Military: Belesia

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The Belesia Federation Defense Force (BFDF) include the Belesian Army, Air Force, and Navy. The military components have a relatively high degree of cooperation and interdependence. This is largely due to numerous complex and rapidly-developing security missions. These roles are generally divided into national defense, internal security, counter-insurgency, and stability support operations.

Belesian Army Insignia

The BFDF has come a long way since the creation of the Federation in (DATE OF FEDERATION). The most significant development is the formalization and aggregation of member islands’ inconsistent security efforts. This standardization and professionalism is most evident in the establishment of a national constabulary and a national guard. Maintaining a balance between enforcing nationhood and preserving a degree of local autonomy has been the major challenge to national policy implementation and military stationing efforts.

Its military forces and inventories are developing alongside its national economy, with special emphasis on high-payoff investments, such as air defense and technological improvements to existing systems. The state armed forces rely heavily on its paramilitary and civil defense elements. The Belesia Federation National Guard (BFNG) maintains a presence throughout the archipelago and is charged with supporting local security and local interests. The Belesia Constabulary maintains local security - particularly on the smaller islands, where they may be the only security capability present. Despite cooperation and numerous joint operations, tensions persist between the BFNG and the local Constabulary elements as state authorities increasingly press national priorities and policies.

Belesia has leveraged participation in regional and international deployments to enhance the overall professionalism and effectiveness of its forces. While most of these multinational efforts over the last ten years have involved disaster relief, Belesian forces have participated in peacekeeping missions. Despite the overall improvement of the Belesian forces, the emphasis has been largely on conducting internal security and counter-insurgency operations. Interactions with more developed foreign militaries has increased Belesian desire to invest in technology, rather than more mundane acquisitions.

Advisors from a number of countries continue to support Belesian military development. U.S. International Military Education and Training funding and advisors have been a major contributor essential to Belesia’s well-regarded officer and non-commissioned officer training programs, with more than 40 percent of Belesian army officers and more than 70 percent of their air force officers receiving military training in the US or by US teams in Belesia each year.

Ethnic, tribal, and clan tensions are endemic to relations among the various forces, but are secondary to the tension between Federation and local issues. The BFDF has emphasized ethnic and gender inclusiveness wherever possible, but many of the local forces strongly reflect their local populations and cultural norms.

Defense spending as a percentage of GDP has increased over the last few years to an average of 0.95 percent of GDP. (Figures from CIA World Factbook.)

National Command Authority

Belesian National Command Authority

The National Command Authority (NCA) of Belesia exercises overall control to plan and carry out the national security strategy. The Belesian Chief of National Defense is the senior military position in the chain of command, subordinate to the Belesian President. Service Chiefs (Ground, Air, Naval, National Guard) are responsible for their respective forces. The services will contribute personnel and resources to the Security Groups under operational control (OPCON) as requirements dictate.

National Strategic Goals

The Federated States of Belesia are in near-constant tension as member islands both require and resist national assistance to varying degrees. Longstanding ethnic and cultural tensions combine with pressures from internal non-state actors, external threats, and pervasive criminal activity. As the country’s economic status has developed, the administration has adopted a number of policies intended to provide a national-level security capability while preserving local governance. The Security Forces Reorganization Act, enacted during the previous administration, has been generally regarded as the most beneficial policy in decades for enhancing the national nature of the Federation. Military priorities outlined in the Security Forces Reorganization Act include:

• Defense of the Federation against foreign state and non-state threats
• Counter-insurgency
• Counter-piracy and counter-smuggling
• Support to humanitarian crises and disaster relief (HADR)
• Protection of environmental resources

Federation Security Groups

Security Groups

Due to the dispersed nature of Belesia’s member islands and range of potential security issues, Belesia divides security responsibilities into five “Security Groups.” Security Group commanders often coordinate on a variety of operations, but retain a high degree of autonomy within their area of responsibility. Security Group commanders are nominated by the Chief of National Defense and are approved by the President

TABLE HERE

Belesia Federation Army (BFA)

The Belesian Army is a robust, but developing ground force a conventional military capable of conducting a wide range of operations and a layered paramilitary capability. Ground forces, excluding the paramilitary groups, are an estimated [PERSONNEL] troops. The paramilitary elements (see below) have both an active and reserve manning, which can be mobilized to augment the army. Its forces currently consist of three infantry divisions, and armored division, and aviation regiment, a Special Purpose Forces regiment, an engineer brigade, and a transportation regiment.

