Infrastructure: South Torbia

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While the region’s five major countries have a significant number of rural residents, South Torbia has over 88 percent of its population living in urban areas. The country contains a mixture of modern cities and primitive rural villages. Modern utilities are found predominantly in the major cities and at reasonable levels throughout the rural countryside. 94 percent of the nation has access to electricity with 98 percent of urban areas and 80 percent of rural areas respectively.   98 percent of South Torbia has access to potable water, while only 90 percent of the nation having access to a sanitation systems (predominantly in the developed urban areas).

Summary content for comparison/inclusion in overview

The South Torbian infrastructure is stressed based on the rapid urbanization seen throughout the country. Even though the system is stressed it is still among some of the best in the world in regards to services provided (it is operating close to max capacity). Significant emphasis has been placed on the modernizing of the infrastructure in recent years but it continues to be stressed by the rapid urbanization. South Torbia has a robust mass transit system.  Several bus companies provide transportation in major cities and to rural areas.  Airports range from large international airports that can handle almost any aircraft currently in operation, to small, unimproved dirt strips.  Seaports are modern and can handle any modern cargo vessel; most have several dolphin platforms for the offloading of petroleum. The country suffers from high levels of pollution in the urban areas and the government has made policies to combat pollution in urban environments and water supplies

Construction Patterns

Urban areas contain skyscraper buildings at least 100m tall, large apartment complexes, and residential suburbs. There is a shortage of available housing that meets the minimum standards causing some of the poorest residents to construct makeshift dwellings.  This is predominately in the outskirts of the major urban areas.  The local governments are actively creating new low income housing areas.  Typical rural construction is low quality wooden houses with corrugated roofs.  Antiquated infrastructure is unable to meet the demands of the new urban landscape, and the South Torbian government is investing heavily in modernizing. They are expected to take decades before completion.

Construction patterns in South Torbia’s urban areas are similar, with the high-rise construction and low cost public housing (requiring modernization due to being constructed over 50 years ago).  City planners, however, have extensive knowledge of strategic and sustainable city planning. Building materials typically consist of concrete, steel, and rebar. In areas prone to flooding, houses are built on pilings to prevent flooding. 

Military operations in urban areas will initially benefit from modern electricity, water, sewage, and other utility services.  As the size of the force increases, it will further stress the grid and could cause catastrophic failure.  Urban areas provide additional networks of subterranean and vertical construction that will provide hiding places for the enemy and possible refuge to civilians in times of conflict. Because of its expansive metropolitan population, any military operation in South Torbia will involve intensive urban operations.

Major South Torbian Cities and Urban Zones

South Torbia has four major cities that account for approximately 88 percent of population density of the nation.

Manila

Manila (12.95 million residents), South Torbia’s capital city, serves as South Torbia’s major port on the South China Sea and sits at the mouth of the Pasig River.  The areas north of the Pasig River tend to be the centers of trade and commerce.  The city center is the home of the presidential palace and numerous universities. The buildings in the main urban areas consist of high-rise buildings, single family and duplex dwellings, and high-rise apartment buildings.  On the periphery of Manila are the government tenement housing and makeshift shanty towns. Ninoy Aquino International Airport serves as the major international airport for the residents of Manila and the surrounding areas.  The Metro-Manilla area is one of the fastest growing areas in the world.  The expansion and urbanization has created one of the largest cities in the world and will continue to expand for at least the next 20 years.

Dasmarinas

Dasmarinas (population 650,019) is located 22 miles south of Manila, and is the second largest city in South Torbia. The recent expansion in Metro Manila  created an economic and construction boom in both economy and construction in Dasmarinas. The population grew from 52,000 to over 379,000 in 20 years. Modest economic growth over the past 20 years has brought several industries and universities to the area and increased the population significantly.  Tourism plays a significant role in the economy of the city. Construction in the city is modern multi-story buildings in the urban areas and apartments.  In the suburbs, the construction is typically single-family homes or duplexes made of wood and earthen material.

San Jose del Monte

San Jose del Monte (population 574,089) is located 24 miles north east of Manila.  The city is used as a resettlement area for some of the poorest people in the country, which caused its rapid expansion the last several decades. The city has historically was an agriculture center, with swine being the major income for the residents.  As the city grew, agricultural land was repurposed for housing and industry.  The Sierra Madre mountain range lies to the east of the town.  The city has a robust road network and bus system to move the inhabitants around the city and to other major metropolitan areas. Of note, the police force consists of only 65 officers, and must be augmented by neighboring police forces and private security companies. San Jose del Monte’s Fire department is inadequately supplied, with only five available fire trucks to serve the entire city.  Military operations around San Jose del Monte must be cognizant of the local terrain, as it has hills and mountainous areas that provide allow criminal elements and bad actors to conceal their presence.

