Information: Framland

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The Framish information sector is modern and well‐funded. Framish people avidly read newspapers and there are a large number of them throughout the country as dailies and weeklies. Magazines are also popular although both are slowly losing ground to internet‐based news content. Television is primarily satellite based except in the cities. International channels are readily available. American sitcoms from the 1970s are particularly popular. FM radio is popular and there are numerous stations, but no dominant players. Free speech is not only tolerated but encouraged. However, it is generally moderate in tone.

Extremist rhetoric exists, but many private providers refuse to carry it (newspapers won’t print it or allow it to be advertised, same will be with radio and television stations). The Framish freedom of expression is liberal, but that expression is not mandated. The media are allowed to exercise their own editorial judgement. There is no dominant private media organization in Framland although Torrike MediaCorp is a minor provider.

Framland has a modern digital system using cable and microwave radio relay. The system is privatized but dominated by a former state monopoly operator. Broadband internet is readily available in larger municipalities, but has been slow to penetrate rural markets. The government is slowly pushing broadband out from the cities in conjunction with increased computer education in the schools. Cellular networks are growing rapidly through free enterprise and some expect smart phones to leapfrog computer usage in accessing on‐line information, surpassing the government’s efforts to extend broadband.

The Press Freedom Index rates Framland as 11 of 178 countries.

Framland is a beneficiary of the global information market rather than a provider. It has a good reputation and often facilitates dialogue. It sets an example in the way it respects journalists, news media and protects them from judicial abuse.

Public Communications Media

Media regulation in Framland is performed in accordance with the Western principle of freedom of speech. Legislation is used only to set the outer limits of the freedom of speech. The responsibility for supervising media content rests with the mass media itself. Self‐ regulation reinforces the independence of the mass media and emphasizes freedom of speech and freedom of publication. Self‐regulation refers to the voluntary cooperation of businesses in the sector aimed at preventing harmful and unlawful activity. Supervision of this self‐regulation is also carried out by the sector itself and is based on the various contracts and standards of those involved. The authorities only intervene in criminal cases. Alongside self‐regulation, it is necessary to provide security through legislation in order to ensure trust and confidence. Legislation provides the basic level of security that affords protection in the event of criminal cases and situations that are contractually or financially problematic. Self‐regulation is also appropriate for newly developing markets before any legislation in the sector is introduced.

The Internet has cast new light on a long‐running debate about the politics of journalism: when there are so many sources, does political objectivity become less important? News becomes more social, participatory, diverse and partisan, it is in many ways returning to the more chaotic, freewheeling and politically charged environment of the era before the emergence of mass media in the 19th century.

The idea that journalists should be impartial in reporting news is a relatively recent one. These days’ different countries have different preferences. In Framland history, overt partisanship in newspapers is widespread and state‐run television channels often have partisan allegiances. If impartiality is already the exception rather than the rule, the internet is now eroding it further. In Framland, it undermines local news monopolies by reducing advertising revenue and providing access to a wide range of alternative sources. Journalists signal their impartiality by quoting people on opposing sides of an argument and avoid drawing conclusions, even when the facts are clear.

Framland now has a vibrant telecommunications market. Progress has been significant, especially over the last year. The late start by companies in the roll‐out of broadband can be largely attributed to a lack of competition between the main telecom and cable operators. However, that competitive environment has changed in recent years with significant new investments by a number of companies in a variety of new network technologies. Take‐up of wireless and 3G broadband services has occurred at a faster pace in Framland than in other countries. Mobile services are now the fastest growing segment of the broadband market in Framland. The latest figures from the Commission for Communications Regulations (ComReg) show that in the twelve months to March 2009 mobile broadband subscriptions increased by 90.6%.

The latest figures from ComReg, also indicate that broadband take‐ up in Framland is nearly at 1.3 million subscribers. This is an increase of almost 300,000 since the launch of the Consultation Paper, last July. It is estimated that approximately 60% of households had broadband access as of December 2008. Broadband is now delivered over multiple networks including fixed line, fiber, cable, fixed wireless, satellite and mobile with over 40 service providers in the market. A choice of speeds is now available, ranging from one Megabyte-per-second (Mbps) for residential customers up to 100 Mbps for high‐end commercial users and Gigabit (Gbit) capacity is available to large business users, who require uncontended capacity, through leased lines. ComReg data (First quarter, 2009) shows that 69% of business subscriptions and 66% of residential subscriptions are in the 2 ‐9.99 Mbps range. This compares with 67.6% of business subscriptions and 47.5% of residential subscriptions in the same range this time last year. Higher speeds in some cases up to 50 Mbps are also available to residential and SME customers in urban areas.

