly developed but densely populated.
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=== '''Kismaayo''' ===
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Nyumba’s capital city and principal port, Kismaayo, is located on the Indian Ocean coast. It sits on a low hilltop overlooking the port to the south. The city center has a moderate building density of dilapidated colonial mid-rise buildings surrounded by organized shantytown construction.
  
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Residential Features. Mwanza’s terrain dictates varied development geometries. Organized settlements tend to follow terrain contours, rather than a directional grid. Wealthier districts feature two story single-family dwellings surrounded by security fences or walls on expansive properties, and central districts contain some mid-rise apartment units. The majority of the population, however, lives in clusters of single story, densely packed huts, with concrete or dirt floors, mud walls and corrugated metal roofing. Improved utilities directly correlate to income level.
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Beyond the dense random waterfront development, organized settlements are divided between directional grid and dense random construction patterns with few outward signs of affluent neighborhoods. Most residences are single story, densely packed dwellings with either concrete or dirt floors, mud walls, and corrugated metal roofing. Improved sanitation is mostly limited to public buildings and guesthouses. Electricity comes from one of two concessionaires using diesel generators and makeshift power lines.
  
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Similar to other East African cities, over half of Mwanza’s population lives in informal settlements with limited access to clean water or improved sanitation. Wealthier districts and larger houses are along the shoreline on the southern side of the city, most notably on Capri Point, an isthmus in the Nyamagana ward.
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Kismaayo’s port has made it Nyumba’s main trading center. Livestock and charcoal are the main exports, and sugar is the main import. Commercial enterprises are mainly freight forwarding companies and a modest fishing fleet.
  
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Commercial Features.
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The main commercial strip runs along the city’s primary road, most heavily developed on the west side between the city center and the airport. Kismaayo has a functional market, banks, internet connectivity, filling stations, restaurants, and hotels. Government building construction is similar to the Ziwan capital of Musoma.
  
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Besides housing the seat of government, Mwanza has a relatively large logistics industry supporting lake cargo shipping. It also boasts a large fishing fleet and nascent banking hub, the latter mostly due to its proximity to Ziwa’s diamond and gold fields. Mwanza has a major airport in Ilemela and a large port in the city center with rail access to Kampala, Kujenga. It is also connected to the paved Lake Victoria Ring road.
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=== '''Garissa''' ===
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Garissa is the second largest city in Nyumba and borders Amari on the Tana River. Local government maintains close ties to Amari due to trade and a growing electrical power interchange. A 3 km2 quadrant in the northern section of the city is the most developed, bordered by the river valley to the west, and the main highway to the east. Less dense development continues beyond this quadrant. Spacious residential properties make up Garissa’s southern section, separated from quasi-dense random residences to the east by the city’s airport.
  
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The major transshipment industry with railheads, wharves and warehouses is located just west of the central business district. A secondary industrial waterfront area occupies a small bay two km southwest of Mwanza airport. This area supports a large commercial fishing fleet and an expansive water treatment facility. . . . .
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The main commercial strip runs for 4 km along the highway south of the city center. Besides livestock and agricultural facilities, the area is also home to many government and educational institutions.
  
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Two commercial strips radiate from the central waterfront industrial area. The rail strip runs south along the coastline and connects Mwanza with the Kujengan rail system in Tabora via Shinyanga. An easterly strip follows the main east-west corridor (T4) which is also the Lake Victoria Ring Road. Western access on this road is via the Kamanga Ferry which crosses the 4 km span of the bay.
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=== '''Lodwar''' ===
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Lodwar is the main city in remote northwest Nyumba. It sits on the junction of the A1 highway linking north central Africa with points south and the main road to the western shore of Lake Turkana. Lodwar is a key node in the planned LAPEX project. The city straddles the Turkwel River with most development on the north side of the river. A dry riverbed confluence forms Lodwar’s north and east boundaries.
  
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'''Ukerewe Island (population 396,607 - density 642/km<sup>2</sup>)'''
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Regional government, Lake Turkana tourism and support services make up the bulk of Lodwar’s development. Basic health, education, banking, and hospitality facilities are available. The city 0.6 km2 city center surrounds the road junction in a dense random construction pattern.
  