Bacoor City

Bacoor City (population 600,609) is located 16 miles south of Manila. Its population increased from just over 90,000 residents to over 520,000 in in 30 years. Bacoor City serves as one of the major suburban areas surrounding Manila.  Commuter infrastructure, including roads and mass transit, has not kept pace with the rapid population growth; massive gridlock is a daily occurrence. The rapid influx of residents caused the city to go from an agricultural and fishing based economy to a residential and commercial based economy. The construction patterns for residential areas is modern construction with multistory houses and apartment buildings standard and made of cement and rebar.  There are few high-rise buildings in the area.

Population Density

Manila: 38,000 per square mile

Dasmarinas: 19,000 per square mile

San Jose del Monte: 14,000 per square mile

Bacoor City: 34,000 per square mile

Utilities Present

South Torbia is one of the more advanced nations in the region in terms of utilities present such as electricity, water, and sewage treatment. Almost all of the population has access to some level of utilities.

Power

South Torbia continues to produce a power surplus than they are able to use and is not reliant on importing resources to meet the power consumption needs of the country.  A total of 94 percent of the population has access to electricity with 98 percent of urban areas having electricity and 80 percent of the rural areas having access to electricity.  South Torbia produces 94 percent of its electricity from fossil fuels, the remaining energy needs are provided by renewable resources from solar, wind, and hydroelectric means.   There are a total of 16 hydroelectric plants throughout the country.

Power Plants in Commission

Name	Cap (MW)	Latitude	Longitude	Fuel
South Torbia Biomass Power Plant No. 1	15	14.5481	120.9969	Biomass
South Torbia Coal Power Plant No. 1	1294	16.1243	120.1012	Coal
South Torbia Coal Power Plant No. 2	630	15.5645	119.9233	Coal
South Torbia Coal Power Plant No. 3	83.7	15.2342	120.6109	Coal
South Torbia Coal Power Plant No. 4	30	14.8952	120.7715	Coal
South Torbia Coal Power Plant No. 5	300	14.5247	120.5964	Coal
South Torbia Coal Power Plant No. 6	511	14.2296	121.7558	Coal
South Torbia Coal Power Plant No. 7	270	13.9328	120.7909	Coal
South Torbia Coal Power Plant No. 8	600	13.9303	120.7886	Coal
South Torbia Coal Power Plant No. 9	300	13.9201	120.8265	Coal

Nuclear

South Torbia has one nuclear power plant that was decommissioned ten years ago. The plant is located 20km south of San Antonio on the coast and 100km west of Manila.  The nuclear power plant was shut down as it was built near an active major fault line and a dormant volcano. The plant is currently still being maintained as South Torbia does not the ability to safely dispose of the radioactive material. It has been claimed that the plant could be brought back in service in several months if required. The original design and construction is from 40 years ago.

Water

Nearly all of urban population in South Torbia has access to potable water through indoor plumbing.  In rural areas, access becomes more limited, with people relying on rivers, lakes, or community wells.

The urbanization of the population caused significant strain on water delivery systems. The government initiated projects to improve the water quality and access. In many of the rural areas, the water infrastructure is obsolete. South Torbians have three tiers of water accessibility - levels I, II, and III. Level I – standalone (e.g. hand pumps, shallow wells, rainwater collectors) serving an average of 15 households within a 250-meter distance.  Level II - Piped water with a communal water point (e.g. bore well, spring system) serving an average of 4-6 households within a 25-meter distance. Level III Piped water supply with a private water point (e.g. house connection) based on a daily water demand of more than 100 liters per person.  The South Torbian climate creates issues with the water system. During the rainy season when the major urban area floods, especially the slums, much of the debris, trash, silt and general refuse (to include sewage) is washed into rivers and stream  The silt and debris also clogs the drainage systems and the treatment plants causing problems with the production of fresh water.  This challenge has caused the government to invest in upgrades to the underground viaduct system and the installation of a subterranean wastewater treatment plant.  Military personnel should find potable water in the major urban areas but will see shortages in rural areas.  Local water should be tested and treated for contamination if necessary..