Internet

There are 1.205 million internet hosts and 2.383 million internet users. The Framland Internet country code is .fl.

Despite the current economic climate, investments are being made in upgrading core networks which will benefit all Next Generation Broadband (NGB) technologies. There have also been recent announcements of investments which will offer speeds of over 100 Mbps, next year. The Government stated that the availability of NGB networks will underpin a transformation in the following areas:

• Economic Development. Information and communication techniques (ICT) is a critical determinant in Framland’s transition to a knowledge economy with an increased reliance on services traded over digital networks;
• Sustainability. ICT will advance sustainable development by encouraging distance working and the delivery of health and other local services to remote locations electronically;
• Social Inclusion. Universal access to broadband presents an unprecedented opportunity to foster a more participatory, cohesive society. It gives hitherto geographically dispersed communities and social groups the means of greater interaction and collaboration. The provision of services to disadvantaged and remote communities is vital in this regard to prevent a ‘digital divide’ between different sections of our society;
• Education. The creativity and skills that are a prerequisite of a knowledge economy can also be fostered through the creation of a world‐class e‐education system;
• Public Services. Digital applications will deliver more effective and efficient public services to every region and sector in society. More sophisticated online applications can be used to engage with Government clients such as those that experience difficulty interacting using more traditional methods;
• R&D. More collaborative models of engagement across a range of research topics will drive the Internet economy; and,
• Products and Services. It is envisaged that NGB services will include high‐quality video streaming. This will enable visual networking for more effective remote working, advanced e-commerce and remote access to powerful computing (cloud computing). It will also facilitate remote healthcare, education and entertainment.

Security. Work commenced in spring 2014 on this initiative towards improving the awareness of risks arising from increased use of IT in everyday life. The first National Security Day was on November 17th 2014, with Press Campaigns highlighting the common IT security risks of hackers, viruses, phishing and modem hijacking. The campaign was conducted by a coalition of public and private sector organizations including the Ministry of Communication, Energy and Natural Resources (MCENR). The following year, the second National IT Security awareness campaign ‘MakeITsecure 2015’ was run by the MCENR in partnership with a larger number of private companies and representative organizations. The key themes of the ‘MakeITsecure 2015’ campaign were; spyware, ID theft, phishing, and child safety online. In late 2016 work began on a further wave of the campaign, with the an updated focus including risks associated with Social Networking sites as well as the themes from earlier campaigns of phishing, identity theft and security basics. This third campaign was launched on February 11th 2017. International corporations assist in enhancing the range and quality of the soft and hardware allowing for greater accessibility and self‐regulation.