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Over three times the size of Staten Island, Ukerewe Island is 50 km north of Mwanza. A three-kilometer channel separates Ukerewe from the mainland. Ukerewe has the least developed infrastructure of any urban center in Ziwa. Besides the city of Nansio on the southeast side of the island, and adjacent Kisoria on the other side of the channel, Ukerewe has a widely distributed population of mostly subsistence farmers and fishermen. Since no bridge connects Nansio (pop. 7,600) with Kisorya (pop. 10,100), all access to the island is either by ferry, or general aviation via the 3,000 foot grass airstrip in Nansio. The island has extremely limited municipal and commercial services. Besides the ferry terminal and port facility in Nansio, most of Ukerewe’s 170+ km of coastline is undeveloped. There is one small boat landing site on the north side of the island, and two on the west. .
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=== '''Isiolo''' ===
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Isiolo sits 10 km north of the Amari border on the main north-south Trans-African Highway along the east bank of the Isiolo River. 30,000 square kilometers of government and private nature reserve surrounds the city. It is also the proposed site of a significant LAPEX oil refinery/terminal complex and rail yard.
  
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'''Shinyanga (population 178,235 - density 2,072/km<sup>2</sup>)'''
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The city center is a .05 km2 closed block urban core straddling the main road in the city center. Most multi-story buildings are hotels or office buildings and are less than four levels. A 1.5 km. commercial strip runs along the highway just south of the core. The rest of Isiolo’s development is randomly arranged to the west of the core and commercial strip. It extends approximately on half kilometer.
  
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Shinyanga is 45 km north of Ziwa’s border with Kujenga in south-central Ziwa. It is a strategic junction city halfway between Mwanza and the Kugengan city of Tabora. The northern rail spur of Kujenga’s DARGOMA rail line, as well as the main highway connecting Mwanza with Dodoma, Kujenga, pass through Shinyanga. Shinyanga is also 25 km southwest of Ziwa’s largest diamond mine, a 30 sq km open pit complex.
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There are two significant compounds within the city limits. A 46 acre retreat-style complex sits east of the commercial strip between the highway and the town’s unpaved airport. A 500 acre security cantonment is 2.5 km. east of the city center. Samburu, the largest of the nature reserves to the northwest, has two 2,500 ft. airstrips, the southerly being paved.
  
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Most of the city’s construction is close orderly block on the west side (right bank) of the Nkumba River. Residential tracts are relatively large for the region; settlements are arranged formally. Shinyanga sits at the confluence of the river and three other seasonal riverbeds; the city’s grid conforms to these contours. Dense construction is random and confined to the terrain near these riverbanks. The main roads are paved. The city center is a 15x6 city block tract on the north side of the main highway. It is minimally developed and low-rise, but contains most commercial and government services associated with a regional capital.
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=== '''Lamu''' ===
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Lamu is a small port city on the southern coast of Nyumba, 75 km. by road to the Amari border town of Garsen and 40 km. by air and sea to the coastal boundary. The main population center is on the eastern side of a 50 km2 island in the center of a coastal wetland archipelago. Lamu Island has a modest fishing industry, and exclusive eco-tourist enterprises.
  
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The railway station and freight yard sits directly across the highway from the city center. A major bus terminal with coach service to major east African cities is in the core periphery just north of the city center. A disused airport with a 6,700 ft. unpaved runway is 10 km to the northwest of the city center.
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Currently, most of the city’s 21,000 inhabitants live in the old city of Lamu, a .65 km2 dense random complex of narrow multistory buildings constructed in the 19th century. Lamu prohibits motor vehicles because of the city’s narrow streets and historic status. An equally dense, but less restricted quarter is south of the historic district. The densely populated fishing settlement of Shela sits on the southeast end of the island. The rest of the island is sparsely populated.
  