The primary roles of the Belesian Army align with the national military goals of ensuring the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country by guarding against external aggression, both conventional and unconventional; to suppress violent insurgencies and other extremists; to combat criminal operations; and to provide assistance to humanitarian crises and disaster relief.

Doctrine and Tactics

Belesian ground force doctrine is largely in support of the Security Groups’ requirements. The emphasis is to provide a viable defense of the nation, while preserving the ability to rapidly deploy in support of internal security requirements. Belesia sees its layered security posture as essential to maintaining Federation integrity and stability. This ability to respond at a local level, while retaining the capability to escalate forces as needed has generally proven successful in quelling internal security issues and responding to low-level insurgent-based incidents. Larger counter-insurgency (COIN) operations require additional coordination and force generation to a given locality to enable a viable response.

While the combined arms doctrine largely reflects the influence of U.S. training and operations, much of the Belesian counter-insurgency and small unit doctrine is a composite of highly effective local jungle fighting experiences. When conducting COIN operations on a member island, Belesian forces prefer to stage in a relatively secure support zone, develop intelligence situational awareness, and launch a series of violent attacks against what is identified as the threat center of gravity.

Reflecting its Western advisors, Belesian ground forces employ tactical control measures, including assembly areas, forming-up assembly areas just prior to attacks, advance axes, checkpoints, jump-off lines, and attack lines.

Composition and Disposition

Maneuver brigades serve as Belesia’s basic combined arms unit. The major maneuver units of the BFDF are administratively aligned along divisional affiliations, but similar to the other services, are task organized and placed under operational control (OPCON) among the Security Groups. Non mission-specific or specialized capabilities, such as aviation and engineer, are often based near the capitol. The BFDF structures its maneuver brigades to provide maximum flexibility. Maneuver battalions and companies are task organized to conduct operations independently or as part of a task-organized element.

Paramilitary Forces

Belesia Federation National Guard (BFNG). The BFNG is the primary national security and paramilitary unit of the Belesian armed forces. Its missions include implementation of national-level military and security policies, support to humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations, and support to local constabulary elements. They are directly subordinate to the Chief of National Defense, but are commonly placed under operational control (OPCON) of a Security Group (SG) commander.

The BFNG may be mobilized to support specific military operations under Presidential authorization. This change, among others, is a result of the Security Forces Reorganization Act and had the effect of reducing the BFNG’s autonomy. Reports and rumors of excessive force have increased tensions between the BFNG and the local populace and Constabulary. Most BFNG personnel are former military or have trained with the military. An abbreviated initial training is required, as well as periodic professional develop courses and participation in training exercises.

BFNG units will be battalion or company-sized motorized forces – similar to the army, but lacking the artillery. Vehicles and heavy weapons will be stored in local armories, along with a basic supply of food and ammunition. Some units have experienced alleged theft of these stores, but most cases are often discovered to be internal theft and corruption.

Belesia Constabulary. The Belesian Constabulary is an adaptation of local security forces and functional more as a local paramilitary force than a policing element. In addition to local patrolling and static security, they may also support local police and security elements. Constabulary elements may be mobilized to support specific Federation operations, but only under Presidential order and parliament approval in accordance with the Security Forces Reorganization Act. Most Constabulary elements retain their heavy weapons and the small arms of their reserve personnel in centralized local armories. Many personnel working in their local Constabulary are former military or have trained with the military on specific support tasks. The composition of Constabulary elements may vary significantly, but generally follow these models: TABLE HERE

(See also TC 7-100.2: Opposing Force Tactics, Chapter 15, Special Purpose Forces and Commandos.)

Training and Readiness

Belesia fields a competent, well-trained and overall professional military force in support of its stated national priorities. Its training and cooperation agreements with the U.S. and other partners has enabled faster growth and development than comparable forces in the region. The Belesian forces continue to experience the personnel and training limitation of any relatively young force. Maneuver divisions maintain responsibility for unit training requirements even when those forces are operating in support of a Security Group. Training for above company0sized elements are centralized at a [CENTER NAME] training facility near [TOWN]. Company and below training is managed by unit commanders. Most units maintain a 65% operational readiness rate.