Sewage

South Torbians that reside in the metropolitan areas, in apartments or single-family homes, have access to sewage disposal.  90 percent of residents have access to sanitation services. 85 percent of residents have access to a sewer system with the remaining using septic systems.  Only approximately 10 percent of the wastewater is treated which has led to contamination of 58 percent of groundwater. Over the past forty years the government has invested in wastewater treatment facilities, most domestic wastewater is discharged with treatment.  With the recent completion of the underground treatment facility in Quezon City, this has made strides to limit the contamination entering the Marikina River.  The government has several projects approved for modernizing the sewage system in both urban and rural areas.

While marginally capable sewage systems exist in major metropolitan areas, sewage systems in rural areas are either antiquated or non-existent.  85 percent of rural South Torbians have access to a sewage system that are predominantly in form of septic systems.  In the past 20 years, the South Torbian government subsidized and privatized sludge removal and septic system cleaning, substantially reducing ground water contamination.

Transportation Architecture

Roads are the primary transportation method throughout South Torbia.  The rail network of the country is currently being upgraded to support mass transit and become more reliable and thus viable means of transportation. Rural roads may be in poor condition due to lack of maintenance in the more remote areas.

Road Systems

Overall, roads in South Torbia are below US or Western European standards.  Driving can be hazardous and becomes more hazardous at night and during the rainy season due to lack of drivers skills. 

South Torbia has a vast national road network of 6,753 km that includes 6,495 km of paved roads.  The road network consists mainly of three types of national roads: Primary, secondary, and tertiary.  Primary interstates connect three or more major population centers with 100k or more populace.  Secondary interstates connect major population centers to smaller cities. Tertiary interstates are any other road that is maintained by the national government.  The South Torbian government maintains a total of 6,752km of road networks.  The break out of paving material is 3,001km (44 percent) paved with concrete, 3,494 km (52 percent) paved with asphalt for a total of 6,495 km (96 percent) of national roads are paved.  The unpaved portion of national roads consists of 254 km (4 percent) gravel and 35 km (0.005 percent) earthen roads for a total of 289 km (4 percent) of unpaved roads.  Most roads have heavy traffic and are viewed as dangerous because of a constant state of construction and reckless driving habits.

The South Torbian government is responsible for 1,873 bridges spanning over 91,888 linear meters across the country.  There are 1,864 permanent bridges covering 91,207 linear meters.  1,758 bridges covering 83,482 linear meters are constructed of concrete.  106 bridges spanning 7,725 linear meters are constructed of steel.  There are nine temporary Bailey bridges spanning 682 linear meters throughout the country.

Military traffic on road networks will be stressed due to large amounts of traffic. When South Torbians begin a road construction project they typically work on one section (direction) causing it to go to a single lane for travel with traffic moving both directions. These construction projects can and often take several months to complete.

Bus

The larger the city the more likely it is to be a hub for bus traffic.  The bus companies are independently owned and operated.  The buses run both in the major metropolitan areas and to the rural areas.  Due to relatively low cost of other methods of public transportation buses are typically used to longer distance travel between major urban areas and rural towns and villages.

Buses operate throughout South Torbia, providing mainly long distance travel to the civilian population. Very few South Torbians use them for local travel, as there are other more efficient and reliable ways to move around the congestion in the major metropolitan areas. The buses used by the private companies do not come from any predominant company. For the smaller companies that cannot afford to purchase new buses many are refurbished and updated.  Many of the major bus companies originate their lines from the major metropolitan areas and then run to the more rural areas.  Typically, the routes traveled are limited to only a few companies to each area.

Any military operations in the country that affect the bus system may cause strain on the transportation system and cause extended delays resulting in a decreased perception of military forces by the civilian population.  Military operations in South Torbia would involve inspecting buses for contraband and illegal weapons.

Rail

South Torbia has 400 km of rail lines.  Several projects to modernize the rail system and improve commuter travel are underway. The main project is a high-speed rail line from Angeles to Manila with two branch lines extending to San Pablo and Batangas respectively.  The purpose is to help decrease pollution and congestion throughout the country.  The major terminal and railyard is in Manila. South Torbia rail is only narrow gauge (1.067 m), which is in use by North Torbia and Belesia.  All of the locomotives used in South Torbia are diesel electric, and the fleet was modernized approximately five years ago.