Social media. Regulations have been introduced to structure the net and clear guidance on accepted norms. Government departments have an extensive social media network which, as it is easy to monitor, the users confine themselves to socialist work-oriented issues, which has resulted in a more informed group but limited in intellectual content. The Framish Government is very aware of the benefits of a social network functioning within its society, but does overly concentrate on the negative aspects. Considerable resources have been put into developing an excellent public service, this increases the range of things that individuals can do for and by themselves and lifts many of the material constraints and costs of the industrial information economy. Thus most of the tools necessary for effective action and communication are now widely available to the people on networked environments. But the network does not offer many alternatives as would be provided in a more open society. However, this provides the impression of access while actually denying access. Organizations, companies and other groups have embarked on a very active social networking function to meet the expectations of an educated population. Social‐media technologies allow a far wider range of people to take part in gathering, filtering and distributing news. In some cases in Framland, the news originates from social media outlets (Google, Facebook, Twitter). This has been as much as 40% of news stories for some news outlets. The audience has become the secondary source. Thanks to the rise of social media, news is no longer gathered exclusively by reporters and turned into a story but emerges from an ecosystem in which journalists, sources, readers and viewers exchange information. The change began around 1999, when blogging tools first became widely available. The result was the shift of the tools of production to the people formerly known as the audience. This was followed by a further shift: the rise of “horizontal media” that made it quick and easy for anyone to share links (via Facebook or Twitter, for example) with large numbers of people without the involvement of a traditional media organization. In other words, people can collectively act as a broadcast network. Surveys in Framland suggest that 11% of the population use Twitter, compared with almost 45% for Facebook. But Twitter users are the “influencers”, the audience isn’t on Twitter, but the news is on Twitter. Newspapers and news channels have launched blogs of their own, hired many bloggers and allowed readers to leave comments, as on blogs. They also invite pictures, video and other contributions from readers and seek out material published on the internet, thus incorporating non‐journalists into the news system. Journalists are becoming more inclined to see blogs, Facebook, Twitter and other forms of social media as a valuable adjunct to traditional media (and sometimes a corrective to them). Many journalists who were dismissive about social media have changed their tune as their value became apparent in the coverage of the Arab uprisings and the Japanese earthquake. Social media and satellite television worked together to draw attention to the Arab spring. Social media spread images of protesters in Tunisia that might otherwise have been suppressed by the regime. This meant convincing journalists that social media are not a threat, but the biggest assets you can have. Verifying material to ensure it is suitable for broadcasting can be an elaborate process. Journalists examine photographs and video footage for recognizable landmarks, street signs, vehicles or weapons to determine whether images really come from a particular city or region. Sound can help. Shadows can indicate the time of day. Comparing weather reports with date stamps can reveal whether a video or photograph really was taken on a particular date. Even when verified, such material will not be used if it identifies people and puts them in danger. Checking snippets of information posted on Twitter is more difficult. Tweets can be a useful way to gauge the public mood about an issue and are now often incorporated into news coverage as digital “vox pops”. Many journalists use Twitter to solicit leads, find sources or ask for information. But Twitter is a public forum where anyone can say anything. By providing more raw material than ever from which to distil the news, social media have both done away with editors and shown up the need for them. Either way, there is clearly a role for people—including journalists, but not limited to them—to select, filter and analyze the torrent of information being posted on the internet. News organizations are already abandoning attempts to be first to break news, focusing instead on being the best at verifying and curating it. But like other aspects of journalism, this role is now open to anyone. The role of journalists in this new world is to add value to the conversation by providing reporting, context, analysis, verification and debunking, and by making available tools and platforms that allow people to participate. All this requires journalists to admit that they do not have a monopoly on wisdom.

Television and Radio

Television and radio are among the most powerful means of modern communication, and the Broadcasting Division has a key role in developing a framework for broadcasting in an environment of rapid technological development. The Broadcasting Division aims to develop a policy and legislative framework to facilitate the provision of quality broadcasting services in Framland, and to optimize the opportunities presented by the emerging technologies for the provision of new Framish‐based broadcasting services. The Division also seeks to ensure that the approach taken to issues arising from the convergence of telecommunications and broadcasting will optimize the contribution of broadcasters, program makers, other product generators, infrastructure operators and other participants in broadcasting‐related activities to the development of the Information Society in Framland. There are six national and four regional radio stations.

There are four television (TV) stations (plus 112 repeaters), one of which is already digital. Framland announced that it would begin conversion to casting all television signals digitally by 2012; analog broadcasts via cable networks will continue until 2014.

Media ownership includes Framland TV (FTV), FM Independent, FM Today, and Independent Media.

Framland TV (FTV) is financed by license and advertising. It provides four national radio programs and four terrestrial TV programs. It has independent editorial rights.

FTV Transmissions Network Limited (FTV) Data

Type	Limited
Industry	Television, online broadcasting
Founded	20 February 1983
Headquarters	Freja Broadcast Center, Freja
Services	Television broadcasting and production
CEO	Andreas Freja
Owner(s)	Framland State (75%)

FM Independent is an Independent small media station that provides national and local radio services.

FM Today is an Independent small media station that provides national and local radio services.

Independent Media is an independent small media station that provides national and local radio services and print news.