Most military training is conducted at the Federation Military Academy near Cotabato City, Mindanao. It is a multi-service training facility that hosts all services, including the National Guard and initial training for Constabulary personnel. Most infantry personnel are graduates of either U.S. or Belesian Jungle School and highly capable of conducting operations under difficult conditions.

The singular detractor in Belesia’s military readiness is a pronounced realignment of resources toward internal security that may have long-term negative consequences for the Belesian Armed Forces’ ability to challenge external intrusions. This shift worsens the long-standing imbalance in terms of purchases that benefit army modernization versus maritime and aerial surveillance.

Weapons and Equipment

The Belesia Federation Defense Force equipment and weapons largely reflect an odd mix of Tier 3 systems, but some units may be almost exclusively Tier 2 or 4. Policy shift towards technical capabilities, rather than additional tactical unit materiel threaten to allow stocks to age. Belesian used to be mostly Donovian in origin, but more than a decade of foreign advisors and international assistance has diversified an inventory that now includes a number of Olvanan variants and even selected western systems. The inclusion of Olvanan weaponry may be a result of developing economic ties to the regional giant.

Functional Capabilities

Command and Control

The Belesian military maintains a constitutionally-mandated civilian control and structure based on the Security Forces Reorganization Act. It has developed a positive degree of trust across all echelons. Professional military training filled its ranks with competent leaders who can operate independently. In recent years, Belesia has recognized potential threats to its command and control (C2) capabilities and has invested to mitigate such threats through technological defenses and decentralizing wherever viable.

C2 at the tactical level emphasizes survivability through mobility, communications redundancy, and rigorous operations security. Command posts and procedures are streamlined at the operational level, relying heavily on common procedures for important recurring tactical tasks.

(See also TC 7-100.2: Opposing Force Tactics, Chapter 2, Command and Control)

Maneuver

The Belesian military has a developing, yet robust capability to conduct combined arms operations. Maneuver brigades serve as Belesia’s basic combined arms unit. The major maneuver units of the BFDF are administratively aligned along divisional affiliations, but similar to the other services, are task organized and placed under operational control (OPCON) among the Security Groups. Non mission-specific or specialized capabilities, such as aviation and engineer, are often based near the capitol.

Tactically, maneuver elements will seek to contain a threat situation, with indirect fires or rapid strikes as the decisive actions. They have demonstrated high degrees of competence when conducting operations in mountainous and jungle terrain and can operate with relative ease, even without night vision devices.

Air Defense

Belesian leadership believes that the primary threat from neighbor states is by air and has invested heavily to counter potential threats. All maneuver units have significant organic air defense assets, with each division having a dedicated air defense regiment in addition to the capabilities of its subordinate units.

All ground units possess organic air defense capabilities to differing degrees, depending on the type and size of the unit. Maneuver and paramilitary forces are also trained to use organic direct fire systems, such as heavy machine guns and even some anti-tank guided missiles, in an air defense capacity. Belesia also has a dedicated air defense regiment that is responsible for larger systems and point defense.

Belesia continues to seek technological enhancements to further develop an integrated air defense system (IADS). This capability would provide a continuous and overlapping umbrella of coverage around the dispersed member islands and present a significant defense against most potential enemy air activity.

(See also TC 7-100.2: Opposing Force Tactics, Chapter 11, Air Defense)

INFOWAR

Belesia continues to develop its INFOWAR capability. Currently, Belesia’s strategic INFOWAR consists of a cultivated network of connections with media outlets throughout the archipelago which facilitates rapid dissemination of messaging.

Belesia’s dispersed citizenry relies heavily on mobile devices. This, combined with a very limited number of service provides could make mobile-based perception management highly effective if network security can be maintained. Service hubs and telecommunications nodes have been a favorite target for a number of insurgent and separatist groups over the years. Reliance on global position systems is a significant risk for both government and private navigation users. GPS jamming and spoofing have been highlighted by the President as a serious concern for all Belesians due to the number of key systems dependent on GPS. For military systems is could significantly impact targeting and UAV capabilities. The age of many of the most common system throughout Belesia leaves them vulnerable to even basic interference.

Belesia does not an offensive cyber operations capability, but emphasizes defensive measure throughout its military training programs. Belesian is cooperating with multiple commercial entities to enhance its strategic defensive cyber posture.