Air Transportation Systems

South Torbia maintains both paved and unpaved runways of varying distances. Many of the unpaved runways are little more than cleared dirt strips and are not suitable for most modern aircraft.

South Torbia contains 24 airports with 14 known to have paved runways.  Very little is known about the unpaved runways in South Torbia.  The spreadsheet shows the location of all the major airports and the chart below shows the details for each runway.  South Torbia’s known runways by length include the following:

Paved Runways

• Over 10,000 feet: 2
• 8,000 to 10,000 feet: 2
• 5,000 to 8,000 feet: 4
• 3,000 to 5,000 feet: 5
• Under 3,000 feet: 2
• Undetermined: 7

Airfield Data

South Torbia Airfields

City	ICAO ID	Rwy Length (Ft)	Rwy Width (Ft)	Elev (Ft)	DLAT	DLONG	Rwy Surface	Remarks
Laoag City	RPLI	9,120	148	25	18.1781	120.5320	CON
Cauayan City	RPUY	6,890	118	200	16.9299	121.7530	CON
Tuguegarao City	RPUT	6,455	98	70	17.6434	121.7332	CON
Baguio City	RPUB	5,912	115	4,251	16.3751	120.6200	CON
Ramon	RP14	3,940	100	384	16.8298	121.5000	ASP
Baler	RPUR	3,937	98	108	15.7298	121.5000	ASP
San Fernando Airport	RPUS	3,937	98	13	16.5956	120.3030	CON
Bagabag Airport	RPUZ	3,937	95	820	16.6192	121.2520	COP
Vigan City	RPUQ	3,890	90	16	17.5553	120.3560	ASP
Casiguran	CGG	*	*	48	16.1941	122.0651	*
Dilasag	DSG	*	*	60	16.4458	122.2068	*
Palanan	RPLN	*	*	52	17.0657	122.4277	*
Aparri (Maura) Airport	RPUA	*	*	0	18.3549	121.6539	*

Airports/Airlines

South Torbia Airlines is the flagship carrier for South Torbia.  South Torbia Airlines flies internationally to 23 countries across the world.  Three international airports operate in South Torbia at Subic Bay, Clark, and Manila.  Assuming all runways are in serviceable condition, South Torbia’s airport infrastructure can support major military operations.

Ports/Sea/River Transportation Systems

The Port of Manila consists of three separate port facilities. They are National Capital Region - North (NCR-N), National Capital Region – South (NCR-S), and the Manila International Container Terminal (MICT). The ports are open year round and handle cargo and passengers from around the world. The NCR-N contains terminals for cargo, oil, and passengers. It handled over 6,861 vessels, 33,742,902 metric tons of cargo, and 1,292,508 passengers two years ago. The NCR-S contains terminals for cargo, oil, and passengers.  NCR-S handled 5,025 vessels, 8,058,484 metric tons of cargo, and 43,508 passengers two years ago.  The MICT serves as the largest and most important container port on the South China Sea, handling over 23,255,594 metric tons of cargo in  the past two years from 2,082 vessels.

MICT is the main cargo terminal for South Torbia and can simultaneously service six vessels at a time. Its total length is 1,520m, the entrance channel depth is 11.8m and a controlling depths of 10 – 12m. There are 14 cranes operating that have a max lift capacity of 35 – 65 metric tons. The container yard is 8.15 acres and has a capacity of 4,836 twenty-foot equivalent unit using an eight-tier stack, there are 162 220 volt connections for refrigeration trailers.

NCR-N has seven piers and is accessible through Radial Road 10.  Recent modernization efforts increased its capacity.  It has been going through upgrades to the passenger terminal to increase efficency.

NCR-S has five piers and two passenger terminals. It also operates two ferry terminals at pier 13 and 15.  It is accessible by road on Bonafacio Drive.  It is also undergoing modernization process to increase throughput

Pipelines

South Torbia has 300 km of transmission pipelines and 500km of distribution pipelines.  Most are natural gas pipelines that run from the western coast to the Manila metropolitan area.  The Torbia-1 and Torbia-2 pipelines, owned by the Torbia National Oil Corporation, carry the natural gas from the coast to Manila and surrounding power plants. Twenty-four percent of the power in South Torbia comes from the fuels transported by these pipelines. 