Television. Framland has four national (public) terrestrial channels owned by FTV. The details are:

• FTV One has various political and current affairs programs, such as Prime Time and The Frontline, as well as chat shows, such as The Late Late Show and The Saturday Night Show.
• FTV Two focuses on sport and imported programs, along with its youth strands FTVjr, TFTV and Two Tube.
• TV3 (and sister channel 3e) (Entertainment).
• TV4 (current affairs and documentaries). FTV is the country's public service broadcaster, with FTV News being the most popular news source among the public. FTV News Now is a free‐to‐air 24‐hour television news service also available online and on mobile phones. Subscription to multi‐channel networks, such as Sky, allows for hundreds of available channels.

TV is presently undergoing a transition from analog broadcasting to digital broadcasting. This is probably the biggest change in TV since the transition from black and white television to color. Modern computers are digital devices which process information in the form of data elements and digital broadcasting is essentially the broadcasting of TV or radio program content as a stream of data. The ability to transmit TV content in the form of data instead of pictures and sound means that more information can be transmitted over a digital network than an analog network. As a result a digital broadcasting network can be used to provide more versatile services such as more TV channels, radio channels, digital quality pictures and sound, high definition pictures, enhanced teletext, electronic program guides and even interactive services. Digital television is commonly available in Framland over commercial re‐broadcasting services ‐ cable, Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS), or satellite. Other technologies such as Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) are also starting to emerge. Currently, in Framland, the Framish TV channels – FTV One, FTV Two, TV3 and TV4 are transmitted on a free‐ to‐air basis, over an analog network operated by FTV Transmissions Network Limited (FTV NL). This analog network is becoming obsolete and will be replaced by a new digital television platform; Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) in the next few years. The development of a national DTT network will allow these channels to be provided over a digital network. DTT will play an important part in ensuring the future of broadcasting in Framland, as it is the only digital platform offering continued availability of free‐to‐air (FTA) TV services to the population of Framland under Framish regulation. Both satellite and cable services are subscription based. Additionally satellite is not regulated in Framland so services cannot be guaranteed and cable does not provide universal coverage. 2012 is the deadline which has been set by Framland. 2012 is expected to see the switch off of the current analog network used by FTV, TV3 and TV4 and their replacement by a digital terrestrial network.

Radio

Framland broadcasts four public nationwide radio stations (FTV) and two independent national radio stations. There are four independent regional stations which aim for a younger audience. There are 25 local radio stations. Some regions are covered by only one station, but Freja has several. There are also many licensed community radio stations operating on a non‐commercial basis.

Radio Stations in Framland

National	Owners	Regional	Owners
FTV Radio 1 (Modern)	FTV	i102‐104FM	FM Independent
FTV 2fm (Classical/Blues/Jazz)	FTV	i105‐107FM	FM Independent
FTV lyric fm (Modern)	FTV	MusicAll 102‐103	FM Today
FTV Radio 3 (Current Affairs)	FTV	FramRad	Independent Media
Today FM (Modern)	FM Today
Newstalk (Current Affairs)	Independent Media

Print Media

There are five dailies and a number of daily county papers including the Framish Independent, The Framish Examiner, The Framish Times, Framish Daily Star, and the Evening Herald. Sunday newspaper includes the Sunday Independent, The Weekend Tribune, The Sunday Business Post, Framland on Sunday and the Sunday World. There are also numerous local and regionally based newspapers.

Framland News Media owns the Framish Independent, The Framish Examiner and the Sunday Independent. These follow a more liberal forum. These papers are mostly sold by subscription but available at retail outlets. They are in tabloid format.

News National owns The Framish Times, The Sunday Business Post and Framland on Sunday. These are conservative traditional papers supporting the Framland traditions. These papers are mostly sold by subscription but available at retail outlets. They are in tabloid format.

Independent Media owns The Evening Herald. This is sold through retail outlets after 10am daily, there is no subscription and is always in tabloid format.

Framish Daily Star and the Sunday World are run by a family business. This is very traditional and has little international news, concentrating on regional issues and has a strong traditional religious editorial style. These papers are mostly sold by subscription but available at retail outlets. They are in tabloid format.

The Weekend Tribune, formerly the Sunday Tribune, is a socialist paper supported by the trade union and socialist movement. The tabloid is sold in retail outlets and by volunteers on Fridays and Saturdays.