(See also TC 7-100.2: Opposing Force Tactics, Chapter 7, Information Warfare )

RISTA

Reconnaissance, intelligence, surveillance, and target acquisition (RISTA) across the breadth of Belesia’s member islands is a constant challenge, ye ton e of the most important for maintaining its internal stability and national defense. Belesia’s most effective RISTA capability is its longstanding and well-integrated human intelligence network. This network is particularly strong in and around build-up areas and cities, but is still developing in the outlying islands.

Although most of Belesia’s military RISTA capabilities reside in the air force, most maneuver units have UAVs and reconnaissance units that provide tactical situational understanding. With many of its citizens reliant on mobile devices for information, it is assumed that Belesian intelligence is capable of leveraging metadata derived from mobile devices and internet access points. Belesia does not have an organic space-based capability and is dependent on commercially-available imagery or imagery shared by its strategic partners.

Fire Support

Belesian military doctrine leverages indirect fires (IDF) as a decisive strike capability in support of tactical operations. A maneuver division generally has 2-3 brigade-sized IDF units in addition to organic IDF assets at maneuver brigades and below. Most IDF systems are self-propelled and usually wheeled. Belesian forces may also integrate air assets as available into integrated attacks against threat key systems. Belesian IDF capabilities have been honed during numerous peacekeeping deployments. Technical enhancements will likely increase the accuracy and integration of the entire spectrum of fire support systems.

(See also TC 7-100.2: Opposing Force Tactics, Chapter 9, Indirect Fire Support)

Protection

Belesian military engineer elements are highly capable, but they have not often been used in direct support of military operations. They primary military support is to maintain ground mobility – particularly for heavy forces. A particular emphasis is strategic site protection against potential Missile or air attacks from North Torbia.

They are most often used in support of humanitarian crises and disaster relief operations. In addition to hardening the defensive posture of key government and military sites, they excel at maintaining land infrastructure, such as roads and airfields. Belesian engineers units may supplement manpower for these types of operations with local labor. This also serves to deepen ties and build relationships between the Federated government and local leaders.

(See also TC 7-100.2: Opposing Force Tactics, Chapter 12, Engineer Support)

Logistics

The Belesian military maintains a robust and networked logistics capability that can support its maneuver units for extended periods. This not only enables prolonged uninterrupted military operations, but supports remote operations despite weather-related supply delays. Belesian leaders continue to improve its logistics systems to enhance push-type supply flow to ensure local stockpiles remain at full strength and lines of communication are utilized to maximum effectiveness. Tactical level logistic, equipment, health services, infrastructure and administrative support are normally conducted by the individual components, but require coordination across the wider joint operations area.

The often poor of non-existent ground lines of communication throughout Belesia’s islands has moved much of the inter-island, and even same-island, movement to the numerous small watercraft. The military contracts to local providers to supplement its relatively small fleet of such watercraft. The Security Forces Reorganization Act gives military traffic on the “Federated Nautical Highway” and the authority to commandeer watercraft in cases of national emergency. Military leaders prioritize and stage materiel shipments to minimize impact on private shipping providers and prevent local backlash.

CBRNE

Amari does not have an offensive CBRNE capability, nor is it part of their warfighting doctrine. All units receive defensive training and have a basic chemical defense capability. Emergency responders in all cities have more advanced capabilities for mass casualty care.

Belesia Federation Air Force (BFAF)

Security Groups

The Belesia Federation Air Force (BFAF) is capable of supporting ground combat and limited defensive air operations. Its primary roles are transportation, ground attack, and limited air-to-air. The air forces have been used to support peacekeeping deployments in all of these roles. It is well-integrated into ground force operations within the various Security Groups and it well suited for defensive operations and support to limited force projection.

Air Force Size and Structure

Amari Air Force Disposition

The Amari Air Force fields an estimated 50-60 fixed wing aircraft and 30-40 helicopters. The Amari air force operates primarily from bases in Kampala and Nakuru, but also maintains smaller bases collocated at the civilian airfields in Gulu, Arusha, and Mombasa. The Air Force also maintains a presence at Kisumu International Airport. The Minister of Defence may authorize air force use of any Amari civilian airfield, as military requirements demand.

Air Force Doctrine and Tactics

The Amari air force stations most of its aircraft and support assets at the two main bases, preferring to push capabilities as requirements dictate. It routinely flies supply and training missions throughout the country to enhance readiness. This also increase its ground support responsiveness and agility. If crisis situations arise, they may push a response and support package to a more forward airfield.