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The main industrial activity is collateral support for the nearby diamond mine and the many farms situated along the riverbanks.
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Lamu’s critical feature is the deep-water natural harbor of Manda Bay, and the 460 km2 planned development on the mainland peninsula directly north of Lamu Island. It features rail and pipeline terminals connecting directly to a 30+ berth marine terminal. A refinery and power plant would occupy the northern tract, and a naval base in the southern tract. The entire project has received international notoriety due to its ambitious size and the environmental sensitivity of the location. (<nowiki>https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/10/mega-port-threatens-sink-sudan-2013101371736417765.html</nowiki>)  <nowiki>https://constructionreviewonline.com/2017/06/dredging-work-on-lamu-first-berth-to-be-completed-in-2018/</nowiki>
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'''Musoma (population 154,355 - density 1,286 /km<sup>2</sup>)'''
 
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Musoma sits on a peninsula stretching into Lake Victoria on the south side of Mara Bay. The bay forms Ziwa’s northern border with Amari. Musoma’s main road artery is a 16 km spur connecting to the Lake Victoria ring road. It is 27 km from the Amari border by road, and 4km by ferry to the small town of Kinesi, Amari. Secondary minibus routes connect Musoma to regional cities. A 5,000 foot improved unpaved airfield provides limited scheduled air service through Mwanza.
 
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While the greater Musoma city limits comprise approximately 50 sq km, the city center is located on a three sq km triangular spit on the north side of the larger peninsula. The airport the city, with the commercial and administrative district to the east, and close block orderly low-rise residences to the west. While Musoma has some small sections of dense unplanned neighborhoods, the majority of the residential neighborhoods have relatively large lots that conform to a general grid.
 
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In addition to basic municipal services and modest light industry, Musoma has many hotels, restaurants, banks, and filling stations. Similar to other cities on Lake Victoria, Musoma’s economy depends mainly on commercial and subsistence fishing. Because of its location, accessibility, and infrastructure, it is a regional recreation destination.
 
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'''Geita (population 99,795 - density 491/km<sup>2</sup>)'''
 
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Geita is the most significant settlement in central Ziwa. It is minimally developed, with few multi story buildings within a small business district. East Africa’s largest gold mine is one kilometer west of the Geita city limits, and is the region’s major economic engine. Geita Airport is adjacent to the mine. The city center has a bus station with coach service to major East African cities.
 
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Geita, and the smaller community of Nyanumbu directly south, measure about 20 sq km, with most development concentrated on either side of the main thoroughfare radiating from Geita’s southwest city center. Construction is a mix of semi-orderly blocks on the north side, and more random patterns to the east. Two large compounds dominate the southeast quadrant of Geita. The largest is a 170-acre complex with lodging, meeting, park, and recreation facilities, while a smaller 80-acre tract is an underdeveloped farmstead with extensive vegetation. Large residences with acreage and security compounds are concentrated in the outer western reaches of the city.
 
  
 
'''''Image Gallery'''''
 
'''''Image Gallery'''''
 
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="180">
 
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="180">
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File:Nairobi_bus.jpg|Downtown Nairobi, Photo: Mwangi Kirubi (CC BY-NC 2.0) 
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File:KismaayoStreetandTaxi.jpg|
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File:Nairobi_Park_zebra.jpg|Outskirts of Nairobi, Photo: Mwangi Kirubi (CC BY-NC 2.0) 
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File:NyumbaCharcoal.jpg|
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File:Kibera.jpg|Kibera Slum, Photo: Colin Crowley (CC BY-SA 2.0) 
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File:Lamu Harbor.jpg|
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File:KampalaPhoto-Marino.jpg|Kampala Skyline, Photo: Lauren Parnell Marino (CC BY-NC 2.0)
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File:LokicharRoadConst.jpg|
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File:Arusha_Street.jpg|Arusha Street, Photo: Roman Boed (CC BY 2.0) 
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File:75M42VZ 49D8VBHQK.jpg|
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File:Arusha_Clocktower.jpg|Arusha City Center, Photo: Roman Boed (CC BY 2.0) 
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File:Village.jpg|
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File:Mombasa_Street.jpg|Mombasa Street, Photo: chiefmoamba via Flickr (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
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File:Kismaayoroad.jpg|
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 
== Utilities ==
 
== Utilities ==
Line 67: Line 137:
 