Framish print media circulation as of 2017 is:

Framland Newspapers’ Circulation

Newspaper	Circulation	Newspaper	Circulation
Framish Independent	212,890	The Sunday Independent	126,505
The Framish Examiner	245,980	The Weekend Tribune	56,000
The Framish Times	245,895	The Sunday Business Post	96,050
Framish Daily Star	288,090	Framland on Sunday	87,230
The Evening Herald	256,930	The Sunday World	76,392

Western newspapers rely heavily on advertising revenue whilst the rest of the world maintain a varied balance between advertising and circulation. (USA 87% (Adverts)/13% (circulation); UK 50/50; Germany 55/45; Japan 35/65; Framland 40/60). This dependence is having an adverse effect on the newspaper industry. Classified advertisements are declining in print industry and increasing in the internet domain. In Framland, the advent of television news and then cable television lured readers and advertisers away. Then the internet appeared in the 1990s. A new generation of readers grew up getting their news from television and the web. The effect is that the health of newspapers is particularly important because they tend to set the agenda for other news media and employ the most journalists. Newspapers in Framland have to manage long‐term decline rather than short‐term pain.

Telephone

There are 1.01 million main telephone lines and 2.22 million mobile telephones in use. The Framland international dialing code is +462 with submarine cables providing links to Estonia and Bothnia. There are satellite earth stations that provide access to Intelsat transmission service via a Torrikan satellite earth station. There is also an Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) that Framland shares with the Baltic States.

The Framish communications market is characterized by rapidly increasing data traffic. The growth in the total number of computers and third‐generation mobile phones is reflected in the total number of broadband connections. The number of mobile connections has reached saturation point, and the number of traditional land line calls has decreased dramatically.

Postal/Courier

Postal services have long been recognized as essential to the smooth functioning of the economy and society as a whole. This is reflected in the universal service obligation and other such safeguards for the interests of users.

E‐commerce and e‐ government generate a significant demand for postal services in fulfilment of the very transactions initiated electronically, e.g. delivery of goods purchased over the internet, renewal of motor tax on line. Research also suggests that promotion of goods and services on the internet is more successful if complemented by Direct Mail, rather than used as a single media. Not only is there convergence between electronic and physical communications, but their continuing development seems to go hand-in-glove.

The traditional competencies of postal operators were in sorting and delivery. Developments in the ICT sector now make it more efficient in many instances for the customer to undertake sorting as part of mail preparation rather than to pay a postal operator to do it. The business model of most new entrants to the postal sector takes account of this change. Door-to-door delivery of letters and direct mail items will continue for the foreseeable future but new ways of delivering more valuable items, such as goods ordered over the Internet, or legal documents requiring proof of delivery are already emerging. Kiosks accessible 24/7 and collection points at gasoline stations / convenience stores with delivery advice by email or Short Message Service (SMS) are just some of the options currently in use around the world.

Information Control

Framland’s core communication policy is to contribute to sustained macro‐economic growth and competitiveness and ensure that Framland is best placed to avail of the emerging opportunities provided by the information and knowledge society, by promoting investment in state of the art infrastructures, by providing a supportive legislative and regulatory environment and by developing a leading edge research and development reputation in the information, communications and digital technologies. Reporters without Borders ranked Framland 11 out of 178 countries in the Press Freedom Index, making it one of the best countries among developed economies based on the Human Development Index.

Agencies

Information security policy is drafted by the MCENR before being legislated through the parliament. It refers to the administrative and technical measures that are designed to ensure the confidentiality and integrity and privacy protection of information and the usability of systems. The MCENR is responsible for legislation and strategy development concerning information security in communications networks. Information Security falls under the provisions of the State Classification Law, which defines roles and responsibilities of various state agencies with regards to information security including classification, handling, archiving of information, data ownership, definition of security levels and control. The law envisages a special regulatory body to act as a national authority for information security.

The Communications sector within the MCENR is divided into five divisions, namely the Business and Technology Division, the Communications Development and Electronic Commerce Division, Communications Policy Division, Knowledge Society Division and Postal Division. Each division has its own separate objectives and responsibilities, which enables the Ministry to continue to play a proactive role in the development of Framland as a globally competitive information and knowledge society.

The key role of the Communications Development and Electronic Commerce Division is the development of effective policies for the regulation of the electronic communications sector and management of the radio frequency spectrum. Responsibility for the implementation of policies rests with the ComReg.