Air Force Weapons and Equipment

The Amari air force operates equipment and weapons based on technology from 10 to 20 years ago to create a Tier 2 capability rate. Some of the aircraft have been fitted with niche Tier 1 equipment that provide advanced capabilities, such as surveillance and targeting. The Amari air force can conduct 24-hour operations in all weather and over all terrain. The Amari aircraft inventory includes equipment from USA, Canada, and Spain/Indonesia.

Amari Air Force Composition

Air Combat Group:

• Fighter/Intercept SQDN
• Ground Attack SQDN
• Attack Helicopter SQDN
• Intelligence and Surveillance SQDN

Air Transport Group

• Medium Air Transport SQDNs
• 2x Light Air Transport SQDNs
• Medium Helicopter Transport SQDNs
• 3x Light Helicopter Transport SQDNs

Air Force Training and Readiness

Due to its small size and large operational budget as compared to the other services, the Amari air force maintains a high level of training and a 80% operational readiness rate. Amari pilots receive significant annual flight hours and have earned a solid international reputation on both air-to-air and air-to-ground missions. Most pilots are trained to provide close air support, aided by linked ground location tracking systems. In addition to the traditional roles of the Amari air force, they consistently train on dynamic mission re-tasking.

Amari Naval Forces

The Amari Navy (AN) has military responsibility for the Amari maritime security along its eastern coastline and on Lake Victoria. Amari's maritime force is large compared to its neighbors, yet still retains a high level of agility and capability. Amari maritime operations have evolved to be very similar to others in the region, focusing on coastal and inland defense with moderate force projection capabilities. Their doctrine centers on defense with a heavy emphasis on securing the coastal areas and protecting commercial traffic and resource shipping from smugglers and pirates.

The Amari policy of aggressive confrontation of smugglers and pirates has largely been applauded, but several incidents involving misidentification have led to tragedy and international protest. This has led to ongoing tensions in the waters between the mainland and Pemba Island and the Pemba Islanders.

Amari naval missions include:

• Patrolling and defense of coastal areas
• Lake and inland waterway security
• Support to peacekeeping
• Combating maritime crime, smuggling, and piracy
• Supporting humanitarian assistance and disaster relief
• Combating threats to the environment
• Maritime and aerial surveillance
• Search and rescue
• Assisting the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries
• Protecting offshore resources

Navy Size and Structure

Amari Naval Disposition

The Amari naval headquarters is collocated with its Coastal Defence Group in Mombasa. The Amari Navy divides maritime security responsibilities into two commands:

Coastal Defence Group. The Amari Coastal Defence Group has responsibility for maritime operations along the coast, Pemba Island, and territorial waters. It maintains bases near Mombasa and Malindi, with several smaller stations, with a detachment on Pemba Island (Pemba Naval Station).

Inland Maritime Security Group. The Amari Inland Maritime Security Group has responsibility for maritime security operations of Amari waters on Lake Victoria and Lake Albert. It also maintains small detachments on Lake Natron and Lake Kyoga for mostly environmental protection. It is headquartered near Entebbe.

Navy Weapons and Equipment

The AN fields largely tier 2 equipment and weapons with limited Tier 1 niche capabilities financed largely through regional security agreements and sale of natural resources.

Amari naval equipment focuses on defensive operations, especially the defense of off-shore resources and infrastructure. Amari will continue to purchase equipment such as minesweepers, increase Special Operations capabilities, and improve amphibious assault capabilities. The AN can operate in all sea conditions and can successfully conduct 24-hour operations.

The AN possesses 30-35 surface craft and reportedly 2 submarines. It operates a variety of surface combatants, patrol boats, minesweepers, and amphibious elements. The AN also fields a small naval special operations forces (SOF).

Elements of the 102nd Infantry Regiment or the Reconnaissance and Intelligence Formation may be attached to support naval requirements as needed

Amari Navy Composition

Amari Naval Inventory:

• 4x Frigates
• 2x Corvettes
• 6x Patrol/Strike/OPV/IPV
• 6x Coastal/River defense
• 9x River/Lake Defense
• 2x Minesweepers
• 4x Amphibious assault
• 2x Submarines

Navy Training and Readiness

While the AN went through a significant downsizing over the last decade, the reinvigorated emphasis on countering piracy and other maritime crime has increased its operational readiness to approximately 80%. It has a well-trained and motivated force, due mostly to a comprehensive training and professional development program, supported with international trainers.