=== Electricity Generation and Transmission ===
 
=== Electricity Generation and Transmission ===
  
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Ziwa’s sole power plant, [http://enikon.com/en/portfolio/mwanza-60-mw-power-plant-project-tanzania/#prettyPhoto/0/ Mwanza Power Station],  generates 60 Mw, roughly the equivalent of seven brigade-size base camps. Ziwa imports about 80% of its electricity, almost entirely from Kujenga. The main transmission route runs through Shinyanga. A transfer corridor between Amari and Ziwa around the eastern shore of Lake Victoria is under construction. Once complete, this line will connect Ziwa to Amari’s grid.
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Nyumba’s sole operational power plant is a wind farm in the Lake Turkana region generating 300 Mw. Two more wind farms with a combined 490 Mw are under construction as is a 960 Mw coal fired plant near Lamu. Most of the transmission grid is located in southern Nyumba with extensive Amari links in Lamu and the border towns of Garissa, Isiolo, and Lodwar.  
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[[File:75M3LQ0 1B8C2T4T3.jpg|thumb|Camels at Nyumba Watering Hole]]
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Modest wind and solar power projects are under consideration as is a hydroelectric project on the Mara River, Ziwa’s only perennial river.
 
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[[File:75M2XEZ 0XNLRGLQI.jpg|thumb|187x187px|Rural Well]]
 
  
 
=== Water ===
 
=== Water ===
 
See also: [[Physical Environment: Ziwa]]
 
See also: [[Physical Environment: Ziwa]]
  
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The majority of Ziwa’s terrain drains into Lake Victoria, which in turn drains to the Nile River. The rest drains to the small lakes surrounding southern Ziwa. Ziwa is a member of the Nile Watershed Congress, an intergovernmental organization chartered to address access, irrigation, hydroelectric power, and environmental issues related to the Nile. This international agreement restricts upstream irrigation and hydroelectric projects. Downstream members must be approve these projects.
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Despite cyclical droughts affecting the larger region, Nyumba’s main sources of water are the Tana, Juba, and Shabelle Rivers. They all drain to the Indian Ocean. These river valleys also support limited agricultural development confined to narrow strips along the waterways. Manmade irrigation is minimal. The alkaline Lake Turkana in north central Nyumba is the world’s largest permanent desert lake, fed by the Omo River to the north. Upstream dam projects threaten water levels with environmental groups estimating a fifty percent reduction in surface area and volume by mid-century.
  
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Over 45 percent of the population has access to piped water, mostly from neighborhood standpipes. In the cities, twice as many residents get their water from neighbor’s taps rather than public standpipes. Rural census data is less complete than Amari, however a comprehensive list of borehole/spring locations supports the conclusion that less of Ziwa’s rural population relies on standing water or vendors.
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There is little census data available for Nyumba. A limited number of standpipes are available to urban inhabitants, and most of the rural population depends on watering holes or rivers for water. UNICEF is building smaller, decentralized water and sanitation systems. The hope is that these will be easier to maintain than earlier centralized systems still common in developed countries.
  
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== Transport Architecture ==
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=== Sanitation ===
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See also: [[DATE Africa Regional Infrastructure|Date Africa Regional Infrastructure]]
  
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[[File:Africa Infrastructure Schematicv2.png|thumb|Regional Transportation Architecture]]
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== Transportation Architecture ==
 
=== Roads ===
 
=== Roads ===
  
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Ziwa’s roads are typical of the region in general. The more densely-populated north has access to the major paved highway that circumnavigates Lake Victoria. This ring is accessed by a paved feeder highway coming up from Kujenga via Shinyanga in southern Ziwa. A more direct unpaved route from eastern Kujenga passes through the environmentally sensitive Serengeti and Ngorogoro Conservation Area. It is not recommended for commercial traffic. Lastly, a paved highway connects Shinyanga with points west, hugging the southwest border of Ziwa where it turns north to connect with the Lake Victoria ring road along the Kujengan panhandle and continues to Kampala, Amari.
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Nyumba has the least developed and maintained road network in the region. The north and central regions are connected with their neighbors to the north and south, but eastern and coastal Nyumba are more remote. The single paved regional highway is only paved west of Garissa. Little of the eastern road network is paved and many communities are only connected by tertiary roads or tracks. Coastal roads are also unreliable.
  
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As with Kujenga, there are no bridges or tunnels that will affect normal traffic. Oversized traffic  requires route surveys and permission from Ziwa Road Authorities, Police and other relevant authorities.
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International investors, both private and public, view the lack of highway development as an opportunity. Besides the LAPEX development initiatives, the government plans to improve the coastal highway and complete of the Kismaayo-Garissa link. These projects would improve access to Nairobi and points south, and enable a direct route between Kismaayo and the Lamu megaport.
  