The Knowledge Society Division’s role is stated as: “The Knowledge Society Division has two key areas of focus – the formulation of a new national policy and Action Plan to further advance the development of the knowledge society in Framland, and, to promote e‐Inclusion to maximize the number of people participating in and benefiting from the knowledge society in Framland.”

The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network of ducting and fiber-optic cable laid within a metropolitan area which can be used by a variety of businesses and organizations to provide services including but not limited to telecoms, Internet access, television, telematics and closed circuit television. The MANs are publicly owned, while allowing all telecommunication operators open access to the networks. They are fiber‐based and technology neutral resilient networks, which will ensure adequate capacity for generations to come. To date, 10 MANs were completed under Phase 1 of the program and 15 MANs have been completed under Phase 2 of the program. One further MAN is currently under construction.

Regulatory System. ComReg is the National Regulatory Authority (NRA) responsible for the regulation of the electronic communications sector (telecommunications, radio communications and broadcasting transmission) in Framland. In carrying out its role in relation to radio spectrum management ComReg must, among other things:

• Ensure that measures taken are proportionate in ensuring the efficient management • and use of the radio spectrum; and,
• Have regard to international developments with regard to the radio frequency spectrum.
• ComReg plays an active role, along with the MCENR, in international fora to ensure that as far as possible the international allocation and regulatory framework accommodates Framland’s specific requirements. ComReg operates in an ever‐changing environment in which consumers demand the latest technology and services, a choice of service providers, and value for money. Similarly, businesses are seeking out communications services that can increase their competitiveness and assist them in reaching out to customers. Core services such as education and health now rely more heavily on wide electronic distribution of information, and remote access to specialist advice or instruction. The core fixed communications network is now largely fiber‐based, all four mobile networks are making investments to upgrade in support of faster speed data access, and cable and telecoms operators are increasingly active in the fixed line access market. Consumers and businesses have more choices of individual products and providers, including bundled packages, and are exercising this choice vigorously. The overall electronic communications network and service revenues decreased by approximately 10% (March 2010). Revenues have declined for the seventh consecutive quarter. Fixed and mobile revenues have both been in decline. Thirteen percent of fixed lines users switched service provider in the 2009. In the same period, 8% of mobile customers switched providers and 8% of internet users switched providers. In Framland today, consumers spend on average 13 hours a week on the internet. There are marked differences in which internet‐ based services are used most heavily by consumers in different age groups. There are approximately 2.38 million broadband subscribers in Framland, with approximately 40 companies providing broadband over a variety of platforms. Four out of five broadband subscriptions are in the 2‐10Mbps category. A further 7% of broadband subscriptions are for products with download speeds of 10Mbps or higher. Mobile broadband subscriptions have been the biggest net broadband contributor since the beginning of 2008. However, it is notable that cable subscribers now account for over 10% of the broadband total. Framland’s fixed broadband population penetration rate currently stands at 22.4%. When mobile broadband is included, broadband population penetration rate stands at 33.9%. An estimated 61% of households in Framland have a fixed broadband subscription. There are an estimated 1,300 Wi‐Fi hotspots throughout the country in such places as airports, hotels, cafes and restaurants.

Breakdown of Broadband Platform

Platform	Number of Subscriptions	Percentage of Total Broadband Subscriptions
Cable	257,464	10.8%
DSL	1,144,288	48%
Fixed Wireless Access	159,723	6.7%
Mobile broadband	810,537	34%
Other (satellite, fiber, etc.)	11,919	0.5%
Total	2,383,934	100%

Network Licenses. Mobile communications operations, television and radio operations require network licenses issued by the government. Networks that require a license for public telecommunications include second‐generation Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) mobile networks, third‐generation Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) mobile networks and national networks for wireless broadband. In television operations, a license is required for terrestrial digital transmissions, but not for cable or satellite‐relayed television operations. The licenses may include requirements related to the length of the license period, the geographical area and the quality of the network or service. Licenses are issued for short‐ term television and radio broadcasting, as well as mobile television operations. A radio license is issued for other uses of radio frequencies. Most frequencies, however, are shared frequencies that do not require a license.