Telecommunications Architecture

In South Torbia, most citizens can access a telephone and listen to a radio or television, and over 90 percent of the population has access to the internet.  With the deregulation of the telecommunications industry over 20 years, it led to major upgrades and increases of service providers for mobile, landline, internet and other service providers.  South Torbians operate approximately 30 million landlines and 60 million cell phones.  The country has multiple radio stations that range from government owned, religious, pop culture music.  There are two national television networks and approximately 50 local television stations providers with approximately 15 million subscribers (30% of the population.  (See Information variable for additional details.)

Agriculture

Less than 3.5 percent of South Torbians engage in agricultural work which account for only 2.3 percent of the country’s GDP. The bulk of South Torbian farms are small farms and family run. Irrigation is controlled by the South Torbian government, which recently implemented legislature to not charge small farmers to irrigate their fields.  In the central region of South Torbia the crops are rain fed and irrigation is used in the low lands of South Torbia.

The major agriculture productions in the country are abaca, cashew, citrus fruit, coconut, lemon, maguey, mango, oil palm, pineapple, papaya, other fruits, and rubber, while annual crops are cabbage, cassava, corn, cotton, eggplant, garlic, onion, peanut, sweet potato, rice, sugarcane, tobacco, and vegetables.  The current agriculture production is not sufficient to sustain the population and the country must import grains and soybeans to meet the demand of the populace.  The government has placed increased emphasis on the agriculture sector to become more self-sufficient. 

Military operations must be cognizant as to not disrupt the agriculture as the already limited capacity would affect the nation greatly.  In addition, the farming methods have been brought in line with Western countries methods resulting in limited if any pollution to the soil and water table.

Industry

The South Torbian manufacturing infrastructure is modern and uses more robots during the process than any  other country in the region.  The steel mills are being upgraded continually to increase production for use in the automotive and ATV industries.  A shift in the manufacturing industry has made a push towards high-tech precision goods.  The process to manufacture these items are highly modern and robots complete at least 50 percent of the work.  The preponderance of are less than 10 years old and are continuously updated to ensure the most technologically advanced methods and components are used.  The chemical industry uses practices that approximately ten years old but ensures that they do not pollute the environment and are increasingly replacing human workers with robots.

Military operations must be aware of the manufacturing areas and ensure not to disrupt them as it is paramount to the survival of the country and continuing to maintain its status.

Oil/Gas

South Torbia has a very small oil infrastructure that only produces approximately 5,500 barrels of crude a day.  The country must import oil to meet the demand in the country, which is equivalent to 215,800 barrels a day of oil to remain functioning.  There has been exploration done in the contested South China Sea to locate more oil but there has been limited success.  The country has a reserve of approximately 100 million barrels of oil.

Military operations in the area must ensure that oil is continued to be imported to support the economy and citizens of the country to ensure development during and post hostilities.

South Torbia has focused on the exploration of natural gas resources in the contested South China Sea. Currently 30 percent of energy is consumed through natural gas.  The city of Manila is currently planning to install Compressed Natural Gas fuel stations as they modernize the bus and vehicle fleets.

Defense Industries

South Torbia already had defense industries centered on self-defense and maintaining an economic exclusion zone around its islands. Like much of the manufacturing industry, focus is on high technology components, such as high-performance sensors for US-manufactured surface-to-air missiles, both for the US military and allies in the Middle East. This special relationship enabled conglomerates to access US defense-related technologies through licensing and collaborations on defense R&D. South Torbia does not currently possess a sufficiently developed industrial base to support a completely self-reliant defense sector, but seeks this as an eventual outcome. Military procurement is extensive and widespread to counter both the conventional and asymmetric threat from North Torbia. the current defense industrial complex is located in Luna (west of Manila).

Space

South Torbia has been has been actively pursuing its space program.  It currently has a total of fourteen satellites in orbit; eight satellites for communications purposes, three for navigation purposes, and three for dedicated military imagery.  They use partner nations’ rockets as delivery vehicles for their satellites as they are still developing their own launch capabilities. They are also currently working on sending their first astronaut into space.  Currently there are no testing facilities or launch facilities in South Torbia but the government is planning to construct them in the next twenty years south of Manila to launch satellites and possible manned space flight.

Pollution

South Torbia has faced a wide range of pollution issues to include air pollution, ground water contamination, waste management, and pollution of lakes and rivers.  Much of the pollution has been reduced by increased environmental regulation and enforcement of the laws. Air pollution, especially in the Manila metro area, can present a problem during times of heavy commuting. South Torbia has taken an aggressive stance on reducing the pollution throughout the country.