 
=== Rail ===
 
=== Rail ===
  
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Ziwa’s only railway is a 1930’s era north-south spur off of Kujenga’s meter gauge DARGOMA line connecting Tabora in Kujenga with Mwanza; built to support the Lake Victoria rail ferry service. Lack of consistent and seaworthy rail ferries and irregular track maintenance make the rail system less reliable than the road network. Despite that, there are proposals to reinvest in the current railway andas to expand it with a standard gauge line connecting Shinyanga to Arusha, with a northern spur to Musoma. Subsequent plans would continue the line west and north, eventually connecting Kampala.
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Nyumba has no active railroads. A planned SGR railroad would connect northwest Nyumba with Lamu as part of the LAPEX initiative. Another would connecting Isiolo with Moyale following the general path of the Trans-Africa Highway.
 
=== Aviation ===
 
=== Aviation ===
  
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Ziwa’s only international airport is Mwanza International (ICAO code HTMW) with a 10,700 ft. paved runway and basic precision approach instrumentation. It is also the only paved runway in Ziwa. Seronera (Serengeti), Shinyanga, Musoma, and Loliondo have airports with unpaved runways greater than 5,000 ft. Ziwa’s additional 33 unpaved airstrips are to be considered operational only after a thorough on-site survey.  
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Nyumba’s only international airport is Kismaayo International (HCMK). Wajir Airport (HKWJ) in central Nyumba is the only other airport with a paved runway over 5,000 ft. There are 18 more serviceable airfields with runway lengths between 5,000 and 2,450 ft.  
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 +
Nyumba has no national air carrier. Intercontinental and regional carriers have weekly flights to Kismaayo via Nairobi. Occasional intercontinental charter flights also make use of Kismaayo and Wajir. Fixed based operator services are limited to basic fuel and provisioning. Ziwan or Amari operators provide most charter service in Nyumba.
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Facilities. See attached link for specific runway data.
  
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Ziwa does not have a national flag carrier and most international flights have an intermediate stop at a regional African gateway. However, the Ziwan government wants to develop Mwanza International into a strong competitor for direct international service due to its proximity to Serengeti National Park and other regional tourist destinations.
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=== Maritime Seaports ===
  
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=== Maritime ===
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Nyumba has only 2 seaports located along Africa’s east coast. There is only 1 Kujenga port that average more than 1 million tons of cargo throughput annually. There is no data outlining the annual cargo throughput of the Port of Kismayo and the port can’t accommodate a Military Sea Lift (MSC) Commands Large, Medium-Speed Roll-on/Roll-off (LMSR). The Port of Kismayo, is Nyumbia’s sole port and is situated on the southern coast of Nyumbia . The Port of Kismayo was built in 1966 for the purpose of exporting bananas and other small products and importing other agricultural machineries as well as other goods, as the road between Mogadishu and Kismayu was only accessible during the dry season therefore, the port was to cover the needs of the lower Jubba. After more than 20 years the port has not been maintained.
 +
[[File:The Port of Kismayo.png|center|'''<big>The Port of Kismayo</big>'''|frame]]
  
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Ziwa’s maritime interests are limited to the Lake Victoria ports of Musoma, Mwanza, and to a lesser extent, Nansio on Ukerewe Island. See [Regional Maritime] section for more information.  
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Kismayo's large docks are situated on a peninsula on the Indian Ocean coast. Formerly one of the Bajuni Islands, the peninsula was subsequently connected by a narrow causeway when the modern Port of Kismayo was built in 1964 with U.S. assistance. The port served as a base for the Nyumbia’s Navy as well as the Soviet Navy after the military coup in Nyumbia in 1969. Nyumbia and the United States jointly refurbished the port in 1984 after significant wear to the 2,070-foot-long (630 m) four-berth, marginal wharf at the harbor required major renovations to maintain operations.
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[[File:Nyumba port update.png|thumb|1159x1159px]]
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=== Petroleum Pipeline and Storage ===
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Nyumba has no pipeline systems. Kismaayo and Wajir have limited AVGAS and Jet-A storage to support regularly scheduled air service. Diesel and gasoline stocks are limited to retail storage at service stations along the major highways. Tanker trucks supply these stations. Kismaayo has a modest tank terminal to support product deliveries at the port.
  