Program Licenses. The Government programs do not require an operating license for television broadcasting on frequencies that have been allocated to it by the government. Other operators must apply for program licenses from the government. Television operation licenses concern the antenna network. Radio operation licenses are issued to local and regional radio services and for special radio broadcasting purposes. Special radio broadcasting operates across a broader area than regional radio, and this area is defined separately in the operating license.

Legal and Regulatory Environment. Framland’s legislative framework for wireless services has within the past five years largely been reflected of the European Union level. The main emphasis of this framework is the promotion of competition, the move towards Wireless Access Policy for Electronic Communications Services (WAPECS) and the introduction of a single European market in electronic communications. The review is focusing on the following principles:

• Flexible spectrum management (introducing WAPECS)
• Streamlining market reviews
• Consolidating the internal market
• Strengthening consumer protection and user rights
• Improving security
• Removing outdated provisions At a national level, it is anticipated that within the next two to five years new legislation relating to the regulation of the electronic communications sector will be introduced. These include a new Radio Communications Act, which will replace the Wireless Telegraphy Acts 1926‐1988, as well as a new broadcasting act. As well as making Twitter, Facebook and Google part of the news ecosystem, the internet has also made possible entirely new kinds of specialist news organizations. Other newcomers include a host of not‐for‐profit news organizations that rely on philanthropic funding and specialize in particular kinds of journalism. Many of these new outfits collaborate with traditional news organizations, taking advantage of their broad reach and trusted established brands.

Communications Market

Communications Trends in Framland

A key consideration in developing a strategy for radio spectrum management is the extent to which use of the radio spectrum contributes to the Framish economy, national competitiveness and increased cross platform competition in the market. Ultimately, innovation in the use of radio spectrum will provide the potential for enhanced choice, improved service quality and lower prices for all consumers.

The wireless telecommunications sector plays an important role in the Framish economy. Over 30,000 people are directly employed in the sector and at a conservative estimate, the economic contribution of the radio sector in 2006 amounts to approximately USD3 billion. This is equivalent to 1.67% of the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for that year.

The process of allocating frequencies to radio services and the regulatory framework are largely determined by external factors such as public policy, legislation and international agreements or regulations. Public policy goals play a significant role in determining spectrum management priorities. Technical efficiencies may have to be compromised in order to safeguard the provision of certain public services such as safety, defense and public broadcasting services. Technical and economic efficiencies may also be constrained by international obligations related to spectrum use, especially restrictions on the amount of power that can be exported across national borders.

In preparing this strategy the ComReg, an independent body under the MENCR, has identified six key drivers. These are:

1. The demand by wireless consumers for all their business and entertainment requirements to reach them on one single device in any location.
2. Innovation demands for suitable spectrum in order to establish new wireless electronic communication services.
3. The imminent establishment of new government services (emergency and public safety networks) is driving demand for unused spectrum.
4. To harmonize Framish radio spectrum with European and international spectrum allocations to accrue the benefits of alignment with larger market economies.
5. Significant changes are expected in the European regulatory framework for electronic communications affecting the legal and regulatory environment in which ComReg operates.
6. To harmonize in line with European initiatives, Framland is employing Intelligent Transport Systems which will require appropriate spectrum and a licensing framework in the near future.

The tables below show the estimated contribution to GDP and employment for each of the main uses of radio spectrum.Over 30,000 people are directly employed in the sector.

Media Employment Impact in Framland

Framish Media Contribution to GDP

News Sources. The trend in news sources has undergone a dramatic change since the internet was introduced. In 2000, Framish audiences news sources were TV 75%, newspapers 45%, radio 20% and Internet 15%, by 2008 the internet had overtaken newspapers and in 2010 the standings were approximately TV 70%, Internet 45%, newspapers 35% and radio 15%. In all these statistics, the young 18 – 34 year olds are more likely to use the Internet than the other age groups. Changes in average circulation of daily newspapers were:

Change in Circulation and Rise of Social Media

Region	2005-2009 Change %
North America	-11
South America	+5
Europe	-8
Africa	+30
Asia	+13
Oceania	-6
World	+6
Selected Countries	2005-2009 Change %	Social Media % of Pop (Max)
UK	-16	45%
Denmark	-15	<50%
Framland	-10	45%
Bothnia	0	10%
Donovia	+10	<5%