 
== Pollution ==
 
== Pollution ==
  
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The environmental impact of mine tailings is beginning to get international attention. Toxic runoff includes cyanide, arsenic, and mercury compounds used to extract trace amounts of gold from ore. The settling ponds are often close to the great lake watersheds. 
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Most of Nyumba’s water pollution comes from raw sewage and animal processing entering the watersheds. Lake Turkana, the largest lake in Nyumba, is shrinking due to upstream hydroelectric power and irrigation development from neighboring countries to the north. (link to Nyumba water section)
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Some international watchdog groups are sounding the alarm regarding water pollution in Lake Victoria. The two main sources are untreated sewage and fertilizer runoff. The combination is increasing the toxicity of the lake water and reducing the oxygen content, which in turn is devastating the fisheries.
 
  
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Lake Victoria also suffers from a proliferation of non-native invasive species, particularly large Nile Perch. These fish are a significant source of revenue and sustenance for local fishermen, but have decimated native fish stocks and threaten the lake’s water chemistry.{{:Africa Linkbox}}
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The Lamu coal-fired power plant project poses the most significant air pollution concern. This development pits local economic development against local and international environmental groups and is the main reason the project remains suspended.
 
[[Category:DATE]]
 
[[Category:DATE]]
 
[[Category:Africa]]
 
[[Category:Africa]]
 
[[Category:Ziwa]]
 
[[Category:Ziwa]]
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<references />

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Nyumba is the least populated and least densely populated country in the region. The limited infrastructure is significantly degraded. Most of the population and development is concentrated along the Tana and Juba Rivers, and the Indian Ocean ports of Lamu and Kismaayo. Paved roads are limited to the main artery running from Moyale in the north to Isiolo on the Amari border, and a 150 km strip from Kismaayo running northeast to Jilib.

Nyumba has the least developed infrastructure in the region. It is only partially connected to regional infrastructure networks. The exception is the northern portion of a transcontinental road corridor that connects southern Africa with the Red Sea. It depends entirely on imported electricity and refined petroleum. Despite its poverty and lack of development, in most years Nyumbans have access to sustainable water resources.        

Major Cities and Urban Zones

Nyumba is predominantly a rural country with most development along the Tana River and Juba Rivers.

See Also: Regional Construction Patterns for a comparative summary.

Nyumba's Major Cities
City Est. Pop.

(2017)

Pop. Dens.

per km2

UBD Rd Air Rail Sea Pwr. Wtr. Sew
Kismaayo 235,000 5,595 H- P Mo NE Mo- Dg Dg Dg
Garissa 119,696 1,361 M+ Mo Mo NE NE Dv- Dv- Dv
Lodwar 55,006 3,039 L+ Mo- Mo NE NE NE Dv- Dv
Isiolo 40,153 1,940 M+ Mo Mo NE NE Dv- Dv- Dv
Lamu 21,736 3,105 M P Mo+ NE P+ Dv- Dv- Dv

Legend (per TC-7-101): (UBD) urbanized building density, (L) low, (M) medium, (H) high, (P) primitive, (M) moderate, (C) complex, (NE) non-existent, (Dg) degraded, (Dv) developed

Kismaayo

Nyumba’s capital city and principal port, Kismaayo, is located on the Indian Ocean coast. It sits on a low hilltop overlooking the port to the south. The city center has a moderate building density of dilapidated colonial mid-rise buildings surrounded by organized shantytown construction.

Beyond the dense random waterfront development, organized settlements are divided between directional grid and dense random construction patterns with few outward signs of affluent neighborhoods. Most residences are single story, densely packed dwellings with either concrete or dirt floors, mud walls, and corrugated metal roofing. Improved sanitation is mostly limited to public buildings and guesthouses. Electricity comes from one of two concessionaires using diesel generators and makeshift power lines.

Kismaayo’s port has made it Nyumba’s main trading center. Livestock and charcoal are the main exports, and sugar is the main import. Commercial enterprises are mainly freight forwarding companies and a modest fishing fleet.

The main commercial strip runs along the city’s primary road, most heavily developed on the west side between the city center and the airport. Kismaayo has a functional market, banks, internet connectivity, filling stations, restaurants, and hotels. Government building construction is similar to the Ziwan capital of Musoma.

Garissa

Garissa is the second largest city in Nyumba and borders Amari on the Tana River. Local government maintains close ties to Amari due to trade and a growing electrical power interchange. A 3 km2 quadrant in the northern section of the city is the most developed, bordered by the river valley to the west, and the main highway to the east. Less dense development continues beyond this quadrant. Spacious residential properties make up Garissa’s southern section, separated from quasi-dense random residences to the east by the city’s airport.

The main commercial strip runs for 4 km along the highway south of the city center. Besides livestock and agricultural facilities, the area is also home to many government and educational institutions.

Lodwar

Lodwar is the main city in remote northwest Nyumba. It sits on the junction of the A1 highway linking north central Africa with points south and the main road to the western shore of Lake Turkana. Lodwar is a key node in the planned LAPEX project. The city straddles the Turkwel River with most development on the north side of the river. A dry riverbed confluence forms Lodwar’s north and east boundaries.

Regional government, Lake Turkana tourism and support services make up the bulk of Lodwar’s development. Basic health, education, banking, and hospitality facilities are available. The city 0.6 km2 city center surrounds the road junction in a dense random construction pattern.

Isiolo

Isiolo sits 10 km north of the Amari border on the main north-south Trans-African Highway along the east bank of the Isiolo River. 30,000 square kilometers of government and private nature reserve surrounds the city. It is also the proposed site of a significant LAPEX oil refinery/terminal complex and rail yard.

The city center is a .05 km2 closed block urban core straddling the main road in the city center. Most multi-story buildings are hotels or office buildings and are less than four levels. A 1.5 km. commercial strip runs along the highway just south of the core. The rest of Isiolo’s development is randomly arranged to the west of the core and commercial strip. It extends approximately on half kilometer.

There are two significant compounds within the city limits. A 46 acre retreat-style complex sits east of the commercial strip between the highway and the town’s unpaved airport. A 500 acre security cantonment is 2.5 km. east of the city center. Samburu, the largest of the nature reserves to the northwest, has two 2,500 ft. airstrips, the southerly being paved.

Lamu

Lamu is a small port city on the southern coast of Nyumba, 75 km. by road to the Amari border town of Garsen and 40 km. by air and sea to the coastal boundary. The main population center is on the eastern side of a 50 km2 island in the center of a coastal wetland archipelago. Lamu Island has a modest fishing industry, and exclusive eco-tourist enterprises.

Currently, most of the city’s 21,000 inhabitants live in the old city of Lamu, a .65 km2 dense random complex of narrow multistory buildings constructed in the 19th century. Lamu prohibits motor vehicles because of the city’s narrow streets and historic status. An equally dense, but less restricted quarter is south of the historic district. The densely populated fishing settlement of Shela sits on the southeast end of the island. The rest of the island is sparsely populated.

Lamu’s critical feature is the deep-water natural harbor of Manda Bay, and the 460 km2 planned development on the mainland peninsula directly north of Lamu Island. It features rail and pipeline terminals connecting directly to a 30+ berth marine terminal. A refinery and power plant would occupy the northern tract, and a naval base in the southern tract. The entire project has received international notoriety due to its ambitious size and the environmental sensitivity of the location. (https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/10/mega-port-threatens-sink-sudan-2013101371736417765.html)  https://constructionreviewonline.com/2017/06/dredging-work-on-lamu-first-berth-to-be-completed-in-2018/

Image Gallery

  • KismaayoStreetandTaxi.jpg
  • NyumbaCharcoal.jpg
  • Lamu Harbor.jpg
  • LokicharRoadConst.jpg
  • 75M42VZ 49D8VBHQK.jpg
  • Village.jpg
  • Kismaayoroad.jpg

Utilities

Electricity Generation and Transmission

Nyumba’s sole operational power plant is a wind farm in the Lake Turkana region generating 300 Mw. Two more wind farms with a combined 490 Mw are under construction as is a 960 Mw coal fired plant near Lamu. Most of the transmission grid is located in southern Nyumba with extensive Amari links in Lamu and the border towns of Garissa, Isiolo, and Lodwar.

Camels at Nyumba Watering Hole

Water

See also: Physical Environment: Ziwa

Despite cyclical droughts affecting the larger region, Nyumba’s main sources of water are the Tana, Juba, and Shabelle Rivers. They all drain to the Indian Ocean. These river valleys also support limited agricultural development confined to narrow strips along the waterways. Manmade irrigation is minimal. The alkaline Lake Turkana in north central Nyumba is the world’s largest permanent desert lake, fed by the Omo River to the north. Upstream dam projects threaten water levels with environmental groups estimating a fifty percent reduction in surface area and volume by mid-century.

There is little census data available for Nyumba. A limited number of standpipes are available to urban inhabitants, and most of the rural population depends on watering holes or rivers for water. UNICEF is building smaller, decentralized water and sanitation systems. The hope is that these will be easier to maintain than earlier centralized systems still common in developed countries.

Sanitation

See also: Date Africa Regional Infrastructure

Regional Transportation Architecture

Transportation Architecture

Roads

Nyumba has the least developed and maintained road network in the region. The north and central regions are connected with their neighbors to the north and south, but eastern and coastal Nyumba are more remote. The single paved regional highway is only paved west of Garissa. Little of the eastern road network is paved and many communities are only connected by tertiary roads or tracks. Coastal roads are also unreliable.

International investors, both private and public, view the lack of highway development as an opportunity. Besides the LAPEX development initiatives, the government plans to improve the coastal highway and complete of the Kismaayo-Garissa link. These projects would improve access to Nairobi and points south, and enable a direct route between Kismaayo and the Lamu megaport.

Rail

Nyumba has no active railroads. A planned SGR railroad would connect northwest Nyumba with Lamu as part of the LAPEX initiative. Another would connecting Isiolo with Moyale following the general path of the Trans-Africa Highway.

Aviation

Nyumba’s only international airport is Kismaayo International (HCMK). Wajir Airport (HKWJ) in central Nyumba is the only other airport with a paved runway over 5,000 ft. There are 18 more serviceable airfields with runway lengths between 5,000 and 2,450 ft.

Nyumba has no national air carrier. Intercontinental and regional carriers have weekly flights to Kismaayo via Nairobi. Occasional intercontinental charter flights also make use of Kismaayo and Wajir. Fixed based operator services are limited to basic fuel and provisioning. Ziwan or Amari operators provide most charter service in Nyumba.

Facilities. See attached link for specific runway data.

Maritime Seaports

Nyumba has only 2 seaports located along Africa’s east coast. There is only 1 Kujenga port that average more than 1 million tons of cargo throughput annually. There is no data outlining the annual cargo throughput of the Port of Kismayo and the port can’t accommodate a Military Sea Lift (MSC) Commands Large, Medium-Speed Roll-on/Roll-off (LMSR). The Port of Kismayo, is Nyumbia’s sole port and is situated on the southern coast of Nyumbia . The Port of Kismayo was built in 1966 for the purpose of exporting bananas and other small products and importing other agricultural machineries as well as other goods, as the road between Mogadishu and Kismayu was only accessible during the dry season therefore, the port was to cover the needs of the lower Jubba. After more than 20 years the port has not been maintained.

The Port of Kismayo

Kismayo's large docks are situated on a peninsula on the Indian Ocean coast. Formerly one of the Bajuni Islands, the peninsula was subsequently connected by a narrow causeway when the modern Port of Kismayo was built in 1964 with U.S. assistance. The port served as a base for the Nyumbia’s Navy as well as the Soviet Navy after the military coup in Nyumbia in 1969. Nyumbia and the United States jointly refurbished the port in 1984 after significant wear to the 2,070-foot-long (630 m) four-berth, marginal wharf at the harbor required major renovations to maintain operations.

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Nyumba port update.png

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Petroleum Pipeline and Storage

Nyumba has no pipeline systems. Kismaayo and Wajir have limited AVGAS and Jet-A storage to support regularly scheduled air service. Diesel and gasoline stocks are limited to retail storage at service stations along the major highways. Tanker trucks supply these stations. Kismaayo has a modest tank terminal to support product deliveries at the port.

Pollution

Most of Nyumba’s water pollution comes from raw sewage and animal processing entering the watersheds. Lake Turkana, the largest lake in Nyumba, is shrinking due to upstream hydroelectric power and irrigation development from neighboring countries to the north. (link to Nyumba water section)

The Lamu coal-fired power plant project poses the most significant air pollution concern. This development pits local economic development against local and international environmental groups and is the main reason the project remains suspended.

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